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control of workforce can always identify the
employee’s location with an accuracy level that
comfortably fulfills actual and future people location
requirements of the most strict Emergency Systems,
which nowadays provide the only valid quantitative
reference to validate the quality of people
geographical location data in this context.
This also entails the protection of the investment
made by the company in the implementation of the
proposed mobile based GPS Information System.
Due to the evolving nature of technological
innovation, mobile GPS receivers sensitivity will
increase still further, thus, obtaining more precise
and accurate results than those here obtained
(Schiller and Voisard, 2004) Also, both iOS and
Android devices used in the verification process
performed quite well in terms of power consumption
throughout the working hours without battery
recharges, and this is specially important taking into
consideration the typical battery drain usually
associated to the GPS receiver circuit. Specifically,
the mean battery drain using the proposed system
with both smartphones, has been estimated to be
4.1% of full load, using Powerbooter, an automated
power model construction technique that uses built-
in battery voltage sensors and knowledge of battery
discharge behavior (Zang et al, 2010).
7 CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes an Information System for the
behaviour-based control of workforce. It defines the
architecture and functionality, always in line with
business needs relative to control and taking into
consideration the implementation costs. The latter is
achieved by using open software technologies and
adapting those technologies to give adequate support
to the BYOD paradigm.
A prototype was developed and tested under real
world conditions, not evaluating strictly controlled
parameters of a device’s accuracy -like in empirical
tests-, but testing the Information System as a whole
in real conditions that reflect normal business
activity. Under these conditions, it has also been
verified the compliance with the strict accuracy
demands proposed here as a reference.
In the proposed Information System three
concepts, which until now have been evaluated
separately by previous studies, have been brought
together: (i) IT consumerization, (ii) actual
capabilities of personal mobile devices which
employees can use in the workplace, and (iii) the
opportunity represented by the new Mobile Web
technology which provides information on the move
-no matter the device being used and without any
app installation hassles-, and significantly reduces
costs in comparison to other technological options.
Lastly, the study establishes a new reference
framework regarding qualitative and quantitative
requirement levels which must be set in relation to
the accuracy of mobile location systems used in
business Information Systems, particularly those
related to the control of the remote workforce.
The results obtained in this study confirm that at
present it is viable for companies to implement an
Information System for the control of remote
workforce that allows the companies to gain
competitiveness, at the same time reducing costs and
increasing the ROI, adopting a BYOD paradigm
which allows their employees to use their own
smartphone mobile devices in the workplace.
As for future work, the ongoing research focuses
on evolving this Information System so that (i) it can
be integrated seamlessly with the different emerging
indoor positioning technologies, allowing the
companies to get more accurate position data of
remote workforce under very adverse indoor
conditions, and (ii) it can take advantage of
contactless technologies, like NFC, in order to
speed up the check-in process when the workforce is
at local premises, and to provide location proof
using the NFC tag as an extra authentication factor.
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