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fact that understanding of equality and recognition
can be used as a unifying the plural nation. One of the
logos that shows to special multicultural Indonesia,
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (different but still one).
In culture, multiculturalism is an ideology and a
tool in improving humanity in the concept of human
life equality, while culture is a guideline of human life
(Suparlan, 2002). In every culture, there is a
normative value that aims to bring individuals to be
better. It can be a unifying tool of any cultural
differences, for example, all tribes teach people to
behave well, and this can be unified in multicultural
because although the concept of ethnicity is different
the value normative can be used as a unifying tool.
In the realm of counseling, culture is an
inseparable part, inherent in the individual. Culture is
built together between individuals and their
environment, so culture influences individuals and
individuals influence cultural development. Every
individual has a culture contained within himself that
is shaped by his developmental environment. So in
the context of counseling in Indonesia, will have
uniqueness in every counseling process because it
contains the values of Indonesian culture. To the
extent of the counseling process in Indonesia is a
study material that needs to be developed to obtain
the results of maximum counseling. In its application,
cultural values should be generalizable to be
concluded and made an approach in counseling
appropriate to the local culture. This understanding is
the basis for the development of multicultural
counseling theory.
2 CULTURE IN
MULTICULTURAL
COUNSELING
Basically, culture is a tool of human instruments used
to overcome the problems faced in its environment.
In addition, culture is a system of objects, activities,
and attitudes in which each part is a tool to achieve
goals (Turner, 2007). Cultural content is focused on
the knowledge of beliefs that can be learned and
acquired regarding art, morals, customs, and habits.
The cultural perspective in psychosocial view is
transmitted socially through interpersonal interaction,
not through biological inheritance (Wang, 2015).
Family and the environment shape the individual
culture.
Multicultural counseling is the fourth power in the
counseling approach. It completes the three major
powers in other counseling approaches, namely
psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic
(Pedersen 1991) which evolved in several different
understandings and perceptions. The center of the
difference lies in differences in cultural significance
(Daya, 2001). Culture can be interpreted narrowly and
broader, in accordance with the meaning of each
individual. This difference of meaning leads to
several different approaches to multicultural
counseling.
Culture can be defined into two concepts, the first
the definition of culture widely and the second in the
narrow sense. In a broad sense, culture can be
interpreted as a frame of reference that resides within
the self and the environment. Culture includes norms
of values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and traditions
that connect between individuals of the group. It may
also include demographic variables, status variables,
affiliations, and ethnographic variables (Pedersen,
1991). In addition, it may also include racial or ethnic
groups, gender, age, religion, economic status,
nationality, physical capacity, or gender (Corey,
Corey and Callanan, 2011).
The widespread significance of the culture
produces an understanding that "we are all
multicultural individuals" (Arredondo et al, 1996;
Daya, 2001), and "everyone is a multicultural person"
(Arredondo et al, 1996). This happens because in
counseling process on counselor and counselee tend
to have a different culture. So there is no special form
of multicultural counseling. This broad definition
raises the question of multicultural standing in
counseling, as there will be an understanding that
there is no need for multicultural counseling because
all counseling is a multicultural counseling.
While culture in the narrow sense is defined as a
variable that distinguishes ethnicity or nationality
(Pedersen, 1991). In this perspective, different
cultures are considered different if individuals come
from different ethnicities or nations, so the
multicultural counseling process is a counseling that
occurs between counselors and counselors who are
ethnically or culturally different.
The impact of different cultural meanings results
in two different perspectives on multicultural
counseling (Patterson, 2004). The first perspective
provides an understanding that multicultural
counseling is an effort to help counselees who differ
from one another in ethnic, racial, cultural, religious,
and so on. Cultural differences can have different
meanings depending on the perspective. Trends that
emphasize cultural differences based on cultural
criteria such as race, ethnicity, religion,
socioeconomic, gender, etc. are called emic
(uniqueness), while emphasizing the similarity of
Multicultural Counseling in Cultural Perspective Indonesia
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