Urban and Building Accessibility Diagnosis using ‘Accessibility App’

in Smart Cities

A Case Study

Raquel Pérez-delHoyo

, María Dolores Andújar-Montoya

Higinio Mora

and Virgilio Gilart-Iglesias

Department of Building Sciences and Urbanism, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

Specialized Processors Architecture Laboratory, Department of Computer Technology and Computation,

University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

Keywords: Urban Accessibility, Building Accessibility, Smart City, Inclusive City, Sustainable City, Cloud System,

Sensing Technologies, Technology-Aided Urban Design.

Abstract: In the context of economic and technological changes arised from globalization, cities face the challenge of

conceiving models capable of combining both competitiveness and sustainable urban development. The

increasing body of knowledge in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) offers

methods to exploit the huge potential of technological advances, enabling to increase productivity of

industrial and business processes and improving the liveability of cities. One of the most important aspects

that influence the liveability of cities is the ability to be an inclusive city. Thus, Smart Cities require an

inclusive urban life, and they are characterized by being accessible cities. In this regard, this paper describes

a method using the latest ICT for the analysis and diagnosis of the accessibility in buildings and urban

environments. This method allows the collection of information on accessibility issues through the

collaboration of citizens, as well as to organize and display it, so that administrations and institutions

responsible for addressing accessibility issues can use it in order to take actions. In this context, a practical

application of the method has been performed through a case study in the University of Alicante, with the

objective of showing a real diagnosis of urban and building accessibility.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the context of economic and technological

changes provoked by globalization, cities face the

challenge of conceiving models that can combine

both competitiveness and sustainable urban

development (Book et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2006;

Taylor et al., 2012). This challenge that cities face

has an important impact on urban quality issues,

especially on social and environmental conditions.

In this sense the challenge involves both an

opportunity.

The increasing body of knowledge in the field of

Information and Communication Technology

(hereinafter ICT) offers methods to exploit the huge

potential of technological advances and enables

organizations to manage both industrial and business

processes in a different way in order to increase

productivity and user satisfaction (Etro, 2011). In

addition, ICTs have a decisive influence on



roving the liveability of cities and the quality

life of citizens.

In this global context of competition and

cooperation between cities and territories, Smart

Cities (hereinafter SC) should be able to create

competitive advantage for the various economic,

residence, leisure, culture and social relations

activities (Caragliu et al., 2011). In this sense,

people are the main resource that SCs have to create

competitive advantage. Citizens are the basic raw

material of the 21st century's economy

(Martinez‐Fernandez et al., 2012). That is why SCs

must strive to attract highly prepared people, both

intellectuals and workers (Landry, 2012).

Professional opportunities, connectivity, educational

infrastructure, innovative environment, residential

options, quality of life, social balance, citizen

security, cultural and leisure offer, quality urban

spaces are key factors of competitiveness to attract

human capital (Newman and Thornley, 2011).

Pérez-delHoyo, R., Andújar-Montoya, M., Mora, H. and Gilart-Iglesias, V.

Urban and Building Accessibility Diagnosis using ‘Accessibility App’ in Smart Cities - A Case Study.

DOI: 10.5220/0006378300990108

In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2017), pages 99-108

ISBN: 978-989-758-241-7

Among these factors, quality of life is one of the

main urban issues and a recurrent demand of all

citizens. A model of sustainable urban development

draws an intelligent projection of the future city and

answers the following fundamental questions: What

kind of place do we want cities to be and how should

the quality-of-life objective be defined?

(Abdoullaev, 2011). One of the most important

aspects that influence the quality of life that a city

can offer is the ability of that city to be an inclusive

city (Colantonio and Dixon, 2011).

The commitment to sustainable development

involves defending a model of inclusive

development to ensure social sustainability

(Vallance et al., 2011; Wolbring and Rybchinski,

2013), i.e., equity, cohesion and social

communication, autonomy and equal opportunities

for all citizens. Sustainable urban development

cannot exclude part of the individuals of a society

(Beall, 2002). Thus, SCs require an inclusive urban

life and an inclusive society, and they are

characterized by being accessible cities (Steinfeld

and Maisel, 2012). Accessibility is an element of

quality of life of universal interest and a right of all

citizens (United Nations, 2006). In addition, an

inclusive and accessible city can make the most of

their human capital (Cossetta and Palumbo, 2014),

which is a key factor to guarantee and optimize their

future development (Batty et al., 2012).

In this context, our research delves in the

possibilities offered by the last ICTs to obtain urban

and building accessibility diagnoses with the

objective of promoting inclusion and participation of

all citizens. The remainder of the work is organized

as follows: Section 2 describes the objectives of the

work and the methodology. Section 3 gives an

overview of the related work on technology used for

obtaining information of accessibility in cities.

Section 4 explains a case study in which a diagnosis

of urban and building accessibility has been

obtained. Finally, in Section 5, some conclusions of

the work are drawn.

2 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK

AND METHODOLOGY

Our proposal is part of the objectives of the

European Disability Strategy 2010-2020: A

Renewed Commitment to a Barrier-Free Europe

(European Commission, 2010a), developed in the

framework of the strategy Europe 2020: A Strategy

for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth

(European Commission, 2010b).

To this end, in the field of research and

development of the SC concept, we propose a

method focused on people with or without

disabilities for the analysis and diagnosis of the

accessibility in buildings and urban environments,

without excessive cost and respectful with the

environment. The proposed method allows the

collection of data and information on accessibility

issues through the collaboration of citizens, as well

as to organize and show this information collected

so that administrations and institutions responsible

to addressing accessibility issues can use it. Our

main objective is to contribute to improve the

accessibility of cities promoting collective

participation and using the latest ICT.

In this context, a practical application of the

method has been performed through a case study in

the University of Alicante, with the objective of

showing a real diagnosis of urban and building

accessibility.

2.1 Description of the Proposed

Methodology

The proposed method is composed of two parts. A

first part consists of establishing mechanisms to

collect information from citizens about accessibility

issues. A second part is to organize this information

and display it so that responsible bodies can use it.

The two parts of the method are described below.

2.2.1 Method to Collect Information from

Citizens

An important aspect of CSs is that they must be

community-designed cities, i.e., cities designed

according to the needs and priorities of the citizens

and not by the exigencies of the markets. To this

end, active communities are needed to reach

consensus on future projects. Therefore, SCs need a

strong leadership, the participation of the population

as a mature civil society and mechanisms that

activate processes that ensure innovation (Carley et

al., 2013).

In this sense, the methodology proposed in this

work promotes an active process of collective

participation as a mechanism against social

exclusion, with the aim of working to achieve the

social balance and an inclusive and accessible city.

For addressing accessibility issues in buildings

and urban environments, responsible administrations

and institutions need to know, in a previous phase,

what are the real problems of accessibility in cities.

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100

Among the possible ways of obtaining this

information, it is a challenge to involve citizens in

the process. The methodology proposed in this work

allows obtaining information about accessibility

problems directly from citizens, based on their own

experience. The idea behind this proposal is that the

citizens can notify in real-time the accessibility

deficiencies found in any place when they go around

the city (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Methodology proposed to obtain information

about accessibility problems and improve accessibility of

cities.

In order to collect information on accessibility issues

from citizens, an Android application, “App” for

Accessibility Claims Report, has been designed.

This application is oriented to the end-user. Its

purpose is to provide a user interface for mobile

devices to enable adding, in real time, those citizens’

accessibility experience while moving into the

buildings and around the urban environment. The

“App” for Accessibility Claims Report has been

described in an own previous research conducted by

this research group (Mora et al., 2016). The way the

application works is shown in Section 4.

2.2.2 Method to Organise and Show

Information to Responsible Bodies

In the context of the current knowledge society,

access to information is often not a problem.

However, information, in general, is not and does

not produce knowledge in itself. Knowledge does

not simply come from having access to large

amounts of information. It is necessary to

understand the databases and to experiment their use

to guarantee an adequate use of them. For this

reason, one of the main challenges for information

management is to facilitate the process of

understanding and using data on a large scale

(Beaverstock et al., 2000).

The methodology proposed in this work allows

the structuring of the information provided from the

citizens to be shown, in an easy way, to the

administrations and institutions that need to have

access to this information.

The way to organize and show the information

collected from citizens to the responsible bodies for

addressing accessibility issues in cities is through the

Urban Accessibility Information Service. The results

obtained can be presented through a Web-

Application for Accessibility Monitoring. The way

the results are organized and displayed is shown in

Section 4. The general overview of the proposed

system (Figure 2): (1) Urban Accessibility Citizen

Application; (2) Urban Accessibility Management

Government Application; and (3) Accessibility

Information Service, has been described in an own

previous research (Mora et al., 2016).

Figure 2: Method to obtain, organise and show the

accessibility information to responsible bodies.

2.3 Case Study

A case study has been carried out as part of this

work in the University of Alicante in Spain. The

experience has involved different groups of people

with and without disabilities, administrative staff,

teachers and students.

A route was proposed to identify the real

problems of accessibility existing in it, and to

communicate these problems using the "App" for

Accessibility Claims Report. Participants installed

the application on their own mobile phones.

The experience carried out is described in

Section 4. In addition, this Section 4 also describes

how the results obtained are shown through the

Web-Application for Accessibility Monitoring.

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101

3 RELATED WORK:

TECHNOLOGY USED FOR

OBTAINING INFORMATION

OF ACCESSIBILITY IN CITIES

Traditionally, the methods used to obtain

information about the status of urban accessibility

have been mostly based on surveys (Beale et al.,

2006; Le-Klähn et al., 2014), interviews (Hashim et

al., 2012; Venter et al. 2016), audits or direct

observation (Mackett et al., 2008). Other studies

have provided mathematical or statistical analysis of

these data (Church and Marston, 2003).

Recently, applications have been developed to

inform users about the accessibility in urban

environments (Inada et al., 2014; Prandi et al. 2014).

The proposals are based on the use of Global

Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) technologies. Most of

the proposals offer an application for users’ mobile

devices in order to interface and interact with the

system. In addition, self-reporting tools have

allowed obtaining information from certain places

with the collaboration of users (Shigeno et al.,

2013). Finally, other proposals use social network

communities to generate and complement the

information about accessibility issues in cities

(Menkens et al., 2011; Prandi et al. 2014). These

proposals also obtain information from the user by

means of self-reporting tools.

Increasingly, the methods for assessing aspects

that affect the functioning of the city are based on

evidence, i.e., the study of the citizens´ behaviours

and opinions (Gilart-Iglesias et al., 2015; Pérez-

delHoyo et al., 2017). Cloud computing paradigm is

one of the most promising technologies to build new

services for users and enterprises (Targio et al. 2015;

Marston, 2011). Mobile devices enable access to a

wide range of applications and services (Mora et al.

2015; Makris et al., 2013). The proliferation of

systems and the high penetration rate of mobile

devices in the hands of citizens provides users an

opportunity to conduct a citizen-centric digital

revolution in many aspects of daily life.

In this way, urban accessibility finds an optimal

scene of opportunity in the context of SCs. The

concepts of ubiquitous and SCs make use of

processing technologies, sensing and

communications to provide intelligence to the city

while offering connectivity resources, power supply

and interoperability (Yigitcanlar, 2014). These

conditions facilitate the deployment of

interconnected smart elements that provide services

to citizens for efficient decision-making and to make

better use of resources (Neirotti et al., 2014).

4 CASE STUDY: A

CONTROLLED

ENVIRONMENT IN

UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE

This section focuses on a study within the Campus

of the University of Alicante (hereinafter UA),

specifically in the inaccessible points detected in the

German Bernácer building and the routes among the

different connections of this building with the

nearest leisure areas and places for study inside the

UA campus. In this context of social inclusion, it has

been possible to obtain information about the

building and its usual connections with other

buildings that are part of the students' university life.

The developed application has allowed us to map

the different points that prevent students with

mobility disabilities to have both a complete

integration into the university environment and

participation in university social life.

4.1 Physical and Social Context

The present experimentation was performed at the

UA campus (Gutiérrez and Martí, 2014), which is

located in San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante,

Spain). With a current area of more than a million

and a half square meters and under an important

expansion process, the UA campus has been built on

an old military airfield. It includes several green

spaces and 54 buildings –new construction buildings

as well as the reuse of the pavilions of the old

aerodrome that date from 1930.

In the UA campus more than twenty thousand

students are currently studying. The teaching staff

consists of more than two thousand three hundred

people. In addition, more than one thousand two

hundred people compose the administration and

services staff.

The case study area was focused on the Germán

Bernácer building as the core building of the

research. The building date from 1994 and it is

composed of basement floor, ground floor and first

floor located in U-shaped. It is identified by the

number 0036 within the UA Geographic Information

System (SIGUA) (Figure 3) (Figure 4).

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Figure 3: Experimentation context at UA campus.

Figure 4: Experimentation context at UA campus.

It includes several classrooms for degree and

postgraduate classes for local and international

students; and several departments for the different

management services of the UA campus, like the

School of Doctorate, the Institute of Education

Sciences, the Language Centre, the Technical Office

Department and the Infrastructure and maintenance

service, The Centre for Continuing Education, etc.

I.e., it is used by numerous local and international

students and teachers as well as administrative staff.

The Germán Bernácer building was selected as

the core building of the research due to the high flow

of people throughout the day and the diversity of

users; in addition to its location and proximity to the

leisure areas and spaces for study that allow a

geographically narrow experimentation.

In addition, the case study was extended to

different routes from the building Germán Bernácer

(Building 0036) to the leisure areas inside the UA

campus commonly used by participants such as the

commercial area identified in Figure 4 with the

SIGUA code Building 0035 that includes a

bookshop, a stationery shop, a post office, several

bank offices and a restaurant.

Also, it was the route from Building 0036 to the

UA Museum (hereinafter MUA) with the SIGUA

code Building 0040, as another relevant leisure area

integrated in the university social life.

Urban and Building Accessibility Diagnosis using ‘Accessibility App’ in Smart Cities - A Case Study

103

Figure 5: Experimentation context at UA campus.

Moreover, the case study also covered paths from

the core Building 0036 to the main areas for study

such as the General Library building with the

SIGUA code Building 0033.

Finally, it was included in the test the route to the

nearest parking highlighted in Figure 4.

The monitored routes in UA campus are also

shown in Figure 5.

4.2 Diagnosis

Figure 4 and Figure 5 shows the scene used to carry

out the monitoring tests and accessibility analysis

that will allow us to identify the degree of inclusion

in the test scene. As it was previously described in

Section 2, the experimentation was performed

through the Android App designed in an own

previous research (Mora et al., 2016), which also

includes the functionalities of the Accessibility

Claim Report System, and a cloud platform. This

allowed us to monitor and analyse the accessibility

and its efficiency of the daily habits of different

users in German Bernácer Building (0036) and its

close spaces for leisure and study to detect

incidences that impede a complete integration into

the university environment of people with physical

disabilities.

The test was carried out both indoor and outdoor.

Both scenes were validated through the Accessibility

App, which allows the emission of complaints in the

smartphones of the participants in the routes and its

location via GPS.

The obtained results are represented by the

Urban Accessibility Information Service, which uses

a web-based user interface from a third party

application (Google Maps JavaScript API v3)- that

show the accessibility problems by means of Key

Accessibility Indicators (hereinafter KAI)- from

users-routes analysis and reported claims of users

(Figure 7). Depending on the degree of

inaccessibility of each situation, the incidences of

accessibility are categorized as Claim, Inefficient

with Claim, Inaccessible with claim or Inaccessible

(Table 1).

4.2.1 Experimentation at Building 0036

The experimentation process started with the

identification of incidences, and its sending by the

claim report App (Figure 7).

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The route followed in the test highlighted in yellow

in Figure 6, started in the access of Building 0036

where four outdoor incidences of accessibility were

detected on ground floor and identified as Point

Number 253, 254, 255 and 256 as it is outlined in

Figure 6.

Point number 253 was related to lack of

maintenance in building access, while Point number

254 was described as uncomfortable materials for

wheelchairs because floor is composed of wooden

slats with open joint.

Likewise, there was an incidence in the building

access -identified as Point number 256- due to the

excess weight of the manual opening door. The same

situation was repeated in Points number 260 and 262

(Table 1).

Also, Points number 257 and 261 were reposted

due to the high front desk height of the public

attention service, which made the info point

inaccessible.

Finally, three Points were reported (255, 258 y

259), Point number 255 owing to impossibility of

access to basement in that point. Likewise there was

an impossibility of access to basement and first floor

in Point number 258. And one last point (259) was

claimed due to the lack of handicapped WC in this

part.

The KAI obtained are represented by the Urban

Accessibility Information Service, as it is shown in

Figure 7.

The following table (Table 1) summarizes the

KAI identified in the experimentation at the German

Bernácer Building (0036).

Figure 6: Incidences reported in building 0036.

Figure 7: Example of claims provided by users in German

Bernacer Building (0036).

Table 1: Incidences of accessibility in building 0036.

Point

Number

Location Description KAI

253

(38.38256,

-0.51241)

Lack of

maintenance in

building access

Claim

254

(38.38254,

-0.51241)

Uncomfortable

materials for

wheelchairs in

ramp

Claim

255

(38.38232,

-0.51231)

Access is not

available for

wheelchair

Inaccessible

256

(38.38242,

-0.51218)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Claim

257

(38.38242,

-0.5121)

Not accessible

info point.

Claim

258

(38.38214,

-0.51214)

Access is not

available for

wheelchair

Inaccessible

259

(38.3822,

-0.51197)

Absence of

handicapped

Inaccessible

260

(38.38216, -

0.51225)

The exit door is

too much heavy

Inaccessible

261

(38.38234,

-0.51246)

Not accessible

info point

Claim

262

(38.38237,

-0.5124)

The exit door is

too much heavy

Claim

Urban and Building Accessibility Diagnosis using ‘Accessibility App’ in Smart Cities - A Case Study

105

4.2.2 Experimentation from Building 0036

to Relevant Areas of the University

Social Life

Once data was collected by GPS inside Building

0036, the experimentation continued with the path

from Building 0036 to the relevant areas of the

university social life, such as leisure areas inside the

UA campus.

Figure 8: Incidences reported in routes to relevant areas of

the university social life.

The first route was between Building 0036 and

MUA (Building 0040) highlighted in yellow in

Figure 8. In that outdoor path, two claims were

reported and identified as Point Number 263 and

264. The first one (263) consists in a sand shortcut,

while the second one (264) is a ramp of access to

MUA with too much slope and length.

The second route was from MUA (Building

0040) to the commercial area (Building 0035),

which includes a bookshop, a stationery shop, a post

office, several bank offices and a restaurant.

Accessibility incidences (265-269) were reported in

the access doors of all the previous services, due to

the weight of the manual doors.

The third route was from the commercial area

(Building 0035) to the General Library (Building

0033). Accessibility incidences (270-272) were

reported in the pathway and the access doors of the

General Library, due also to the size and weight of

the manual doors.

Finally, from the General Library (Building

0033) to the parking, two new incidences were

reported. The first one (273) was an insurmountable

curb. The second incidence (274) was reported due

to the lack of sidewalk from the crosswalk to the

space reserved for handicapped.

In this context, the following table (Table 2)

summarizes the KAI identified in the

experimentation from Building (0036) to the

relevant areas of the university social life.

Table 2: Incidences of accessibility in routes to relevant

areas of the university social life.

Point

Number

Location Description KAI

263

(38.38236,

-0.51214)

Sand shortcut Inaccessible

264

(38.38157,

-0.51239)

Too much slope

in ramp

Claim

265

(38.38195,

-0.51271)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Claim

266

(38.38206,

-0.51275)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Claim

267

(38.38219,

-0.5128)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Claim

268

(38.38213,

-0.51308)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Claim

269

(38.38188,

-0.51298)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Claim

270

(38.38253,

-0.51276)

Lack of

maintenance

Claim

271

(38.38341,

-0.51251)

The access door

is too much

heavy

Inaccessible

272

(38.38355,

-0.51198)

Access is not

available for

wheelchair

Inaccessible

273

(38.3824,

-0.51364)

insurmountable

curb

Inaccessible

274

(38.38195,

-0.51357)

Lack of

sidewalk

Claim

The obtained points are represented by the Urban

Accessibility Information Service, as it is shown in

Figure 9.

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Figure 9: Example of incidences in routes to relevant areas

of the university social life.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The present work shows a research based on a

system that allows the analysis of the urban

environment to detect problems related to

accessibility, integrating the citizen as a main

participant by including mechanisms to give voice to

people with and without disabilities.

The system monitors urban accessibility for

citizens through a mobile application with the aim of

detecting incidents that prevent people with

disabilities to have a complete integration into the

urban environment.

In addition, this system provides support in

making decisions to prioritize improvement actions

in public space. The obtained data will enable a

better design for improving pedestrian mobility in

cities.

A practical application of this system has been

carried out in a controlled environment at the

University of Alicante. From the experience

performed the advantages of the system are deducted

that promotes an active process of collective

participation for the collection and recorded of

spatial data and information about the real state of

accessibility as a mechanism against social

exclusion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Association for Integration of

Mentally Ill in Alicante and Province —AIEM—,

and the Association of People with Cerebral Palsy in

Alicante —APCA— "Infanta Elena" Centers, their

support as the Observing Promoter of this project.

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