and school staff. For example, there are many
principals who are not competent, student rules are
still adapted with geographic and student economy.
In result, culture of effective school has not been
created in all elementary schools in Aceh Tengah.
School as an organization has own culture and
influenced by values, perception, custom, rule, and
behavior of its own people. As an organization,
school shows peculiarity based on learning
requirement. This culture influence school
effectiveness due to Aan Komariah who said that
school culture is school unique characteristic
identified from embraced values, displayed custom,
and action which are showed by all school staffs
forming one special unit from school system
(Komariah, 2014). School without positive culture
will be difficulty to find characterized education for
children, and if school culture is already positive,
whoever enters into school will automatically follow
the existing habits (Komaruddin, 2010).
School also has its own unique attribute which
becomes identity, or imaged by school, in similar to
organization. The difference between school and
organization is their own cultural structure. School
culture tends to focus on the successof education
aimswhilst organization culture focuses on the
success of group or individual. School culture is the
same of the values, culture, safety practice, and
organization (McBrien, J.L and Brandt 2004) whilst
(Deal, T. E., and Peterson, 2004) define school
culture as deep values, belief and tradition formed in
the schoolwhich becomes history, and over time
school leader relates with values and belief embraced
by school and modifying in transformation element.
School as an organizational unit has culture
(custom) which is created. Culture also arise and be
developed by individuals inside the school
organization which must be maintained and embraced
by the new participant because culture is
characteristic differentiating between a school with
other schools.
School culture is regarded as one of special
characteristics to influence several factors such as,
manners, beliefs, and norms which form student
character. School culture can be determined by
several factors: common goal, reliance on school
management, school management and organization
structure, management focus, workload, control, staff
motivation, school communication between
surroundings and parents, development on teacher
motivation, working condition for education,
environment aesthetic and policy, relation among
employees, relation between teacher and student.
Achieving education aim as expected above,
therefore, it is vital to improve principal
competencies as administrator and person in charge
of elementary school should work hard to effectively
improve education. Principal is a leader similarly
with organ which ought to influence manner and
behavior of his subordinates. Leadership from leader
should flexibly adapt to the organization condition,
working environment, and his subordinate maturity
condition (Hersey and Blanchard). Principal is a
teacher who is given extra work to lead school which
is inside held learning process between teacher and
student (Wahjahsumidjo, 2010). Several assumptions
about principal leadership from experts, it is safe to
conclude that principal leadership is one of principal
efforts in affecting his followers or subordinates
(teachers) to educate, encourage and motivate his
subordinates to reach the goal which is already
settled.
Situational leadership is one of leadership styles
in school. Situational leadership also predicts relation
between three conditions such as, leader
consideration, organization management and the
level of staff or subordinate maturity (Thompson and
Vecchio, 2009). Situational leadership also focuses
on the level of guidance and referral (job behavior) by
leader, and the level of socio-emotional support
(relation behavior) which are provided by leader in
the execution of job, function, and certain aim
(Hersey, 2000). Situational leadership suggests that
effective leadership needs rational understanding
about situation and appropriate respond (Graeff,
2010). From description above, situational leadership
is leadership which reviews harmony between leader
behavior and subordinate situational characteristic
particularly the level of subordinate maturity, or
leader can decide variety situations based on his
subordinate maturity. Maturity in this condition is not
about age or emotional stability, but the desire for
achievement, willingness to take responsibility, and
ability and experience relating to job. Situational
leadership is vital factor in organization specifically
in school, however it is difficult to get effective
leader. For efficient, a leader should implement
policy on the right situation.
It is needed an effort to improve elementary
school effectiveness impacting generally on
education quality improvement. If this condition has
not been done, primary education matching national
education will not be achieved. Due to review above,
there are several factors which influence school
effectiveness, for instance, school culture in which
there are learning culture and professional
behaviorinside, relations with external