Humanistic Existential Counselling Model to Improve Psychological Well-
Being in Adolescents
Devi Ratnasari
1
, Imawanty Fransiska
2
and Miskanik Miskanik
1
1
Universitas Indraprasta PGRI, Indonesia
2
SMAN 1 Anyer, Indonesia
Keywords: Existential Humanistic Counselling, Psychological Well Being.
Abstract: This study aims to describe the influence and contribution of existential humanistic counselling in
improving psychological well-being in adolescents. The method used in this study is the literature review by
searching for relevant literature and relating to existential humanistic counselling and psychological well-
being. The development in the post-modern era led to some maladaptive behavior in adolescents,
specifically in Indonesia it formed by involvement in motorcycle gangs that are negative and brawl between
adolescents. One of the causes of the emergence of maladaptive behavior in adolescents is the presence of
psychological wellbeing (PWB) at low levels. PWB defined as the concept of psychological wellbeing of
individuals to be able to accept themselves as they are, have no symptoms of depression, and have a purpose
of life. Humanistic existentialist counselling is commonly known as one of the counselling models that can
be used to improve adolescent PWB.
1 INTRODUCTION
As the times progressed, there were many changes to
the environment and people. In today's post-modern
era, there are several events that indicate a change in
the mental health of the community in Indonesia,
especially in adolescent age groups. The worrying
phenomenon that often happens lately is brawl
between teenagers. As reported by (Sindo News,
2017), there are more than five incidents of brawl
between adolescents in Indonesia during the year
2017. The brawls usually triggered by mocking each
other. In addition, another worrying phenomenon
that occurs in the community is the emergence of
motorcycle gangs who persecute citizens as
requirement of member recruitment. As reported by
(Sindo News, 2017) dozens of motorcycle teens
attacked residents in Jalan Siaga Raya, Pejaten
Barat, Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta Wednesday, July
5, 2017 night. The attack results numbers of houses
and stalls are damaged. Public Relations of Polda
Metro Jaya Kombes Argo Yuwono explained, the
incident happened right in front of Indomaret Jalan
Siaga Raya store. At that time, two of them carrying
samurai and attacking the local people.
The occurrence of clash events and motorcycle
gangs caused by the low existence of Psychological
Well Being (PWB) among adolescents.
Psychological Well Being is the individuals
condition which able to accept themselves and their
past life (self-acceptance), have the development or
personal growth, have belief that their life are
meaningful and have goals (purpose in life), have
positive relationships with others, able to manage
life and environment effectively (environmental
mastery), and have the ability to determine their own
actions (autonomy) (Ryff, 1995; Ryff and Singer,
2013).
Based on Cardak's research (Çardak, 2013) one
of the negative impact of low level of PWB on the
individual is Internet addiction, because the
individual finds sense of comfort from the
depression he felt. Another negative impact is
triggering the individual anxiety when faced with an
exam that affecting their academic success (İşgör,
2016). (Saricaoglu and Arslan, 2013) revealed that
low PWB levels affecting the individual
personalities development, particularly in terms of
autonomy and self-acceptance.
The various negative impacts that arise indicates
an importance of handling the individuals with low
PWB levels. One of the handling that can be done
are using of humanistic existential counselling.
Humanistic existential counselling focuses on the
human-being’s nature and condition which includes
the ability to be self-aware, free to choose self-
determination, freedom and responsibility, anxiety
as a basic element, the search of the unique meaning
in the meaningless world, being alone and being in
Ratnasari, D., Fransiska, I. and Miskanik, M.
Humanistic Existential Counselling Model to Improve Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents.
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Educational Sciences (ICES 2017) - Volume 2, pages 121-127
ISBN: 978-989-758-314-8
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
121

relationship with others which associated with
death, also self-actualizing tendencies (Corey,
2003). Through humanistic existential counselling,
individuals with low PWB expected to have a better
and more positive meaning of life, which result
positive action, and the individual ready to face the
challenges of the post-modern era.
2 METHODS
This is a literature review. The authors conducted a
relevant literature is an essential feature of any
academic project. In this case, we collected a
literature about humanistic existential counselling,
psychological well-being, adolescents, and other
relevant material in this manuscript.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Humanistic Existential Counselling
to Improve PWB
One aspect of the PWB is the belief in having a
purpose in life including the meaning of life. The
aspect of belief is closely linked to the goal of
Humanistic Existential Counseling that helps
individuals discover the value, meaning, and
purpose of human life itself, is also directed at
helping the client become more aware that he or she
has the freedom to choose and act, and then help the
client make the life choices possible he can actualize
himself and achieve a meaningful life.
Several studies have demonstrated the success of
existential humanistic counseling in helping clients
deal with problems, including helping to increase the
meaning of life in sexual abuse victims (Miller,
2003; Ronel and Elisha, 2011), increasing learning
responsibility and improving learning motivation.
Moreover, humanistic existential counseling can
also increase self-confidence (Akerjordet and
Severinsson, 2007).
At the stage of humanistic existential counseling,
there are stages that require the individual to seek
meaning in life. When applied in adolescence, the
stage is supported by the cognitive development of
adolescents who are at the stage of formal
operations. The formal operation stage in
adolescents include abstract, idealistic, and logical
aspects. (1) Abstract, adolescents start thinking more
abstract (theoretical) than children. Abstractive
thinking ability to overcome ideas, ideas or concepts
of understanding to analyze, and solve problems
encountered in formal or non-formal. (2) Idealistic,
adolescents often think about something likely. They
think ideal about themselves, others, as well as the
societal problems encountered in life. If there are
things that are not true, then the teenagers criticize
for it to be immediately elected and soon become
true again. (3) Logic, adolescents start thinking like
a scientist. They can make a plan to solve a problem.
Then they do it coherently, regularly and
systematically. This is according to Piaget,
hypothetical deductive reasoning thinking
(deductive reasoning hypothesis), is a way of
thinking by taking a problem, then taken an
allegation, and then tried to be systematically solved
by scientific method (Yusuf, 2004).
Based on the results of research, humanistic
existential counseling is proven to be closely related
to the increase of PWB in individuals so that this
intervention can be recommended for use by
counseling practitioners to help clients with low
PWB scores, especially in adolescents. In addition,
the stage of cognitive development that occurs in
adolescence is a formal operation allows adolescents
to follow humanistic existential counseling activities
well.
3.2 Psychological Well Being
3.2.1 Understanding Psychological Well
Being
Ryff (Ryff, 1995; Ryff and Singer, 2013) reveals
that Psychological Well Being is an individual
condition that able to accept themselves and their
past life (self-acceptance), have their self-
improvement or self-development (personal growth),
believe that their life have meaning and purpose,
(purpose in life), has a positive relationship with
others, have capacity to manage life and
environment effectively (environmental mastery),
and the ability to determine self-actions (autonomy).
PWB or psychological well-being becomes an
important part of personality theory and
development in both theoretical and practical
theories. Clinical studies of psychological well-
being will help clients make decisions and achieve
their goals, informing them about the purpose of
psychological counseling (Schultheiss, 2003;
Markland et al., 2005; Christopher and Maris, 2010).
The concept of subjective well-being generally
refers to the pleasure of the individual in life, in
other words happiness. Psychological happiness
refers to the development of self and obstacles in
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life. Extensive analysis of psychological wellbeing
involves an individual's relationship with the
purpose of life, awareness of his potential, the
quality of his relationship with others, and what he
feels about his own life (Çardak, 2013).
3.2.2 Aspects of PWB
According to Ryff (Ryff, 1995) there are six Aspects
of Psychological Well Being (PWB). (1) The aspect
of self-acceptance is a positive attitude toward
oneself and is an important feature of psychological
well-being. A high score on this aspect indicates that
the individual has a positive attitude toward himself,
acknowledges and accepts many aspects of himself
including good and bad qualities, and positive
feeling about the life he has lived. (2) Positive
relationship with others is the ability of individuals
to build relationship with others. Individuals with
good PWB are described as individuals who have
empathy and friendship. Factors in this aspect
include close, warm and intimate relationships with
others, building trust in a relationship, having a
sense of empathy, and caring for others. The aspect
of positive relationships with others can be
operationalized as the high ability of the individual
to maintain a warm relationship with others (3) The
autonomy aspect (autonomy) is the ability to
determine one's own actions. This relates to self-
directed ability, independence, and behavioral
management skills. Factors in this aspect include
self-reliance, ability to resist or face social pressure,
and the ability to regulate behavior autonomy
concepts deals with self-directed ability,
independence and behavioral ability. shows that
individuals are self-directed and self-sufficient, able
to cope with social pressures, regulate their own
behavior and evaluate themselves with personal
standards (Mccollum, 2002; Chaffin and Harlow,
2005). (4) Aspects of environmental mastery are the
individual ability to choose or change the
environment to suit their needs. Factors in this
aspect include the ability to organize and choose an
environment conducive to achieving goals. (5) The
aspect of belief has purpose of life is the ability of
individual understanding of the purpose and
direction of his life. Factors in this aspect include
having meaning of life, and have direction and
purpose of life. Aspects of life goals can be
operationalized as a high level of individual
understanding of the purpose and direction of life.
(6) The aspect of personal growth is the ability of
individuals to develop self-potential in a sustainable
manner. Factors in this aspect include the capacity to
grow and develop the potential, personal or personal
changes throughout life that reflect self-knowledge
and increased effectiveness, openness to new
experiences, acceptance of reality, self-defense, and
self-respect (Mccollum, 2002; Chaffin and Harlow,
2005). The aspect of personal growth can be
operationalized as the high ability of the individual
to develop self-potential in a sustainable manner.
3.2.3 Factors Affecting PWB
The factors affecting individual PWB are
demographic factors, through various studies
conducted, it was found that demographic factors
such as age, gender, socioeconomic status and
culture influence the development of individual
PWB (Ryff, 1995, 1995; Ryff and Singer, 2013).
The results of Ryff's research, found a difference in
psychological well-being levels in people of
different age groups. In the aspect of mastery of the
environment seen profile increased by age. The
more of individual ages shows the more of
individual knowledge about their best conditions.
Therefore, the individual ability to regulate his
environment to fit into his condition are increased.
Individuals in late adult age have lower PWB
scores on goals of life and personal growth;
individuals in middle age have higher PWB scores
on environmental mastery; individuals who were in
early adulthood had lower PWB scores on aspects of
autonomy and environmental mastery and had
higher PWB scores on personal growth aspect. The
self-acceptance aspect and the positive relationship
aspects with others do not show any difference with
age.
The only aspect that shows significant
differences between men and women is the aspect of
positive relationships with others (Warr, 1990; Ryff,
1995). Since childhood (DE, Papalia & R, 2009)
gender stereotypes have been embedded in boys who
are described as aggressive and independent, while
women are described as passive and dependent, and
sensitive to the feelings of others. It is not surprising
that the stereotype traits are finally carried on until
the individual is mature. As the depicted figure is
dependent and sensitive to the feelings of his fellow
throughout his life, women are used to fostering a
state of harmony with those around him. That’s why
women have higher scores on aspects of positive
relationships ability to sustain good relationships
with others.
Socio-economic status is related to aspects of
self-acceptance, life goals, environmental mastery
and personal growth. Individuals with low
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123

socioeconomic status tend to compare themselves
with others who have better socioeconomic status
than themselves (Windle, Markland and Woods,
2008; Huppert, 2009). The value system of
individualism-collectivism impacts on community
owned PWB. Western culture has a high PWB score
on aspects of self-acceptance and autonomy, while
eastern cultures that uphold the value of
collectivism, have a high score on aspects of positive
relationships with others (Darya, 2007).
According to research (Sahdra, Shaver and
Brown, 2010; Michalos, 2017), individuals who get
social support have high PWB scores. Social support
is defined as a sense of comfort, attention,
appreciation, or help perceived by individuals gained
from other people or groups. Such support can come
from various sources, including spouses, family,
friends, co-workers, doctors, and social
organizations.
Other factors that influence the formation of
PWB based on number of studies are spirituality and
meaning of life (Liang et al., 2017), conflicting
family conditions and divorce can also trigger levels
of PWB in individual (Ayu et al., 2013). In addition,
Ersoz (Ersöz, 2017) found that continuity in exercise
can also affect the formation of PWB in individuals.
3.3 The Development of Adolescents
3.3.1 Physical Development
Development in adolescence is a process to reach
maturity in various aspects until the achievement of
maturity level (Dahl, 2004; Blakemore and
Choudhury, 2006). This process shows a close
relationship between the development of physical
aspects with the psychic in adolescents. Adolescence
begins with puberty, the period of physical changes
(including physical appearance such as body shape
and body proportions) and physiological functions
(maturity of sexual organs). Physical changes that
occur during puberty is the most important event,
takes place quickly, drastically, irregularly and
occurs in the reproductive system (Tobin-Richards,
Boxer and Petersen, 1983; Baxter-Jones, Eisenmann
and Sherar, 2005; Tanner, 2009).
Hormones begin to be produced and affect
reproductive organs to initiate the reproductive cycle
as well as affect the occurrence of body changes.
This body change is accompanied by a gradual
development of primary sexual characteristics and
secondary sexual characteristics. Primary sexual
characteristics include the development of
reproductive organs, whereas secondary sexual
characteristics include changes in body shape
according to gender for example, in young women
characterized by menarche (first menstruation),
growth of pubic hair, breast enlargement, hip, young
men experience first wet dream, enlargement of
voice, grow pubic hair, grow hair on certain parts
like in chest, in feet, mustache and so on (Retnowati,
2013).
3.3.2 Personality Development
When entering puberty, every child has a personality
system that is the formation of the development so
far. Beyond the child's personality system such as
the development of science and information, the
influence of mass media, family, school, peers,
culture, religion, values and community norms
cannot be ignored in the process of forming the
personality. In adolescence, often these supporting
factors can be mutually supportive and can clash
with values (Steinberg and Morris, 2001).
In the various studies that have been conducted,
it is argued that children/ adolescents raised in
family social environment is not good/ family
disharmony, then the risk of children to experience
personality disorder become antisocial personality
and deviant behavior greater than the children/
adolescents who grew up in a healthy family/
harmonic (Steinberg and Morris, 2001). Unhealthy
family criteria according to experts, among others;
(1) The family is not intact (broken home by death,
separation, divorce), (2) Parent's busyness, non-
existence and unity of parents and children at home,
(3) Interpersonal relationships between family
members (father-mother-child) are not good (bad),
(4) Substitution expression of parental affection to
the child, in the form of material rather than
psychological (psychological) (Skowron and
Schmitt, 2003).
In addition, adolescents also have developmental
tasks that must be achieved to be optimal and wholly
personal. There are developmental tasks that must be
met are as follows; (Hurlock, 2001) (1) Achieve new
and more rigorous relationships with peers of both
same and opposite sex, (2) Achieving a masculine
and feminine social role, (3) Accept the physical
state and can use it effectively, (4) Achieve
emotional independence from parents and other
adults, (5) Achieve certainty to be economically
independent, (6) Choose a job and prepare to work,
(7) Prepare to enter marriage and family life, (8)
Developing intellectual capabilities and concepts for
achieving competence as citizens, (9) Wanting and
achieving socially responsible behavior (10) Obtain
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a set of value and ethics systems as a code of
conduct. It is further said that society in today's
technologically advanced era requires highly
competent and skilled people to manage the
technology. The inability of adolescents to follow
such rapid technological developments can make
them feel like failure, shame, loss of self-esteem,
and emotional distress (Erikson, 1956).
There are a number of studies that specifically
address the influence of media pressure on
adolescent development. Teenagers are faced with
an environment where everything changes very
quickly. They are overwhelmed by too much
information and too quick to be absorbed and
understood. Everything keeps piling up to reach
what is called information overload. As a result,
feelings of alienation, despair, absurdity, identity
problems and problems related to cultural clashes
arise (Christofides, Muise and Desmarais, 2009;
Darren J. and Geraldine A., 2010). Developmental
tasks in adolescence accompanied by the
development of intellectual capacity, stress and new
expectations experienced by adolescents make them
susceptible to interference either in the form of
mental disorders, feelings and behavioral disorders.
Stress, sadness, anxiety, loneliness, adolescent self-
doubt keeps them at risk by doing misbehavior
(Yusuf, 2004).
There are several times and tasks of development
that must be passed by adolescents. The ability of
adolescents to go through a period of development
and achieve developmental tasks can affect the
formation and level of psychological well-being.
therefore, for adolescents with low psychological
well-being, care should be taken to avoid falling into
negative behavior. One of the interventions that can
be given to adolescents to improve their
psychological well-being is humanistic existential
counseling.
3.4 Humanistic Existential Counselling
3.4.1 Understanding Humanistic Existential
Counselling
Humanistic existential counseling seeks to condition
individuals to feel and exist in the world in which
they belong. Humanistic Existentialist Counseling
on its application focuses on the nature of the human
condition which includes the ability to be self-aware,
free to choose self-determination, freedom of
responsibility, anxiety as a basic element, the search
for meaning in a meaningless world, to be alone and
in the tendency to actualize self (Corey, 2003).
Humanistic existential counseling is a counseling
that emphasizes the implications and philosophy of
life in living the meaning of human life on earth.
Humanistic Existential Counseling focuses on the
human life situation in the universe, which includes
personal responsibility, anxiety as a basic element in
the inner life. Attempts to discover the meaning of
human life, existence in communication with other
human beings, death and the tendency to develop
himself as much as possible (Chen, 2001; Mascaro
and Rosen, 2005).
3.4.2 Phasing of Humanistic Existential
Counselling
When the counselor finds the client in complete
perspective, that's the best moment to the therapeutic
process initiated. The invention of the counselor's
self-creativity arises from the bond of mutual trust
and the meaningful cooperation of clients and
counselors. The counseling process by existential
counselors includes three stages: (Corey, 2003) 1)
The first stage, the counselor helps clients identify
and clarify client assumptions to the world. The
client is invited to define the worldview to accept his
existence. The counselor teaches client to reflect on
their existence and examines their role in terms of
creating problems in his life. 2) In the second phase,
the client is encouraged to be more eager to examine
the source and authority of his system. This spirit
will give the client a new understanding and
restructuring of values and attitudes to achieve a
better and more appropriate life. 3) The third stage,
focusing on how the client can carry out what has
been learned about him. Clients are encouraged to
apply their new values concretely. The client will
usually find the strength to live the existence of a
purposeful life. In an existential perspective, the
technique itself is seen as a tool to help the client be
conscious of his choice, as well as the responsibility
for the use of his or her personal freedom.
The most preferred by the humanistic existential
counselor is the relationship with the client. The
quality of two face-to-face people in a therapeutic
situation is a stimulus for positive change.
Counselors believe that their basic attitudes toward
clients, personal characteristics of honesty, integrity
and courage are the things that must be offered.
Counseling is a journey by counselors and clients, a
quest to investigate into the world as seen and
perceived by clients (Weiser, 2004; Sullivan,
Skovholt and Jennings, 2005).
The counselor shares his reaction with his client
with uncompassionate care and empathy as a way of
Humanistic Existential Counselling Model to Improve Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents
125

establishing a therapeutic relationship. The crucial
role played by the capacity of counselors to be there
for clients during the hours of therapy that include
being fully present and intimately involved with
clients. Before the counselor guides the client to
connect with others, it must first be intimately
connected with the client (Gelso and Carter, 1985;
Rønnestad and Skovholt, 2003; Rizq and Target,
2008).
4 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the description that has been proposed, it
can be concluded that psychological well-being
(PWB) in adolescents should be improved well,
because adolescence is classified as a vulnerable
development period and there is no emotional
stability, therefore it is necessary to get guidance to
make choices about the right action. Humanistic
existential counselling is one of the right steps to
help adolescents in improving PWB through proper
meaning of life, awareness of their potential and a
tendency to actualize themselves.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to Dean of Faculty of
Education and Social Science of University
Indraprasta PGRI for the support. We also express
our great appreciation to Mr. Itsar Bolo Rangka for
technical help in this manuscript.
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