Method for Training of Long Distance Runners Taking into Account

Bioenergetic Types of Energy Provision for Muscular Activity

Alexander Bolotin and Vladislav Bakayev

Institute of Physical Education, Sports and Tourism, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University,

29, Polytechnicheskaya Str, St. Petersburg, Russia

Keywords: Long-distance Runners, Peculiarities of Energy Provision for the Muscular Activity, Bioenergetics Types,

Training Method.

Abstract: The paper shows that the improved training process quality can be achieved by the use of different methods

for training of long-distance runners taking into account peculiarities of energy provision for their muscular

activity. The essence of these methods consists in the following: for sportsmen with “aerobic type” of

provision for their muscular activity, tempo endurance should be developed, mainly, by the method of

standard continuous exercise and speed endurance should be developed by the repetition method; for

sportsmen with “anaerobic type” of provision for their muscular activity, tempo endurance should be

developed, mainly, by the method of standard interval exercise and speed endurance should be developed by

the submaximal effort method with standardized number of repetitions of sections covered; for sportsmen

with “mixed type” of provision for their muscular activity, tempo endurance should be developed, mainly, by

the method of variable continuous exercise and speed endurance should be developed by the combination of

the repetition method and submaximal effort method with standardized number of repetitions of sections

covered.

1 INTRODUCTION

The competitive activity of long-distance runners

makes high requirements to their physical fitness

level (Bakaev et al., 2015; Bolotin and Bakayev,

2017; Bolotin et al., 2017; Kuznetsova et al., 2015).

Training of long-distance runners is based on the

development of physical qualities among which

different endurance types are the most important

(Ammann and Wyss, 2015; Bolotin and Bakaev,

2015). The development of these qualities is possible

only in case of the targeted influence on their

physiologic systems and, in particular, mechanisms

of energy provision for the muscular activity (Bakaev

et al., 2016; Osipov et al., 2016).

The literature analysis shows that most papers

concerning training of long-distance runners do not

contain well-grounded scientific information

characterizing peculiarities of the energy provision

for their muscular activity. This limits significantly

the possibilities to differentiate means and methods

for development of different endurance types in the

training process. The problems concerning the use of

the methods for development the endurance in long-

distance runners, in which different bioenergetic

types of energy provision for the muscular activity

would serve as a differentiation criterion are also

insufficiently investigated.

2 ORGANIZATION AND

METHODS

Objective of the study is to assess the method

efficiency for training long-distance runners taking

into account peculiarities of energy provision for their

muscular activity.

Research Design. We examined 28 Russian long-

distance runners aged 19 – 27 years. The runners

specialized in the race for the distance of 5000 meters.

Training for the competitions took place in 4 groups

with 7 sportsmen in each: “aerobic type”, “mixed

type”, “anaerobic type” and a group without

consideration of the energy provision type for the

muscular activity. The experiment lasted for 6

months. The training means and methods were

selected taking into account the bioenergetic types of

energy provision for sportsmen’ muscular activity. In

Bolotin A. and Bakayev V.

Method for Training of Long Distance Runners Taking into Account Bioenergetic Types of Energy Provision for Muscular Activity.

DOI: 10.5220/0006516101260131

In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2017), pages 126-131

ISBN: 978-989-758-269-1

order to substantiate the sportsmen training methods

taking into account the bioenergetic types, we:

- determined sportsmen’ bioenergetic types;

- performed the comparative analysis of the

parameters of the functional condition and reserve

possibilities of the sportsmen’s organism in different

bioenergetic groups.

A method for rapid diagnostics of the functional

condition and reserve possibilities of the sportsmen’s

organism with the help of the “D&K Test” program

developed by V. Karlenko was used (Karlenko et. al.,

2008). This method for rapid diagnostics of the

organism functional condition and reserve

possibilities was used in order to determine the

bioenergetic type of sportsmen. The program

analyzed the R and S wave height in the

electrocardiogram recorded in the standard and

pectoral leads. As a result we calculated the parameter

values characterizing the power, capacity, efficiency

of the anaerobic and aerobic energy provision

systems for the muscular activity. The following

parameters were assessed during the study:

1. ANMC is anaerobic metabolic capacity. It

characterizes the ability to perform the stress in

the third, fourth and fifth intensity zones.

2. АNMC (%) is anaerobic utilization capacity. It

characterizes runners’ predisposition to anaerobic

work in percentage.

3. AMC is aerobic metabolic capacity. It

characterizes the ability to perform the stress in

the first and second intensity zones.

4. АМC (%) is aerobic utilization capacity. It

characterizes runners’ predisposition to aerobic

work in percentage.

5. TMC is total metabolic capacity. It characterized

the organism’s total capacity for work.

6. CPMP is creatine phosphate metabolic power. It

characterizes runners’ speed abilities.

7. GLMP is glycolytic metabolic power. It

characterizes runners’ speed endurance.

8. AMP is aerobic metabolic power. It characterizes

the abilities to general endurance and also to

recovery after the anaerobic work.

The improved training process quality was achieved

by the use of different methods for training of long-

distance runners (Bolotin and Bakayev, 2016; Bolotin

and Bakayev, 2017; Zakharova and Mekhdieva,

2016). The peculiarities of energy provision for their

muscular activity were taken into account:

- for sportsmen with “aerobic type” of provision for

their muscular activity, tempo endurance was

developed, mainly, by the method of standard

continuous exercise and speed endurance was

developed by the repetition method;

- for sportsmen with “anaerobic type” of provision

for their muscular activity, tempo endurance was

developed, mainly, by the method of standard

interval exercise and speed endurance was

developed by the submaximal effort method with

standardized number of repetitions of sections

covered;

- for sportsmen with “mixed type” of provision for

their muscular activity, tempo endurance was

developed, mainly, by the method of variable

continuous exercise and speed endurance was

developed by the combination of the repetition

method and submaximal effort method with

standardized number of repetitions of sections

covered;

- for the sportsmen group without taking into

account the bioenergetic type, the wider range of

means and methods for development of the tempo

and speed endurance was used.

All athletes had a different level of preparedness,

therefore the tempo training load for runners was

selected based on the current result in the 800 meters

(Table 1) and in the 5000 meters (Table 2). The

number of repetitions of the runs and the weekly

amount of running training load were selected

depending on the preparedness of the runners. The

weekly volume of running training load ranged from

100 to 140 km. To manage the training process, the

"Adidas Coach" and "Garmin Forerunner 60 Men

Black HRM + Foot Pod" systems were used to record

statistics during the training period. These systems

were used to plan a training program for runners,

taking into account the heart rate and the type of

energy supply for muscle activity.

Table 1: Approximate training tempo loads for runners at

800 m (min, sec).

Current

result

(min, sec)

Tempo for repetitions

(sec)

Interval tempo (sec)

800 m 200 m 400 m 200 m 400 m

1.50 0.26 0.54 0.27 0.58

1.55 0.27 0.55 0.28 0.59

2.00 0.28 0.57 0.29 0.61

2.05 0.29 0.60 0.30 0.64

2.10 0.30 0.62 0.32 0.68

2.15 0.31 0.64 0.33 0.71

2.20 0.32 0.67 0.34 0.74

2.25 0.33 0.71 0.35 0.78

2.30 0.34 0.75 0.36 0.82

Table 2: Approximate training tempo loads for runners at

5000 m (min, sec).

Current

result

(min,

sec)

Tempo for repetitions

(min, sec)

Interval tempo (min,

sec)

5000 m

200

400

800

400

1000

1200

13.50 0.30 0.61 2.02 0.67 2.48 3.21

14.10 0.31 0.62 2.05 0.68 2.50 3.24

14.30 0.32 0.64 2.08 0.70 2.55 3.30

14.50 0.32 0.65 2.11 0.71 2.58 3.33

15.10 0.33 0.66 2.14 0.72 3.00 3.36

15.30 0.34 0.68 2.16 0.74 3.05 3.42

15.50 0.35 0.70 2.20 0.77 3.13 3.51

16.10 0.36 0.72 2.24 0.78 3.15 3.54

16.30 0.37 0.74 2.28 0.80 3.20 4.00

16.50 0.37 0.75 2.30 0.81 3.22 4.03

17.10 0.38 0.76 2.32 0.82 3.25 4.06

17.30 0.39 0.78 2.36 0.84 3.30 4.12

17.50 0.39 0.79 2.38 0.85 3.33 4.15

Note: weekly volume 100-140 km

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study shows that runners with different type of

energy provision for the muscular activity need

different training methods (Kuznetsova et al., 2015).

The prevalence of different regulatory mechanisms

for recovery after the stress was revealed depending

on the types of energy provision for the muscular

activity.

Figure 1: Changes in result increase during the race for a

distance of 800 meters (%). TG1 - aerobic type, TG2 -

mixed type, TG3 - anaerobic type, TG4 - without

considering their bioenergetic type.

In the race of a distance of 800 meters (Figure 1),

the sportsmen of the “aerobic type” group showed the

time reduction by 10.7 s, i.e. the increase of results

was 4.86% (P <0.05), the sportsmen of the “mixed

type” group showed time reduction by 8.8 s, i.e. the

increase was 4.06% (Р <0.05), the sportsmen of the

“anaerobic type” group showed time reduction by

13.2 s, i.e. the increase was 6.24% (Р <0.05).The

mean time reduction in this test in sportsmen from the

group without considering their bioenergetic type was

10.9 s what corresponded to the increase by 5.05% (Р

<0.01).

Figure 2: Changes in result increase during the race for a

distance of 5000 meters (%). TG1 - aerobic type, TG2 -

mixed type, TG3 - anaerobic type, TG4 - without

considering their bioenergetic type.

In the race of a distance of 5000 meters (Figure 2),

the sportsmen of the “aerobic type” group showed the

time reduction by 43.3 s, i.e. the increase of results

was 6.07% (P <0.05), the sportsmen of the “mixed

type” group showed time reduction by 32.8 s, i.e. the

increase was 4.58% (Р <0.05), the sportsmen of the

“anaerobic type” group showed time reduction by

33.6 s, i.e. the increase was 4.75%. The mean time

reduction in this test in sportsmen from the test group

without considering their bioenergetic type was 36.57

s what corresponded to the increase by 5.13% (Р

<0.01).

Table 3 and Figure 3 show the assessment results

of the functional reserve possibilities of sportsmen's

organism before and after the experiment. The

increase of ANMC value in the sportsmen of “aerobic

type” was 3.54 conditional units (7.8%), the

sportsmen of the “mixed type” group showed the

increase by 5.83 conditional units or by 8.2% (Р

<0.05), the sportsmen of the “anaerobic type” group

had the increase by 11.45 conditional units or by 9.2%

(Р <0.05). The mean increase of ANMC value in the

sportsmen of the test group without consideration of

their bioenergetic type was 6.4 conditional units

(8.4%).

4,9

6,2

TG1 TG2 TG3 TG4

4,6

4,75

5,1

TG1 TG2 TG3 TG4

Table 3: Assessment results of the parameters characterizing the functional and reserve possibilities of sportsmen’s organism

in the experiment (conditional units).

Test group (TG)

Aerobic type (TG1) Mixed type (TG2) Anaerobic type (TG3)

Without consideration of

ioenergetic type (TG4)

Anaerobic metabolic capacity (ANMC), conditional units

before 45.42±13.68 71.07±6.9 124.65±8.96 76.12±34.63

after 48.96±11.23 76.9±4.89 136.1±11.32 82.52±9.15

0.62 2.19* 2.44* 0.84

Aerobic metabolic capacity (AMC), conditional units

before 240.1±21.36 229.5±17.63 204.41±21.69 226.65±29.49

after 260±18.13 249.5±13.68 218.92±18.67 244.85±16.83

2.22* 2.89* 1.38 2.50*

Total metabolic capacity (TMC), conditional units

before 285.5±12.3 300.6±21.42 329.06±22.18 302.78±34.07

after 308.52±14.38 326.4±19.22 355±23.01 327.65±18.87

4.10** 2.98** 2.34* 2.98**

Creatine phosphate metabolic power (CPMP), conditional units

before 31.54±2.35 29.55±1.95 38.75±2.26 32.64±5.93

after 34.79±2.167 32.03±2.19 41.93±2.12 35.57±2.16

3.23** 2.96** 2.86* 2.17*

Glycolytic metabolic power (GLMP), conditional units

before 31.60±2.65 29.52±2.47 33.5±2.03 31.28±3.19

after 34.35±2.76 31.94±2.03 35.77±1.58 33.75±2.12

t 2.35* 2.47* 2.35* 3.00**

Aerobic metabolic power (AMP), conditional units

before 57.48±4.43 52.12±5.80 46.39±4.03 51.62±10.60

after 62.25±3.22 56.03±6.13 51.63±4.34 56.28±8.96

t 2.63* 1.60 2.57* 1.56

Note: **-Р <0.01; *-Р <0.05

Figure 3: Increase dynamics of the parameters characterizing the functional and reserve possibilities of sportsmen’ organism

in different groups (%). ANMC - anaerobic metabolic capacity, AMC - aerobic metabolic capacity, TMC - total metabolic

capacity, CPMP - creatine phosphate metabolic power, GLMP - glycolytic metabolic power, AMP - aerobic metabolic power.

The increase of AMC value in the sportsmen of

“aerobic type” was 19.9 conditional units or 8.3% (P

<0.05), the sportsmen of the “mixed type” group

showed the increase by 20 conditional units or by

8.7% (Р <0.05), the sportsmen of the “anaerobic type”

group had the increase by 14.51 conditional units or

ANMC AMC TMC CPMP GLMP AMP

Test group “Aerobic type”

Test group “Mixed type”

Test group “Anaerobic

type”

Test group “Without

consideration of

bioenergetic type”

by 7.1%. The mean increase of AMC value in the

sportsmen of the test group without consideration of

their bioenergetic type was 18.2 conditional units or

8.03% (P <0.05).

The assessment of TMC value changes in the

sportsmen of “aerobic type” group showed the

increase by 23.02 conditional units or 8.05% (P

<0.01), the sportsmen of the “mixed type” group

showed the increase by 25.8 conditional units or by

8.45% (Р <0.01), the sportsmen of the “anaerobic

type” group had the increase by 25.94 conditional

units or by 8.2% (P <0.05). The mean increase of

TMC value in the sportsmen of the test group without

consideration of their bioenergetic type was 24.87

conditional units or 8.22% (P <0.01).

The increase of CPMP value in the sportsmen of

“aerobic type” was 3.25 conditional units or 10.3% (P

<0.01), the sportsmen of the “mixed type” group

showed the increase by 2.48 conditional units or by

8.4% (Р <0.01), the sportsmen of the “anaerobic type”

group had the increase by 3.18 conditional units or by

8.2% (P <0.05). The mean increase of CPMP value in

the sportsmen of the test group without consideration

of their bioenergetic type was 2.93 conditional units

or 8.97% (P <0.05).

The assessment of GLMP value changes basing

on the test results in the sportsmen of “aerobic type”

group showed the increase by 2.75 conditional units

or 8.7% (P <0.05), the sportsmen of the “mixed type”

group showed the increase by 2.42 conditional units

or by 8.2% (Р <0.05), the sportsmen of the “anaerobic

type” group had the increase by 2.27 conditional units

or by 6.8% (P <0.05). The mean increase of GLMP

value in the sportsmen of the test group without

consideration of their bioenergetic type was 2.47

conditional units or 7.9% (P <0.01).

The increase of AMP value in the sportsmen of

“aerobic type” was 4.77 conditional units or 8.3% (P

<0.05), the sportsmen of the “mixed type” group

showed the increase by 3.91 conditional units or by

7.5%, the sportsmen of the “anaerobic type” group

had the increase by 5.24 conditional units or by 11.3%

(P <0.05). The mean increase of AMP value in the

sportsmen of the test group without consideration of

their bioenergetic type was 4.66 conditional units or

9.03%.

Thus, the use of the experimental training method

in the sportsmen resulted in revealing the confident

increase of the parameter values characterizing the

functional and reserve possibilities of the organism,

namely, AMC, TMC, CPMP and GLMP. It should be

mentioned also that although there was no confident

increase of ANMC and AMP values in the sportsmen

group without consideration of the organism

bioenergetic type, we observed confident increase of

these parameters in the groups of “mixed” and

“anaerobic” types. The obtained data allows to make

a conclusion of the efficiency of the experimental

training method for long-distance runners taking into

account the peculiarities of energy provision for their

muscular activity.

4 CONCLUSIONS

1) The different organism’s response to the training

stress was observed during preparation for the

competitions in the sportsmen with different type

of energy provision for muscular activity. The

sportsmen of the test groups recovered after the

training stress more rapidly.

2) Studies have shown that athletes with "anaerobic"

and "mixed" type of muscular activity quickly

adapt to speed-strength work, and runners

"aerobic" type to the long work on endurance.

Further research in this direction can provide a

more accurate prediction of the efficiency of the

training process when you use an individual

approach to the planning of the running activity of

varying intensity.

3) This is evidence of the fact that consideration of

bioenergetic types of energy provision for

muscular activity in long-distance runners may

underlie the determination of training means and

methods for sportsmen.

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