Development of a Coffee Table Book on Kapampangan Games

Kelly Jabuen Semsem

, Ian Christian Romero Castro

and Paul Oliver Gangcuangco Pili

Porac Model Community High School, Porac, Pampanga, Philippines

College of Arts Sciences and Education, Holy Angel University, Angeles City, Philippines

iccastro@hau.edu.ph

Keywords: Kapampanga Games, Culture, Component, Coffee Table.

Abstract: The research main purpose is to look for the definitive list of the games that are still being played by

Kapampangan children in the street in the 21st century. Researchers discovered that Kapampangan games

are oikotype where their names are unique and based on the materials and how they played. There are also

numerous accounts that feature the games being played by Kapampangans but there not yet written accounts

that show their target components in physical fitness. Therefore, the researchers sought to develop a coffee

table book that contains the target components of each games with their procedure, materials and

photographs of each games in a Kapampangan typology. The researchers employed a quanti-qualitative

methods that utilized methodological research design which is concerned in developing of instrument like a

manual or book. The result of the study shows that the book is relevance to the course needs and it is

friendly to the users which could help to identify, promote and preserve our local culture and traditions.

Therefore, the researchers concludes that Kapampangan games could be utilized in enhancing the teaching

of Physical Education as a basis for alternative physical fitness test.

1 INTRODUCTION

For centuries, games played a significant role in the

lives of every individual. A game serves as a

pastime or recreational activity which provides

unique opportunities for social development through

working cooperatively and competitively with

others, by showing self-control, unselfishness and

developing a capacity and desire for fair play and

good sporting attitudes. Games also form a

longwinded and vibrant action among individuals

through social interaction which is evident in all

cultures. The Philippines, through its well diverse

characteristics and rich environment, opportunities

rich for Filipinos to develop their own games that

are inexpensive and may improve the wellness of an

individual. These games are enjoyed by everyone

anytime, anywhere that are readily available wherein

they can either serve as participants or as mere

spectators. (Hall, 1998).

These different games could also contribute to

the development of the children where they could

release their conserved energy in a good way

(Schiller, 1873) games could also contribute in

dissipating the inhabitation of stress built into an

individual which could also serves as an outlet for

the children (Hall, 1912). Hence, play releases

tension it could also serves as a way to restore

energy and provide more benefits like generating

once body through physical activity. (Mitchell and

Manson, 1948). Through games we could also

enhance our abilities and refine our skills in a

particular fields (Appleton, 1910). Play could also

nurture not only the physical aspect but as well as

the mental ability of an individual which help in

completing the ego of an individual by means of

play children are more exposed to the different

situation which could lead to develop the cognitive

skills and aid in the emergence of these situations

(Lange, 1902).

Under infantile dynamic theory play occur

because of the cognitive life space of the child which

enable them to create another reality that cannot be

distinguished between real and unreal world at their

current state (Lewin, 1965). However because of this

their imagination could also be developed. While

other theory suggest that play immerged just to

satisfy drive even though child doesn’t meant to do

it under Cathartic Theory (Freud, 1920). Play theory

also suggested that by means of games mastery

arises because of the repetition of the overwhelming

Semsem, K., Castro, I. and Pili, P.

Development of a Coffee Table Book on Kapampangan Games.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 30-36

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

anxiety-provoking situations based on

psychoanalytic theory (Anna Freud, 1996).

Thought that one of the most interesting features

of games is that they are all competitive in nature,

which develops socialization and oneness among

children (Kichner, 1991). It shows that through

games persons can develop their minds by thinking

what skills are needed to accomplish the task,

language to communicate with the teammates,

critical thinking to solve the mystery and counter

attack the opponents tactics. It also forms

socialization and cooperation among the members of

the team, sharing of ideas and friendship develop

and sense of belongingness to a group is enhanced

(Feldman, 1994), the emotional aspect of a person

also develops through independence. To achieve the

set goals, confidence in socializing with others and

self-esteem. Through games, physical activity is the

number one aspect that is being developed because it

gives a large development for motor activity which

the body system needs. A study also shows that

learning should not be confined to workbooks and

the four walls of the classroom but should flow

outside the playground and be integrated through-

out the day.

1.2 Research Framework

The researchers utilized a bottom-up approach in

creating the coffee table book. It start enumerating

all the list of games to the actual creation of all the

games with illustration.

Figure 1: Research Framework

1.3 Statement of the Problems

The researchers aimed to developed a coffee table

book showcasing the top most games played by

Kapampangans. Specifically, the researchers sought

to:

1. Identify the different games that commonly

played by Kapampangans using the available

literature.

2. Develop a pool of Kapampangan games that

are usually played in the different towns of

Pampanga;

3. Create a coffee table book on Kapampangan

games with their target components; and

evaluate the book’s content, relevance and

usefulness.

Materials used are found within the country that

can adapt and suit to body composition of the

Filipinos compared to the western people.

Development of a Coffee Table Book on Kapampangan Games

This study may also enrich the literature about

the local games of Pampanga. Also, the findings

then are valuable inputs in retrieving and preserving

the culture. It will help the historians and curriculum

developers to attain data that could be codified for

the use in formulation of a curriculum relative to the

physical education. The outcome of the study can

also be used to determine the deficiencies of the

students in physical fitness that needs further

intervention.

2 METHODS

2.1 Research Design

The researchers utilized a methodological research

design. This design is concerned with the

development of instrument (in this case, a coffee

table book) that will be used as a basis for

alternative physical fitness test. Likewise, the

researcher also incorporated qualitative analysis

which the researchers utilized purposive sampling

technique.

2.2 Participant of the Study

This study was confined base on the total number of

population of each municipality from the different

selected towns in Pampanga. Namely Arayat,

Candaba, Guagua, Mabalacat City, Masantol,

Sasmuan and Porac that in every town the

researchers have asked the selected sample

participants who are knowledgeable and already

experienced the different games that usually played

by Kapampangans in their respective towns. The

researchers have asked the participants to simulate

the actual games by four (4) to fourteen (14) years

old. The researchers had documented the games that

served as their basis and concrete evidence that the

different games collected are played in Pampanga,

Which was aligned to the current curriculum.

2.3 Sampling Technique

The researchers have used purposive technique where in

the participants or informants were asked to

demonstrate the actual simulations of the game

while the researchers had documented the game. The

researchers also had maximized and utilized the

homogeneous sampling that addressed the specific

characteristics of the particular group of people or

interest that afterward the detail was examined

thoroughly by the researchers and experts. The

interview with the use of guide questions was used

to ensure the consistency of data or information

about the games its mechanics or procedure.

Documentation had been launched through the use

of cameras and video recorder as ensured that the

data were processed and verified by experts and the

target attributes of each game were properly

identified through the help of an expert or game

scholar.

2.4 Research Instrument

Since the researchers conducted snow-ball technique

in asking the participants the different games they

being played in the street researchers did not used a

separate list of games. Hence, they immediately

recorded them and create a definitive list out of

those records.

An evaluation tool was employed by the

researchers as it established the validity of the

research and had determined each attribute that

shown by each game which are validated by the

experts. A semi-structured interview utilizing open-

ended questions was used in the data gathering

procedure in interviewing experts. This design was

used to establish a conversation with the participant

whether in a form of group or individualized

interview. Open-ended questions did not limit the

researchers in eliciting more information and

experiences from the respondents. An open-ended

interview by the way of contrast, allowed the

participants to describe what is the meaning and

salient features without being pigeon hold into

standardized categories as stated by Patton (2002).

The semi-structured interview guided consisting of

open-ended questions provided more data base are

not possible with pure interviews because of

unforeseen events. Nonetheless, the written

responses supported the data collected from in-depth

interviews.

2.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher had begun the data gathering by

searching all the definitive list of Kapampangan

games through different literatures. The games

where pre-selected by the researchers where the

researchers eliminated all the games that have

gender sensitivity, those who can promote

misdirection that resulted to unacceptable values to

the society like gambling which the researchers did

not tolerate. Researchers also eliminated those

games that do not suit the age of the respondents

which vary from four (4) to fourteen (14) years old

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

who do not have any relevance to the study. The

researchers also eliminated those indigenous games

that are unfamiliar and cannot be simulate anymore,

which could not add anything valuable or new

knowledge about the study. The researchers also

made two sets of survey questionnaires which are

separately intended for each sexual preference. But

because there is lacked of time for the researchers to

wait for the response of the respondents and some of

the respondents having a hard time to read. The

researchers asked the participants to form a group

and as the participants directly what are the common

games that usually played in their area to maximize

the time. So, that the participant can demonstrate or

simulate the different games that commonly played

to their community. Wherein the researchers

documented the simulation of the games using

cameras which the photographs serves as a data for

the development of the coffee table books. To

highlight each games and their procedure on how

they are played together with the culture of

Kapampangans on how this games affects their lives

specially the children.

The researchers also employed on the spot

questions to the experts that elicited more

information and gathered more data that made the

research clear, reliable and valid. Most of experts

agreed that the researcher must used new

Kapampangan orthography so that the reader can

easily grasp and understand each games especially

the procedure part. One of the expert Magkalas

(2014) stated that “Malayari ulang dyanang bilang

ding balang steps nung makananu la pamyalungan

ding balang pialung bang ding mamasa sagli deng

aytinjan” But according to Tubera (2014) stated that

“It is better to deliver the steps and procedure in a

paragraph form because if you are going to use step

by step procedure it makes the book much scholarly

and academic in nature where the friendliness and

entertainment value of the book sacrifice.” But in

the end both experts agreed that in the end it is on

the researchers’ decision on what format they were

going to employ for the coffee table book. Another,

aside from featuring the games experts also

suggested that the researchers could incorporate the

different traditions and beliefs of Kapampangans,

when it comes to games where the Kapampangan

beliefs, tradition and culture could be features like

during holy week and sunset. It that way the book

makes more appealing, entertaining and informative

for the readers. Experts also suggested that most

researchers could also incorporate trivia about the

origin of the different games their etymology or

even the origin of the materials used for each games.

Lastly, to established reliability and validity,

triangulation for the target components of each

games, the researcher asked an expert regarding the

evaluation of each games wherein Tubera (2014)

stated that “Actually you do not necessary need an

expert to evaluate the games based on their target

component because you yourself could determine

their target components of each games provided that

the games showcase and highlight the necessary

component. From that suggestion of an expert the

researcher pre-determined the target component of

each games. But the book where also examine by the

experts in the field of physical education to ensure

the validity of evaluation done by the researchers.

Data were gathered from participants of different

towns of Pampanga. Interviews, surveys and

evaluation tools were utilized and served as a way

for cross-checking that determined the target

component to the frequent games played by

Kapampangans that produced a coffee table book as

a basis for alternative physical fitness test or as a

reference for the researchers, teachers and historians.

2.5 Data Analysis

All statistical tests were run using the Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.

Frequency and percentage distributions, means, and

standard deviations were used for description

purposes

3 RESULTS

Table 1 presents the demographic profile of the

study participants (experts). A total of nine (9)

experts in the field of history, field research and

physical education participants were conveniently

included in this study. From this batch, they vary in

their age. Most from the respondents from this batch

are male (67%). Most of the respondents are married

(55.6%). It is very evident that only 1 (11.1%) of the

respondents from this batch did not yet obtain a

master’s degree.

Table 1: Demographic profile of the study participants

(expert).

Characteristics

Frequency

Percentage

Age 26

11.1

22.2

11.1

Development of a Coffee Table Book on Kapampangan Games

Total

Missing

Total

100.0

11.1

88.9

11.1

Sex

Male

Female

Total

Missing

66.7

22.2

88.9

11.1

Marital Status

Single

Married

Total

44.4

55.6

100.0

Educational

Background

Bachelor’s Degree

Master’s Degree

Doctorate Degree

Total

11.1

66.7

22.2

100.0

Table 2. Content and Relevance Result

Questions

Mean

Std.

Dev

Verbal

Inter

Content and Relevance

1. The content of the

book are relevant to

the course needs

(Kapampangan

Culture and PE

subject).

4.78

.441

Strongly

Agree

2. The preliminary

section and

Kapampangan games

are presented in a

systematic approach.

4.22

.833

Strongly

Agree

3. The level of the

approach is suitable

for the intended user.

4.67

.707

Strongly

Agree

4. The instructions for

each activity are

comprehensible and

are straightforward

4.71

.488

Strongly

Agree

5. The ‘Attribute or

Component’ section

help the readers gain

important knowledge

and skills about

Kapampangan games.

4.67

.500

Strongly

Agree

6. The appendix

provides additional

vital information

4.13

.835

Agree

User-Friendliness

7. The structure and

format of the book

4.89

.333

Strongly

Agree

are visually

appealing.

8. The font style and

font size used in the

book are readable

4.75

.463

Strongly

Agree

9. The illustrations are

clear and easy to

follow.

4.67

.500

Strongly

Agree

10. The procedures are

logically sequenced.

4.50

.756

Strongly

Agree

11. The topics are well-

structured and easy to

locate.

4.67

.500

Strongly

Agree

12. The language,

vocabulary and

writing styles used in

the book are simple

and appropriate.

4.78

.441

Strongly

Agree

4 DISCUSSION

The researchers aimed to develop a Kapampangan

coffee table book’s with the target components of

each games. After the researchers read numerous

account of literature the researchers used them as

their spring board to produce the coffee table book.

Where they eliminated some of the games especially

those with ethical consideration and those which

could not simulate anymore and already passed by

the time. As the previous studies also suggested that

there is a need to describe thoroughly the

Kapampangan games which served as one of the

basis of the researcher that sought their problems.

Where the researchers presented each games with

procedure and photograph for better understanding

together some of the trivia and more importantly

with the target components of each games.

Where the reader could assimilate or relate their

experiences especially those days that they are

young. The researchers also used another way of

organized system which is not only focusing on the

interactive part of the games rather to the totally of

the games that include culture, values and

socialization part compare from the different books

which already published by some of the game

folklorist.

Such as the book of Lopez (2001) wherein she

classified the different games based on their

materials and pre-games. Moreover the own research

of Tubera (2008) where he classified the games

based on materials focusing to the used of rubber.

Both researcher never classified and input the target

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

component of each games to physical education. The

researchers have developed a coffee table book that

covers a wide variety of context. While coffee table

book allows readers examine each subject matter in

an easy way, it also showcases an interesting

graphical representation of the verbal text inputted

through pictures which can be easily understood by

the reader (Tubera, 2014).

“your coffee table book is much more

appropriate to your study because it is much easier

to develop within a limited time rather than a

manual because when you make a manual you need

to prove and simulate the games repeatedly to test

the attribute or target components that it offers to the

player but through a coffee table book you can

showcase the tradition and culture of Kapampangan

you could also inform your target reader about the

benefits of each games to body and it is good

because it is the first time to have a coffee table

book that focus on games that Kapampangan used to

play”.

The researchers also observed and analyze that

the different games are oikotypes that is local

versions with nothing like them elsewhere that the

names are unique and based on the materials that

used by the gamer. Names of the different games

also varies depends on the geographical location.

Based also on the result and response of the

participants it shows that most of the experts

strongly agree about the content and relevance of the

book except for the appendix section and procedure.

Because during the time when the coffee table book

was evaluated the appendix section was not

provided. It was only in the latter part when the

researchers presented to them the appendix section.

The participants also had a hard time to read the text

in Kapampangan especially the students because the

texts that have been used were old Kapampangan

orthography. According to Alley and Bacon from

National Reading Panel of United State of America

(2000). Text structure is one of the factors that

affects reading where the reader can easily recognize

the important thought and ideas more easily when

they understand the pattern that the writer used to

organize the text and reader can also easily

understand when the format of text is appropriate to

their age or level (Lopez, 2001). In terms of user-

friendliness of the book experts strongly agree that

the book is friendly for the intended users. The

pictures are appealing and the procedures are easy to

follow and comprehend.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The researchers conclude that the book is suitable in

incorporating it as an instructional materials in a

classroom setting. The study is able to produce a

collection of games that could be browse by

researchers and next generation about the different

games that are being played by Kapampangans in

the 21st century. The book is also suitable in

preserving the Kapampanga culture especially in the

field of games and followed the new Kapampangan

typology which make the books easier to read and

understand by the current and next generation.

Which create a significant impact in the

Kapampangan language and literature. Moreover,

the coffee table book is friendly and informative for

the user or readers as it highlight and gives trivia to

Kapampangan culture and tradition. Where it also

uncovers on how Kapampangans or Filipinos lived

in the past just what Tubera (2008) and Lopez

(2001) stated that games are reflectors how peoples

lived in the past.

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of defense. Madison, CT: International Universities

Press

Freud, Sigmund. 1975 [1920]. Beyond the Pleasure

Principle. New York, Norton.

Hall, J., 1998. Games for Junior. London: A & C Black

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Hall, K. S., Nichols, S. B. 1912. Children at play in many

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illustrated by Spencer Baird Nichols. New York:

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Kichner, G., 1991. Children Games from Around the

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York: A.S. Barnes.

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Development of a Coffee Table Book on Kapampangan Games

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ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education