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condition in an individual that plays an important role
in some situations to maintain or create high
standards of appearance or superiority (Lawrence
1978: 78).
McClelland (1986: 65) suggests that there are
three kinds of motivation that affect humans are:
motivation affiliation, motivation in power, and
achievement motivation. Affiliate motivation equals
the need to get along. If a person has a high level of
affiliate motivation, then he always tries to maintain
good relationships with others. In addition, people
usually want to have many friends, friendly, and
happy to meet new people. The power of motivation
is the desire of a person to organize a particular person
or institution. The third and most influential
motivation on human performance is achievement
motivation or need for achievement. Someone who
has a high need for achievement tend to have high
achievement. This can make the person is considered
great by the people around him because they have a
strong will to move forward and be the best. There are
two kinds of need for achievement, namely the need
for achievement that brings positive and negative
consequences. Need for achievement can be positive
if someone can make that failure as a reference for
planning in the future. Need for achievement can be
negative if one cannot adjust to the need or high desire
with his condition, especially when followed by
coping (how to cope with stress) is bad. (Setyawati,
Kompas, Friday, March 19, 2004).
Student’s achievement are always related to
achievement motivation because the motive is the
driving force and the human being act and do
something. According to some personality studies,
one of the characteristics that determine the students'
success is the high demand for achievement (Cox
1995: 44). This need is known as achievement
motivation. The orientation of this theory is based on
success based on student perception. According to
Heckhausen (1967: 58) the achievement motive
always contains two contradictory things, namely
"hope for success" and "fear of failure". If the
expectation for success is strong while the fear will
fail weakly, then the student will feel steady not
experience stress or psychological disturbances,
otherwise if the fear will fail stronger than hope for
success, then students will experience stress and
confidence will be shaky. This level of self-
confidence owned by students is another
psychological aspect that can affect student
achievement. Each time a student will be challenged
to be the best in the school from both academic and
other achievements. For it is absolute for a student to
have high confidence. Confidence or self-confidence
is the primary capital of a student to progress, for the
achievement of high achievement itself must begin by
believing that it can and can surpass the achievements
it has ever achieved (Singer, 1986: 33). Without
having full confidence, a student will not be able to
achieve high achievement. The ability to complete a
task on a student is influenced by the level of self-
confidence that is one of the personality traits of a
person. This personality trait is not a congenital
factor, but is derived from life experiences, taught and
implanted by others closest to or from the immediate
environment. Human behavior is heavily controlled
by attitudes, opinions and people living in society,
coupled with years of experience. These all shape
personal traits and influence one's thoughts and
behavior (Rini, 2002: 44). Based on the results of the
study, Davidson (2004: 65) explains that confidence
can help a person to overcome the problem or task
faced by eliminating the doubts in his heart.
Individuals who have confidence know what is
needed in their lives and can more easily take
appropriate steps to solve problems with confidence.
Confidence helped him to accomplish the task he was
facing well. According to Archer (2004: 32) in his
research mentioned that one's own confidence can
increase expectations for success including
improving the ability to complete the task and achieve
the highest achievement. With the trust high self
grows high self-esteem as well. Almost every student
has experienced a crisis of confidence throughout the
learning process. Loss of confidence becomes
something that is very disturbing, especially when
faced with new challenges or situations. Individuals
who have good self-esteem will be more appreciative
of themselves with higher when compared with
individuals who have low self-esteem (Locke, 2005:
43).
Achievement motivation in early childhood
should be adjusted to the stage and task of its
development. Supported by guidance and counseling
teachers who understand the development and
developmental tasks of early childhood physically
and psychologically will help children can grow in
accordance with their potential. Therefore, group
counseling services can be one service that can be
given to early childhood to be able to increase student
achievement motivation. Based on the age and stage
of development of children who still love the game,
then the ladder snake media serve as one of the media
in group counseling services to help improve the
achievement motivation of early childhood.
Group Counseling with Pictorial Riddle Media for Incresing Achieving Motivation in Early Childhood
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