Diagnostics of Functional State and Reserve Capacity of

Young Athletes’ Organism

Alexandre Kuznetsov

, Ilsiyar Mutaeva

and Zinaida Kuznetsova

Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 9A per. Geleznodorozhnikov, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

College of Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism,

ul. Batenchuka, d.21, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

Keywords: Functional State, Reserve Capacity, Diagnostics.

Abstract: The diagnosis characterizing the functional state and reserve capacity of young athletes’ organism gives

physical activity according to the possibility of adjusting intensity zones. Methods of functional diagnostics:

polymyography, HR variability with active orthostatic test, research of physical working capacity (PWC170

test), the express -diagnostics of a functional state by Dushanin’s method and the "Reaction to Moving Object"

(RMO test). Research material. Complex diagnostics of young athletes’ functional state and its further

complex assessment by means of the received indices were carried out. The correlation and factorial analysis

of the indices was carried out. Generalization and analysis of experimental research conducted with young

athletes, allowed to identify the factors that determine and shape their functional training level. Results. The

diagnosis and evaluation of young athletes functional training includes assessment of body systems taking

into account the specifics of the sport; training loads correction plan, implementation of rehabilitation

measures, individualization of training mode and correction of social conditions. Young athletes training in

difficult social and environmental conditions is possible when considering the necessary components of

training techniques, among which the dominant diagnosis, control and prevention save health and improve

functional fitness.

1 RELEVANCE

The study of factors determining and forming young

athletes’ functional readiness at the present stage of

training is the basis for the creation of diagnostic

programs and evaluation criteria. The problem of

diagnostics and assessment of functional state and

reserve capacity of young athletes’ organism is

actualized.

In accordance with contemporary methodology,

research and functional training diagnostics of young

athletes’ organism the following principles were

taken into account:

system approach; complexity, taking into account

functional diagnosis of the leading factors potentially

determining athletes’ competitive activity

effectiveness;

- choose the most informative modern methods and

means of diagnosis using physical loads of

different intensity;

- determine the leading components of functional

training.

Functional state of the organism is characterized

by the combination of its physiological functions and

psycho-physiological qualities, which bear the

greatest burden in ensuring the professional activities

(Rybina et al., 2015). In this regard, performance on

the functional status cannot be established based on

the study of one or several indicators and requires the

integrated assessment of a number of body functions,

directly or indirectly contributing to the effective

implementation of training and competitive activities

of young athletes.

The above was the basis to identify factors that

determine and shape functional training level,

conduct research on the diagnosis of the functional

state and reserve capacity of young athletes’

organism.

2 METHODS

In terms of the interdepartmental laboratory of the

Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I. and Kuznetsova Z.

Diagnostics of Functional State and Reserve Capacity of Young Athletesâ

Z Organism.

DOI: 10.5220/0006513901110114

In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2017), pages 111-114

ISBN: 978-989-758-269-1

Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture,

Sport and Tourism (Russia), in compliance with the

requirements of research young athletes specializing

in running at various distances indicators of physical

health were studied: organism functional state and

reserve capacity; psychofunctional state; heart rate

variability with active orthostatic test; functional state

of the neuromuscular apparatus. Methods for

assessing the functional capacity of the organism

were used: Bicycle ergometry, determination of heart

rate variability indicators, physical performance,

aerobic performance, method of express-diagnostics

of the functional state, reserve and adaptive

capabilities of the organism "D&K-Test" by S. A.

Dushanin, evaluation of physical working capacity

PWC170 method

(Dushanin et al., 1984,Solodkov et

al., 2003, Rybina et al., 2015). The study of the

skeletal muscle contractile relaxation characteristics,

functional state of the Central nervous (CNS) and the

neuromuscular system (NMS) was performed using

computer polymyographic method. On the basis of

the athletes polimigra quadriceps femoris recording

we studied the following parameters: the speed of

arbitrary tension in the muscles; the relative speed of

the random voltage taking into account the body

weight of athletes; maximum random relative

strength; the speed of arbitrary relaxation. To assess

the functional state of the CNS a number of time

parameters: motor response speed of the voltage on

the electromyogram; motor response speed of the

voltage on the chart; motor response speed of

relaxation in the diagram; the rate of development and

the strength of excitatory process; rate of

development and the strength of the braking process;

the balance of nervous processes "inhibition-

excitation"; the functional state of the Central nervous

system was used.

The research was conducted with students of the

Department "Theory and methodology of cyclic

sports" 1-5 courses of the specialization "Theory and

methodology of athletics” in Naberezhnye Chelny.

The research was conducted in the period from 2010

to 2016.

3 RESULTS AND THEIR

DISCUSSION

Generalization and analysis of experimental research

conducted with young athletes, allowed to identify

the factors that determine and shape their functional

training level. Among the identified factors were: the

morphofunctional indicators of the body basic

physiological systems functionality, sources of

muscular activity energy supply, psychological state,

general and special working capacity level and

correlation of these factors with the age and readiness

of young athletes. Factors forming the functional

preparedness of young athletes: sporting activities,

combination of this activity with the school. The most

important factor in determining functional readiness

of young athletes are methodical bases of the

educational and training process, which incorporates

the terms of training sessions organization, the

training regime, the volume and intensity of training

loads, the conditions of classes, calendar of events,

conducting training camps, providing conditions for

training.

Factor analysis helped to identify the main signs

of improvement in the functional training of young

athletes: improving general and special physical

performance, functional status and reserve capacity of

the organism increase, improving the efficiency of

functional systems, improving regulatory

mechanisms, maintaining emotional state, revealing

individual typological features of muscle activity

energy supply.

The methodology structure and content of the

programme the diagnosis and evaluation of young

athletes’ functional training includes assessment of

body systems taking into account the specifics of the

sport; assessment of functional, adaptive and reserve

capabilities of individual systems and body functions

at rest and after exercise; training loads correction

plan, implementation of rehabilitation measures,

individualization of training mode and correction of

social conditions. Young athletes’ general health

methodology testing with the use of ergometric tools

allows to evaluate the functional and reserve

possibilities of an organism.

Our results are consistently interpreted and put in

the data bank functional training of young athletes.

The obtained results allow to develop practical

recommendations for decision-making on correction

of young athletes’ training program.

Evaluation of young athletes’ functional training

takes place on the basis of the obtained results.

Mathematical analysis of heart rate variability in

the prone position and in the active autoprobe showed

that students-athletes have the tendency to slow heart

rate, high voltage functional state of the heart

observed in the period of main competitions, the

voltage of regulatory mechanisms is observed in

young athletes specializing in sprint distances.

Analysis of the vegetative ensure the workability of

young athletes revealed a predominance of

sympathetic regulation after competitive load.

The indicators characterizing the contractile

capabilities of the muscle and the activity of

inhibitory processes during the experiment undergo

considerable changes. The relative speed of arbitrary

tension allows to match the indices of athletes

specializing in various running distances. In our

example, an increase of this index in athletes

specializing in running on average distances. It is

known that the speed of muscles relaxation is directly

dependent on the functional state of the higher

regulatory systems, is the most important system-

forming factor of coordination and, accordingly,

technical skill, which also makes a significant

contribution to the level of special physical working

capacity of athletes. Therefore, we obtained data

sufficient to characterize the state of the young

athletes neuromuscular system. According to many

scientists speed of different muscle groups arbitrary

relaxation less dependent on their structure, but is

determined, mainly, by the braking systems

functional activity. The better brake control and the

sooner "veternarians" all motor neurons that send

motor impulses to the muscle twitch, the quicker the

flow of these pulses and the higher is muscle

relaxation speed (Nazarenko et al., 2016; Chernova et

al., 2017).

Indicators of functional state and reserve capacity

of the organism were assessed twice – before and

after the pedagogical experiment.

The growth indicators of anaerobic metabolic

capacity, describing better ability to perform the

amount of exercise in the third and fifth zones of

intensity, the athletes made -10,26%. An indicator of

aerobic metabolic capacity, as a measure of the ability

to perform physical activities in the first, second and

partially in third zones of intensity, young athletes

increased by 13.44%. Overall metabolic capacity

serves as an indicator characterizing the body level of

health increased by 12.53%. The power of

phosphocreatine source of power supply determines

the lactate component of the body speed capabilities

and the power of sportsmen muscular activity power

supply phosphocreatine source. Young athletes’

phosphocreatine source of power supply has changed

by 19.47%. The power of glycolytic source of energy

supply is on an improving trend: increase for the

period of the experiment is 25.23%. The power of

aerobic source of muscle activity energy supply as a

qualitative indicator of the athletes’ load became

10.96%. The efficiency of muscle activity energy

supply aerobic source for the period of the experiment

changed by 5.55%. Heart rate (criterion of aerobic

source use efficiency) increased by 4.16%.

Young athletes training taking into account the

advantages and disadvantages of muscular activity

supply system has a positive effect on performance

and functional reserve capacity of the organism. The

range of individual changes in the parameters

characterizing the functional state and reserve

capacity of young athletes’ organism helps to control

the variables of training loads aimed at developing

physical qualities and functionality.

4 CONCLUSION

Thus, the diagnosis characterizing the functional state

and reserve capacity of young athletes’ organism,

gives physical activity according to the possibility of

adjusting intensity zones.

Training of young athletes in difficult social and

environmental conditions is only possible when

considering the necessary components of training

techniques, among which the dominant diagnosis,

control and prevention save health and improve

functional fitness. The factors that determine

functional training level should be considered in all

stages of sports training as the cornerstone of young

athletes’ professional skills formation.

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