Effects of High Intensity Intermittent Badminton Multi-Shuttle
Feeding Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity,
Leg Strength Qualities and Agility
Eng Hoe Wee, Jiun Yang Low, Kai Quin Chan and Hui Yin Ler
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Keywords: Badminton, Multi-Shuttle Feeding Training, Aerobic, Anaerobic Capacity, Reactive Strength, Agility.
Abstract: Despite the fact that High Intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) resulted in physiological adaptations and
started to be applied on racket sport, the effectiveness of HIIT in a multi-shuttle feeding form to improve
physical performance in badminton has not been extensively examined. This study investigated the effects of
high intensity intermittent badminton multi-shuttle (HIIBMS) feeding training on aerobic and anaerobic
capacity, leg strength qualities and agility. Eighteen university college badminton players aged 20±1 (BW =
65.3±11kg; H =173.0±5.3cm) participated in this study. Based on the initial test results on aerobic and
anaerobic capacity, leg reactive strength, and agility parameters, subjects were randomly selected and
assigned into 2 groups (control group [CG], experimental group [EG]). Both groups had similar badminton
training while additional training of HIIBMS feeding training was given to the EG for the duration of 4 weeks.
The subjects were tested on VO2 max Test, Wingate Ergometer Test, Countermovement Vertical Jump, Drop
Jump and Illinois Agility Test for the pre-test and post-test. Pre-test results showed insignificant differences
between two groups implying that the they started equal in terms of 6 variables. Similarly, post-test revealed
non-significant results for all the 6 variables. However, the comparison of pre-test and post-test mean scores
showed significant improvements in VO
2
max, mean power, leg reactive strength and agility except peak
power and jump height in EG with CG showed no improvement in all parameters.
1 INTRODUCTION
Badminton is a popular recreational sport played by
200 million people world-wide. Physical demand of
badminton is manifold requiring a mixture of
technical and tactical skills, physiological fitness as
well as psychological strength (Phomsoupha and
Laffaye, 2015). Due to its high intensity intermittent
nature (high intensity short efforts coupled with short
rest interval; rapid shift of direction, jumps, lunges
and powerful arm movements from a range of
postural position), both the aerobic and anaerobic
system is important for delivery during play and
recovery (Andersen et al., 2007; Ooi et al., 2009;
Jeyaraman and Kalidasan, 2012).
High intensity interval training (HIIT) has
become an increasingly popular form of exercise due
to its potentially large effects on exercise capacity and
small time requirement (Foster et al., 2015). In fact,
ACSM (2016) has accepted HIIT to be effective in
improving sport performance through repeated bouts
of high intensity effort followed by varied recovery
interval. A short-term HIIT ranging from two weeks
to six weeks could result in beneficial adaptations
(Laursen et al., 2005; Burgomaster et al., 2006;
Gibala & McGee, 2008; Little et al., 2011; Ziemann,
Olek & Grzywacz, 2011; Gibala et al., 2012). Across
those studies, reported induced adaptations through
HIIT included enhanced carbohydrate metabolism,
increase in lactate transport capacity, oxidative
energy provision, and lactate metabolism as well as
overall exercise capacity. Furthermore, although the
impact of HIIT on neuromuscular adaptation had not
been looked into extensively, recent studies were
starting to emphasize on the acute neuromuscular
response towards HIIT training (Buchheit and
Laursen, 2013).
While HIIT is widely used in sports training
(Ziemann, Olek and Grzywacz, 2011; Fernandez-
Fernandez et al., 2012), multi-shuttle training (MST)
is another popular training and has a specific
approach towards badminton training session (Han,
Wee E., Low J., Chan K. and Ler H.
Effects of High Intensity Intermittent Badminton Multi-Shuttle Feeding Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity, Leg Strength Qualities and Agility.
DOI: 10.5220/0006501000390047
In Proceedings of the 5th Inter national Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2017), pages 39-47
ISBN: 978-989-758-269-1
Copyright
c
 2017 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

Li and Wang, 2011). It is a work with lots of shuttles
fed randomly or with specific drills to the trainee.
This MST method could solicit different types of
training goals, including tactical, technical and
physical (Han, Li and Wang, 2011; Hamedinia et al.,
2013). To date, literature on the effectiveness of this
training method is sparse. Thus, this study
investigated the effects of high intensity intermittent
multi-shuttle on aerobic and anaerobic capacity,
reactive strength and agility among college
badminton players.
2 METHODS
2.1 Participants
Eighteen male university college badminton players
(age = 20±1 years; weight = 65.3±11kg; height
=173.0±5.3cm) were recruited for this study. The
sample size was considered adequate based on
previous similar research studies which was 12 to 31
(Walklate et al., 2009 [n=12, CG=6, EG=6]; Ziemann
et al., 2011 [n=21: CG=11, EG=10]; Fernandez et al.,
2012 [n=32: CG=9, EG1=11, EG2=12]; Abdullah,
2014 [n=16: EG=8, CG=8]). All subjects were
healthy and free of any chronic health conditions. The
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)
was administered to the subjects prior to participation
to rule out contraindications to participation. The
study was approved by the University College Ethics
Committee. It conforms to the principles of the
declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical
Association where the subjects had been informed of
the methods, procedures, benefits and potential risk
before securing the written consent.
2.2 Research Design
This study applied the pre-test-intervention-post-test
design. The subjects were divided into 2 groups
(control and experimental) after pre-tests on aerobic,
anaerobic (mean and peak power), reactive strength
and agility parameters. The selection of subjects into
the 2 groups were based on the Z-scores of the 6 tests
and systematic counter balancing method. The 2
groups were then randomly assigned into the 2
conditions (CG, EG). For 4 weeks, both groups
underwent normal badminton training routines while
EG was provided with additional High Intensity
Intermittent Badminton Multi-shuttle training
(Figure 1).
2.3 Exercise Testing
All subjects underwent Bruce Protocol, Wingate Test,
Countermovement Vertical Jump, Drop Jump and
Illinois Agility Test. All tests were conducted in the
laboratory and were based on the training schedule.
To measure aerobic capacity, Treadmill (COSMED
T200) and metabolic system (COSMED QUARK
CPET) were used. The subjects warmed up at a
walking speed for 8-10 minutes. After the warmup,
the test started with subjects running at an
incline/gradient of 10% and speed of 2.74 km/h. The
incline and speed of the treadmill were increased
every three minutes. The gradient was increased by
2% at every level. The subject ran to fatigue. To
ensure subject has achieved maximum capacity, four
conditions were monitored during the test: 1. Plateau
in oxygen uptake (< 2ml.kg/ min or 3% with an
increase in exercise intensity), 2. The respiratory ratio
of 1.15 or above, 3. The final heart rate of within 12
bpm of the predicted age-related maximum, and 4. An
RPE of 19 or 20 on the Borg Scale. Anaerobic
capacity was measured using Braked Cycle
Ergometer (883E Sprint Bike, Monark, Sweden).
Participants started with a standardized 5-minute
warm-up cycling at 25W. In the last seconds of the
warm-up period, the subject increased their pedal rate
to >100rpm with no resistance. After a 5-minute rest,
the test began from a stationary starting position with
the participant seated at the right pedal at
approximately 45 degrees. A resistance pedalling
equal to 0.075 kp per kg of body mass was applied at
the onset of the Wingate Test (Ayalon et al., 1974).
The subjects attempted to maximize their pedalling
rate for the next 30 seconds under the prescribed
resistance. Mean power and peak power generated
from Monark anaerobic Test Software (Version
3.3.0.0) were used as an indicator of anaerobic
capacity and was expressed in W/kg.
To measure leg reactive strength, Force plate
(Bertec FP4060-10-4000, α = 0.978 [pilot]) was used.
Subjects dropped from a 30 cm plyometric box. The
box was positioned directly behind a force plate.
First, the force platform was set to zero without the
participant on the platform. The participants were
instructed to limit their ground contact time (GCT)
between the drop from the box and the jump. To
begin, participant stepped off the box and dropped
onto the force plate landing with both feet and jump
as high as possible. The jump height was calculated
using the formula: Jump height = 9.81 * (flight
time)
2
/ 8. The best of three trials with GCT under 250
ms was used for analysis. The height in mm was
divided by the time on the ground in milliseconds to

determine the reactive strength index. To determine
muscular power, Countermovement Vertical Jump
Test was used (α = 0.89, Fah, 2012). Calculation of
jump height was similar to reactive strength. Illinois
Agility Test was used to measure agility (α = 0.965,
Lim et al., 2012).
2.4 Multi-Shuttle Training
The multi-shuttle feeding training program lasted for
4 weeks. Each training session consisted of 3 sets of
10 repetitions workouts. In between each set, 1 min
rest was given. Each repetition consisted of 15
seconds of high-intensity work followed by 30
seconds rest. In the 15-second workout, the
experimental subjects hit 8 shuttles which were fed
by the trainer. The feeding method was standardized
with the trainer serving the shuttles with a badminton
racket. The frequency of shuttle feeding was
controlled by the metronome in Garmin Fenix 3
watch and the trainer kept feeding the shuttles to
maintain high intensity. A heart rate monitor
connected to Garmin Fenix 3 was used to monitor the
heart rate response of the experimental subjects. The
heart rate at the end of each set was recorded (Figure
2).
In order to ensure high intensity training, the heart
rate (HR) of EG subjects were monitored by
Garmin Fenix 3 to ensure high stress (HR ranging
from 165bpm to 185bpm) as suggested by Ghosh
(2008). Figure 2 illustrated the HR response from the
EG subjects and it was in accordance to the
suggestion by Gibala (2015) in which the targeted
heart rate should be between 80-100% of maximal
heart rate to stimulate related adaptations.
2.5 Statistical Analysis
The statistical software package “SPSS Statistics
23.0” (IBM) was used for statistical analysis. Mean
value and standard deviation for the research
parameters were calculated. T-tests were used for
comparative analyses. The level of significance was
set at p < 0.05.
3 RESULTS
The descriptive analyses were performed to provide
pre-test, post-test and percentage improvement on the
6 variables that were measured using relevant tests.
Results in Table 1 revealed that EG has the greatest
improvement in VO
2
max and Leg reactive strength
respectively 10.08% (from 48.5ml/kg/min to
53.4ml/kg/min) and 41.53% (from 0.93 to 1.32) as
compared to CG. While EG showed a slight
improvement in mean power, vertical jump, and
agility as compared to CG.

EG subjects

Trainer
Figure 1: Multi-shuttle training.
Figure 2: Heart Rate Response in each Training Session across 12 sessions for 4 weeks as measured by Garmin Fenix 3.
150
160
170
180
190
123456789101112
HeartRate(bpm)
TrainingSessions
Set1 Set2 Set3

Table 1: Comparison of VO
2
max, Mean Power, Peak Power, Jump Height, Reactive Leg Strength and Agility between the
Experimental Group and Control Group. Data are means (±SD) and percentage improvement.
Variable
Experimental Group Control Group
Pretest Posttest
% of
Improvement
Pretest Posttest
% of
Improvement
VO
2
max
(ml/kg/min)
48.5±8.4 53.4±6.7 10.08% 47.2±12.00 46.9±12.28 -0.73%
Mean Power
(W/kg)
7.80±0.89 8.10±0.69 3.74% 7.66±7.0 7.85±0.79 2.38%
Peak Power (W/kg) 10.61±0.98 10.64±0.94 0.24% 10.65±0.86 10.74±0.90 0.86%
Jump Height (m) 0.39±0.08 0.41±0.07 5.76% 0.43±0.09 0.44±0.08 1.54%
Reactive Strength
(RSI)
0.93±0.39 1.32±0.42 41.53% 1.06±0.14 1.11±0.40 4.82%
Agility (s) 17.66±0.76 17.09±0.69 3.23% 17.56±0.96 17.58±0.94 -0.11%
The inferential statistics comparing the pre-test
mean scores of EG and CG (Table 2) showed that
there were no significant differences in the pre-tests
of all the six parameters of VO
2
max (0.263,
p=0.796), Mean Power (0.37, p=0.716), Peak
Power (-0.09, p=0.93), Jump Height (-1.221,
p=0.24), Reactive Leg Strength (-0.677, p=0.508)
and Agility (0.259, p=0.799). Similarly, in the post-
test (Table 4), all the 6 parameters measures were
not significantly different when EG and CG were
compared; VO
2
max (1.398, p=0.181), Mean Power
(0.713, p=0.486), Peak Power (-0.242, p=0.812),
Jump Height (-0.899, p=0.382), Reactive Leg
Strength (1.057, p=0.306) and Agility (-1.246,
p=0.231).However, an examination of pre-test and
post-test performance for both groups (Table 3)
revealed no significant differences in all the 6
parameters for CG but for EG, significant
differences were found in VO
2
max, Mean power,
Reactive Strength and Agility.
4 DISCUSSIONS
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects
of high intensity intermittent multi-shuttle
badminton training on aerobic and anaerobic
capacity, leg reactive strength and agility.
Even though HIIT has the potential to effect
large exercise capacity within a short duration, the
result of the post-test in this investigation showed
no significant difference between EG and CG in all
the 6 parameters (VO
2
max, mean power, peak
power, jump height, reactive leg strength, agility).
Despite EG was provided with 4-week intervention
(badminton multi-shuttle training), three 30 min
sessions weekly, the result was not similar to that of
Gillen and Gibala (2014). Gillen and Gibala (2014)
reported that as little as three 10 min sessions
weekly, with only 3 x 20s high intensity, could
affect both muscle oxidative capacity and several
markers of cardio-metabolic health even though this
investigation employed 10 x 3 x 15s HIIT. The
larger volume of training should be used as
suggested by Selier et al. (2013) that individuals
interested in enhanced outcomes (including
competitive performance) should regularly do both
a larger volume of training and higher intensity
training.
4.1 Effect of High Intensity
Intermittent Multi-Shuttle
Feeding Training on Aerobic
Capacity
In the present study, VO
2
max marked a significant
improvement of 10.08% (p=0.001) in EG while CG
showed insignificant improvement of 0.73%
(p=0.701). The significant improvement in EG’s
VO
2
max was consistent with Sloth et al.’s (2013)’s
finding in which the effects of a high-intensity
interval training usually demonstrated increases of
VO
2
max by 4.2-13.4%. In addition, the increment
of 4.9 ml/kg/min VO
2
max corresponded to
Ziemann, Olek and Grzywacz’s (2011) finding that
an improvement of 5.5 ml/kg/min VO
2
max with a

similar work-rest ratio interval training (1:2 work-
rest ratio) on similar population (active college-
aged men). Conversely, CG (-0.3 ml/kg/min) had a
decrement in VO
2
max. CG only had 3 regular
sessions of match play each week with a training
volume of fewer than 2 hours. In the view of the
improved VO
2
max, it might be explained by
increased oxygen availability due to central
adaptations or as a result of peripheral adaptations.
However, central adaptations were less likely to
happen through the present study’s training protocol
as effects on cardiac function would need peak-load
(high intensity) durations of at least 2 or 3 minutes
(Buchheit and Laursen, 2013) and also a training
period of 8 weeks (Matsuo et al., 2014).
The high intensity intermittent multi-shuttle
feeding training consisted of change of direction
(COD) elements where the athletes moved from one
corner to another corner quickly during the 15
seconds work phase. The inclusion of COD into
HIIT had been proven to place high stress on the
athletes regardless of the duration of the work
interval (10s to 30s) (Dellal et al., 2010) and this has
helped improved VO
2
max of EG. In addition,
Buchheit and Laursen (2013) highlighted that the
peripheral as well as systemic cardiorespiratory
system demand were higher during the COD type of
HIIT, and this explained the significant
improvement of VO
2
max in EG. The effects of
COD elements during sport skill training on
VO
2
max was reported by Karahan (2012).
4.2 Effect of High Intensity
Intermittent Multi-Shuttle
Feeding Training on Anaerobic
Capacity
This study showed significant improvement of
3.74% in the mean power of EG and insignificant
improvement in CG (2.38%). For peak power, both
EG and CG showed insignificant improvement of
0.24% and 0.86% respectively. The percentage
improvement of the mean power and peak power
of this investigation was much less if the studies of
Foster et al. (2015), and Ziemann, Olek and
Grzywacz (2011) were compared. Ziemann, Olek
and Grzywacz (2011) found 6-week HIIT program
favorably influenced the aerobic and anaerobic
performances of college subjects. On the other
hand, the improvement in the anaerobic capacity
through HIIT multi-shuttle feeding training in this
study was similar to Walklate et al.’s (2009) finding
in which the badminton players showed
improvement in anaerobic parameters after
involving in a 4-weeks badminton agility sprint
training. Similarly, Karahan (2012) found
improvement (10.7%) in mean power in a skill-
based HIIT training. Laursen, Shing and Peake
(2005) confirmed this observation, reporting that 4
weeks of HIIT increased anaerobic capacity as
evaluated through accumulated oxygen deficit.
Table 2: A comparison of VO
2
max, Mean power, Peak Power, Jump Height, Reactive Strength and Agility Pre Test Mean
Scores between Experimental Group and Control Group.
Mean df SD t-value Sig.
VO
2
max
EG 48.5±8.4
16
8.4
0.263 0.796
CG 47.22±12.0 12.0
Mean Power
EG 7.80±0.89
16
0.89
0.37 0.716
CG 7.66±0.70 0.7
Peak Power
EG 10.61±0.98
16
0.98
-0.09 0.93
CG 10.65±0.86 0.86
Jump Height
EG 0.39±0.08
16
0.08
-1.221 0.24
CG 0.43±0.09 0.09
RSI
EG 0.93±0.39
16
0.39
-0.677 0.508
CG 1.06±0.14 0.14
Illinois Agility Test
EG 17.66±0.76
16
0.76
0.259 0.799
CG 17.56±0.96 0.96
*The mean difference is significant at the .05 levels

4.3 Effect of High Intensity
Intermittent Multi-Shuttle
Feeding Training on Reactive Leg
Strength
Reactive strength is related to acceleration speed,
change of direction speed, and even agility and is
similar to the movements of EG subjects originating
from the middle of the court to the corner where the
shuttle was placed and returned to the middle of the
court again. This might explain the result of this
study where the reactive strength index
demonstrated a significant improvement of 41.53%
in EG and insignificant improvement of 4.82% in
CG.
Conversely, this study showed insignificant
improvement in jumping height (5.76%) for EG and
CG (1.54%). This is supported by Vissing et al.
(2008) that the improvement of agility related factor
(leg strength) was relatively smaller in trained
subjects who were familiarized with stretch-
shortening cycle (SSC) exercise patterns. In this
investigation, the EG subjects were trained
badminton players.
The multi-shuttle training involved changes of
direction (COD) movements. According to Gamble
(2012) and Young, Dawson and Henry (2015),
COD is highly correlated to reactive strength, thus
explained the improvement in the reactive strength
in EG. On the contrary, Born et al. (2016) in
investigating the effect of multi-directional interval
sprinting training on change of direction ability
failed to support the result of this research.
4.4 Effect of High Intensity
Intermittent Multi-Shuttle
Feeding Training on Leg Power
This result of study showed insignificant
improvement in leg power in EG (5.76%) and CG
(1.54%). According to McBride, McCaulley and
Cormie (2008), power involved in longer stretch-
shortening cycle (SSC) compare to reactive
strength. Since the multi-shuttle training was
analogous to plyometric training which involved
high force application and brief ground contact time
(Gamble, 2012), the contribution of the slower SSC
was less. Thus the transfer of the adaptation might
be more specific towards reactive strength instead
of leg power.
4.5 Effect of High Intensity
Intermittent Multi-Shuttle
Feeding Training on Agility
This investigation reported significant improvement
of 3.23% of agility in EG and insignificant agility
result for the CG (decrement of 11%). According to
Rathore (2016) the significant result in EG, might
be due to the fact that the court movements in the
high intensity intermittent multi-shuttle feeding
training were similar to plyometric training drills
involving explosive stopping, starting, and
changing direction movements. This might be due
to the fact that the phenomenon of the stretch-
shortening cycle (SSC) and is especially prevalent
in an intermittent game like badminton. SSC actions
Table 3: A comparison of VO
2
max, Mean power, Peak Power, Jump Height, Reactive Strength and Agility between Pre-Test
and Post-Test Mean Scores in Experimental Group and Control Group.
Variable
Group Pre-test Post-test df t-value Sig.
VO
2
max
EG 48.5±8.4 53.4±6.7 8 -4.73 0.001*
CG 47.2±12.00 46.9±12.28 8 0.40 0.701
Mean Power
EG 7.80±0.89 8.10±0.69 8 -2.41 0.042*
CG 7.66±7.0 7.85±0.79 8 -1.93 0.089
Peak Power
EG 10.61±0.98 10.64±0.94 8 -0.11 0.915
CG 10.65±0.86 10.74±0.90 8 -0.45 0.663
Jump Height
EG 0.39±0.08 0.41±0.07 8 -1.74 0.12
CG 0.43±0.09 0.44±0.08 8 -0.63 0.545
Reactive Strength (RSI)
EG 0.93±0.39 1.32±0.42 8 -5.15 0.001*
CG 1.06±0.14 1.11±0.40 8 -1.29 0.233
Agility
EG 17.66±0.76 17.09±0.69 8 6.79 0.000*
CG 17.56±0.96 17.58±0.94 8 0.43 0.681
*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

exploit the myotatic reflex as well as the elastic
qualities of tendons and muscle, and the resulting
performance is independent of maximum strength
in players.
As the EG subjects played on one side of the
court and he was fed the shuttle from the opposite
side by a coach. The subjects would rush to the
backline and returned the shuttle executing required
stroke from the back line, moving back to the center
of the court. Due to the smaller size of half-court,
explosive movements such as jumping, turning,
initiation of movement, lateral movements and
agility are extremely important than maximum
speed (Kusuma, Raharjo and Taathadi, 2015).
Similarly, Walklate et al. (2009) emphasized that
the badminton specific repeated sprint conditioning
intervention compromised a sequence of rehearsed
movements covering the court and resulted in
improvement of repeated sprint agility performance
and anaerobic capacity. In addition, Lim et al.
(2012) reported that the movements during the
multi-shuttle training which included the change of
direction movements involved performing the
correct movements, performing accelerations and
decelerations toward the shuttlecock, and
performing sharp changes of direction or
backpedaling. This is also supported by Holmberg
(2009) in that agility is an acquired motor skill that
can be trained. He stressed that badminton players
could improve agility through technical training,
pattern running and reactive training. Potteiger et al.
(1999) concur that improvements in agility were a
result of enhanced motor unit recruitment patterns.
As a result of training, neural adaptations occurred
in athletes. These adaptations consequently
improved the coordination between CNS signal and
proprioceptive feedback in athletes (Craig, 2004).
In addition, this finding is also supported by
Salonikidis and Zafeiridis (2008) which reported
that their research subjects who underwent the
tennis-specific drills training improved their speed
and quickness of movement. This has indicated that
the sports specific training in racket games
contributed to the improvement in agility.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, in this sample of college badminton
players, our results suggest no particular advantage
for high intensity multi-shuttle training model
except some improvement for few variables for EG.
6 FUTURE RESEARCH
DIRECTION
The research outcomes might be restricted by the
duration of the experiment. Thus, a longer duration
is suggested in future research. In addition, there is
a possibility that differences in skill level among the
badminton players might affect the adaptive
response towards the training. Therefore, it is
suggested that the training could be implemented on
other badminton players with different skill levels
starting from active young players to elite players to
investigate its effectiveness on the above-
mentioned performance variables.
Table 4: A comparison of VO
2
max, Mean power, Peak Power, Jump Height, Reactive Strength and Agility Post Test Mean
Scores between Experimental Group and Control Group.
Mean df SD t-value Sig.
VO
2
max
EG 53.4±6.7
16
6.7
1.398 0.181
CG 46.9±12.3 12.3
Mean Power
EG 8.10±0.69
16
0.69
0.713 0.486
CG 7.85±0.79 0.79
Peak Power
EG 10.64±0.94
16
0.94
-0.242 0.812
CG 10.74±0.90 0.9
Jump Height
EG 0.41±0.07
16
0.07
-0.899 0.382
CG 0.44±0.08 0.08
RSI
EG 1.32±0.42
16
0.42
1.057 0.306
CG 1.11±0.40 0.4
Illinois Agility Test
EG 17.09±0.69
16
0.69
-1.246 0.231
CG 17.58±0.94 0.94
*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

REFERENCES
ACSM, 2016. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing
and Prescription. 9th Ed. NY: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Abdullah, S., 2014. Effect of High Intensity Interval
Circuit Training on the Development of Specific
Endurance to Some of Essential Skills in Youth
Badminton Players. Journal of Advanced Social
Research, 4(3), pp.77-85.
Andersen, L.L., Larsson, B., Overgaard, H.and Aaggard,
P., 2007. Torque-velocity Characteristics and
Contractile Rate of Force Development in Elite
Badminton Players. European Journal of Sport
Science, 7(3), pp.127-134.
Ayalon, A., Inbar, O. and Bar-Or, O., 1974. Relationships
among Measurements of Explosive Strength and
Anaerobic Power. International Series on Sport
Sciences, pp.572-577.
Born, D.P., Zinner, C., Duking, P. and Sperlich, B., 2016.
Multi-Directional Sprint Training Improves Change-
Of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Young
Highly Trained Soccer Players. Journal of Sports
Science and Medicine, 15(2), pp.314-319.
Buchheit, M. and Laursen, P. B., 2013. High-Intensity
Interval Training, Solutions To The Programming
Puzzle: Part II: Anaerobic Energy, Neuromuscular
Load and Practical Applications. Sports Medicine,
43(10), pp. 927-954.
Burgomaster, K. A., Heigenhauser, G. J. F. and Gibala,
M. J. (2006). Effect of Short-term Sprint Interval
Training on Human Skeletal Muscle Carbohydrate
Metabolism during Exercise and Time-Trial
Performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(6),
pp. 2041-2047.
Craig, B.W., 2004. What is the scientific basis of speed
and agility? Strength and conditioning Journal, 26(3),
pp.13-14.
Dellal, A., Keller, D., Carling, C., Chaouachi, A., Wong,
DP., and Chamari, K., 2010. Physiologic Effects of
Directional Changes in Intermittent Exercise in
Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research, 24(12), pp.3219-3216.
Fah, P.W., 2012. Effects of zig-zag training on the female
volleyball player’s leg power performance. Adv.
Diploma in Sport and Exercise. Tunku Abdul
Rahman College.
Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Zimek, R., Wiewelhove, T. and
Ferrauti, A., 2012. High-Intensity Interval Training vs
Repeated-sprint Training in Tennis. Journal of
Strength and Conditioning, 26(1), pp.53-62.
Foster, C., Farland, C., Guidotti, F., Harbin, M., Roberts,
B., Schuette, J.,…, Porcari, J.P., 2015. The Effects of
High Intensity Interval Training vs Steady State
Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity.
Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 14, pp. 745-
755.
Gamble, P., 2012. Training for Sports Speed and Agility:
An evidence-based approach. New York: Routledge.
Gibala, M. J. and McGee, S. L., 2008. Metabolic
Adaptations yo Short-Term High-Intensity Interval
Training: A Little Pain for A Lot Of Gain? Exercise
and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36(2), pp.58-63.
Gibala, M. J., Jonathan, P. L., MacDonald, M. J. and
Hawley, J. A., 2012. Physiological Adaptations to
Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training in
Health and Disease. The Journal of Physiology,
590(5), pp.1077-1084.
Ghosh, A. K., 2008. Heart Rate and Blood Lactate
Responses During Execution of Some Specific
Strokes in Badminton Drills. International Journal of
Applied Sports Sciences, 27(2), pp.27-36.
Gibala, M., 2015. Physiological Adaptations to Low-
volume High-intensity Interval Training. Sports
Science Exchange, 28(139), pp.1-6.
Gillen, J.B., and Gibala, M.J., 2014. Is high-intensity
interval training a time-efficient exercise strategy to
improve health and fitness? Appl Physiol Nutr
Metab., 39, pp.409–412.
Hamedinia, M. R., Saburi, H. and Moeinfard, M. R.,
2013. A Survey on Annual Periodization of the
Iranian Skillful Male Badminton Coaches.
International Journal of Sport Studies, 3(9), pp.970-
977.
Han, Y., Li, S. and Wang, R., 2011. An Insight of the
Application of Multi-shuttle Training in Badminton.
The 4th Sport Science and recreational activity
management thesis collection, pp.75-80.
Holmberg, P.M., 2009. Agility training for experienced
athletes: A dynamical systems approach. Strength
and conditioning Journal, 31(5), pp.73-78.
Jeyaraman, R. and Kalidasan, R., 2012. Prediction of
Playing Ability in Badminton from Selected
Anthropometrical Physical and Physiological
Characteristics among Inter Collegiate Players.
International Journal of Advanced and Innovative
Research, 1, pp.47-58.
Karahan, M., 2012. The Effect of Skill-Based Maximal
Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic
Performnce of Female Futsal Players. Biology of
Sport, 29(3), pp.223-227.
Kusuma, D.W.Y., Raharjo, H.P., and Taathadi, M.S.,
2015. Introducing a New Agility Test in Badminton.
American Journal of Sports Science, 3 (1), pp.18-28.
Laursen, P.B., Shing, C.M., and Peake, J.M., 2005.
Coombes, JS, and Jenkins, DG. Influence of high
intensity interval training on adaptations in
welltrained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res, 19, pp.527–
533.
Lim, J. H., Wee, E. H., Chan, K. Q. and Ler, H. Y., 2012.
Effect of Plyometric Training on the Agility of
Students Enrolled in Required College Badminton
Programme. International Journal of Applied Sport
Sciences, 24(1), pp. 18-24.
Little, J.P., Gillen, J.B., Percival, M.E., Safdar,
A., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Punthakee, Z., Jung, M.E.,
and Gibala, M.J., 2011. Low-Volume High-Intensity
Interval Training Reduces Hyperglycemia and
Increases Muscle Mitochondrial Capacity in Patients

with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology,
111(6), pp. 1554-1560.
Matsuo, T., Saotome, K., Seino, S., Eto, M., Shimojo,
N., Matsushita, A., Iemitsu, M.,… Mukai, C., 2014.
Effects of a Low-Volume Aerobic-Type Interval
Exercise on VO2max and Cardiac Mass. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise , 46(1), pp.42-50.
Ooi, C.H., Albert, T., Ahmad, A., Kwong, K. W., Ruji, S.
, Ghazali, M., Aswadi, K., Liew, S.L., Chai, W.J. and
Thompson, M. W., 2009. Physiological
Characteristics of Elite and Sub-Elite Badminton
Players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 27(14), pp.1591-
1599.
Phomsoupha, M. and Laffaye, G., 2015. The Science of
Badminton: Game Characteristics, Anthropometry,
Physiology, Visual Fitness and Biomechanics. Sports
Medicine, 45(4), pp.473-495.
Potteiger, J.A., Lockwood, R.H., Haub, M.D., Dolezal,
B.A., Alumzaini, K.S., Schroeder, J.M., and Zebas,
C.J., 1999. Muscle power and fibre characteristics
following 8 weeks of plyometric training. Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 13, pp.275-279.
Rathore, M.S., 2016. Effects of Plyometric Training and
Resistance Trainng on Agility of Tennis Players.
Indian Journal of Physical Education, Sports
Medicine & Exercise Science, 16 (1 & 2), pp.32-34.
Salonikidis, K. and Zafeiridis, A., 2008. The effects of
plyometric, tennis-drills, and combined training on
reaction, lateral and linear speed, power, and strength
in novice tennis players. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 22(1), pp.182-191.
Seiler, S., Joranson, K., Olesen, B.V. and Hetlelid, K.J.,
2013. Adaptations to aerobic interval training:
interactive effects of exercise intensity and total work
duration. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and
Science in Sports, 23, pp.74-83.
Sloth, M., Sloth, D., Overgaard, K. and Dalgas, U., 2013.
Effects of Sprint Interval Training on VO2max and
Aerobic Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review
and Meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine
and Science in Sports, 23, pp. 341-352.
Walklate, B. M., O'Brien, B., Paton, C. D. and Young, W.
B., 2009. Supplementing Regular Training With
Short-Duration Sprint Agility Training Leads to a
Substantial Increase in Repeated Sprint-Agility
Performance with National Level Badminton Players.
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,
23(5), pp. 1477-1481.
Ziemann, E., Olek, R., and Grzywacz, T. G. A., 2011.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Changes with High-Intensity
Interval Training in Active College-Aged Men. The
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,
25(4), pp.1104-1112.