The Improvement of Maximum Speed Phase of 100 meter Sprint

Raja Syaifullah Sihombing and Agung Sunarno

Departement of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Medan, Jl. Willem Iskandar Medan, North

Sumatera, Indonesia.

rajadirajasurasuma@gmail.com

Keywords: Kinematical Sprint ing Stride Effect, Ground Time, Flight Time.

Abstract: The aim of this Research was to find out the difference influence of Resisted Sprint Training Method and

Unresisted Sprint Training Method in relation to increase maximum sprinting velocity100 meter sprints, the

research used experimental method and the research design was factorial design 2 x 2. Forthy (40) male

students participated in this research.Video analysis was used as an instrument and the technique to analyze

the data is Two - Way ANAVA with SPSS 11 for Windows Computer Program. The Research concluded

that there was difference influence between resisted sprint training to unresisted sprint training method in

relation to 100 meter’s maximal sprinting speed phase.

1 INTRODUCTION

A 100 meter sprints divided into three different

phases: acceleration; gaining maximum sprinting

speed; and deceleration. From those all phases,

maximal sprinting speed has been believed to be the

most important indicators for succsesfull sprinter

(Faccioni, 2004). Mechanically, sprinting speed can

be defined as a result of stride rate and stride

length.When coaches try to improve sprinting

velocity, the most influencing factors is stride rate

and stride length. Sprinting speed is a function of

form of biomechanic, keeping maximum speed,

increasing maxiimum acceleration into maximal

speed and increasing both stride length and stride

rate (Corn, 2003). Sprinter can take finish line

immediately is determined by both stride length and

stride rate, and as a result of execution of both

kinematical basic components, such as ground

contact time and flight time (Schmolinsky, 1983,

Hay, 1993). Research found that almost sprinters

needed a similar amount of time at flying time

during sprinting, but they needed different amount

of time at contact phase (Coh, 2005). Hence, stride

rate of sprinter will be affected by sprinter’s effort

on decreasing ground contact time and flying time

(Seagrave, 2005, Coh, 2005; Hoskisson, 2005).

Speed is the most important and the hardest

factors in the training process and in that training

itself in relation to reach maximal sprinting speed

(Saraslandis, 2002). There are various methods have

ever been tried in order to increase sprinting speed

(Delecluse, 1998), including weight training, neural-

activation training, plyometric, resisted sprint

training; sprint assisted training (Delecluse, 1998).

Moreover, this kinds of training including pulling

metals, tire, parachute speed, or other tools by

covering some training distance (Loockie, 2003;

Saraslandis, 2002). Others defined as pulled training,

overspeed training, or supramaximal sprinting

(Delecluse, 1998; Luhtanen, 2004). Specifically

stated that sprint assisted training, uphill running,

resisted towing, and sprint in treadmill are believed

to have important role in increasing stride length and

stride rate (Hazeldine, 1985).

Unfortunately, field survey shows that

application of this training method has no significant

impact on increasing maximum speed, even worst, it

decreasing their sprinting speed ability.

Interestingly, some studies investigated the

impact of resistence training method in relation to

sprinting kinematics basic component have

concluded on inconsistent results. Various

researches showed that there were great increased

related to stride length (Luhtanen, 2004). On the

other hand, research reported that this training

method has significant impact on increasing stride

rate particularly to the elite male sprinters (Mero,

1985). In contrast, their other study showed that

there was an increasing on stride rate in all subject

except elite male sprinters (Mero, 1986).

Surprisingly, their last studies concluded that there

was no significant different in stride rate for all

sprinters being researched (Mero, 1986).

Suprisingly, researches paper conducted by Mann

and Weyand (Weyand, 2000) claimed that stride

178

Sihombing, R. and Sunarno, A.

The Improvement of Maximum Speed Phase of 100 meter Sprint.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 178-182

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

length and stride rate are related to maximum

velocity speed performance but are not the primary

causative factors associated with performance.

Due to that inconsistencies results, this study

trying to address the effect of sprinting training

method both resisted sprint training or unresisted

sprint training to increase kinematical basic

component quality particularly on increasing

maximal sprinting speed. Here, we hypothesized

that: 1). Resisted sprint training has greater effect as

compare to unresisted sprint training method related

to increase maximal sprinting speed; (2) There was

difference influence between high stride rate and

low stride rate, (3) There was an interaction between

training method and stride rate on the Improvement

of 100 meter maximal sprinting speed.

2 METHODS

2.1 Experimental Design

The research used experimental method and the

research design was factorial design 2 x 2. Forthy

male students who were physically active between

18-19 years of age participated in the study. For data

analysis, subject were then divided into relatively

high stride rate and low stride rate based on their

variable kinematics of sprinting speed (ground

contact time and flying time).

2.2 Mesurenment

The instrument in this research was video analysis.

Subjects were filmed at high speed to determine a

range of lower body kinematics measure. Maximum

speed phase and stride rate were recorded visually

by video editing, and the data then have been

analysed using Adobe Premieri Computer

Programme 6.5 (AVI) with hardware Pinnacle Pro-

One, as it can be seen as follows:

Figure 1: Video Analysis.

By using two cameras with 48 kHz speed: first

camera was placed 20 metres for covering distance

from flying start (10 metres before start) to 50

metres, second camera was placed 15 metres, for

covering distance between 20 to 50 metres where

maximum speed expected to be reached. The data

collected based on the observation in a time line

with a period of standard code that 1s equal to 25

frames (1s = 25 frames). The amount of frame of

stride rate while athletes reached their maximum

speed (predicted at 20 - 50 meter) will be used as a

data in this research. Then, amount of time of

maximum speed phase will be calculated by amount

of frame at a distance of 30 metres, and both of them

will be calculated in s (or measured in second).

Stride rate will be calculated by the average of

ground contact time and the average of flying

time/air time (equation 1). Stride rate can be found

by divided one second to stride time (equation 2).

Finaly, technique to analyze the data is two - way

anova with SPSS 11 for Windows Computer

Program.

Stride Time (ST) = Ground Time (GT) + Air Tme (AT)

(equation 1)

1/ST = Stride rate

(equation 2)

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result

The table below describes the overall research’s

result of this study concerning with the difference

influence of resisted sprint training and unresisted

sprint training method in relation to increase

maximum sprinting velocity of 100 meter sprint.

Table 1: Data of Descriptive Analysis.

Stride

Rate

Training Method

Total

Resisted

Unresisted

High

= 0,126

SD = 0,023

N = 10

= 0,208

SD = 0,351

N = 10

= ,334

SD= 0,374

N = 20

Low

= 0,022

SD = 0.0174

N = 10

= 0,050

SD = 0,0173

N = 10

= ,072

SD= ,0347

N = 20

tal

= 0,148

SD = 0,0404

N = 20

= 0,258

SD = 0,3683

N = 20

= ,406

SD= ,4087

N = 40

The Improvement of Maximum Speed Phase of 100 meter Sprint

179

Based on the data of descriptive anlysis, firstly,

unresisted training method showed a better result as

compare to resisted training method in relation to

increase maximal speed phase in a 100 metre sprint (

= 0,258 > = 0,148). Secondly, for high stride rate

students, unresisted training method showed a better

result in relation to increase maximal speed in a 100

metre sprint ( = 0,208 > = 0.126). Similarly,

unresisted training method showed a better result

compare to resisted training method at low stride

rate students on increasing maximal speed phase of

100 metre sprint ( = 0,050 > = 0. 022).

Table 2: Test of Between Subjects Effects with Anova.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: maximalspeed

,186

6,204E-02

105,631

,000

,471

802,078

,000

4,768E-02

81,175

,000

,137

232,861

,000

1,677E-03

2,855

,100

2,114E-02

5,874E-04

,678

,207

Source

Corrected Model

Intercept

METODE

FREKW

METODE * FREKW

Error

Total

Corrected Total

Type III Sum

of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

R Squared = ,898 (Adjusted R Squared = ,889)

Based on the Anova test above, it can be

concluded that; Training method has a significant

impact on maximal speed phase of 100 meter sprint.

It can be seen from the value of F: F

= 81,375,

exceeds from the F table: 4, 11; α = 0.05. Due to the

fact that differences are quite significant, it

continued with Tukey– test and the results can be

seen as follows:

Table 3: The Results of Tukey-test.

Group

comparation

hitung

Q tabel

 =

0,05

Descriptio

P1 and P2

P3 and P4

26,07

76,25

3,79

Significant

 P1: Group of high stride rate

with resisted sprint training

method

 P2: Group of high stride rate

with unresisted sprint training

method

 P3: Group of low Stride rate

with resisted sprint training

method

 P4: Group of low stride rate

with resisted sprint

training method

The Tukeys’table showed that unresisted sprint

training has a better effect on high stride rate’s

students compare to resisted sprint training method

in relation to increase maximum speed in 100 metre

sprint. It can be seen from the value of Q = 26.073

excceed from Q Table 3.79. Subsequently, the table

showed that Q = 76.25 exceed from Q table 3.79.

Similarly, for low stride rate students, unresisted

sprint training affected maximum speed better as

compare to resisted sprint training method in 100

metre sprint. Finally, the table showed that there was

no interaction between stride rates toward maximum

speed phase. It can be seen from the value of F

2.158 lower than F table = 4.11. Resisted sprint and

unresisted sprint training significantly have different

impact to increase maximum speed in a 100 metre

sprint.

3.2 Discussion

We undertook this study to test three hypotheses;

firstly, we found that there was difference influence

between resisted sprint training to unresisted sprint

training method in relation to increase maximum

speed in 100 meter sprint. In regard to unresisted

sprint training method, this method would give

benefit for sprinter in the efficiency of movement

with a flexible range of motion on various sprint

mechanic components. Hence, sprinter will be able

to run with a skillfull sprinting technique. In

contrast, the potential result of sprinting using

resistance (e.g. sled towing) was increasing athlete’s

strength or force. As Gervais (2004) claimed that

resisted sprint training is believed to be the most

effective training method in reaching specific

strength movement which will increase stride length.

Resisted sprint training method showed a significant

deacrease on horizontal velocity of sprinters;

increasing ground contact and flight time, as well as

changing the upper body of sprinter and tended to

shape a sitting strides position. Moreover, the use of

resistence during sprinting produce greater output

foce on lower extremity, increasing stride speed and

increasing explosiveness. Studies reported that trunk

lean when touch down phase become greater

compare to unresisted sprinters in maximum speed

phase. In addition, this merhod induce greater angle

of hip at early ground contact time phase (Letzelter,

et al, 1995, Loocky, et al, 2003). However, these

methods of training would increase acceleration

phase of athletes. It can be seen from a high

correlation between output force in push phase and

sprinting speed which emphasizing on the important

of force during acceleration phase (Mero, 1978;

Faccioni, 2004). In short, successful athletes’

adaptations to resistences allow athletes to produce a

greater force during ground contact phase, resulting

longer stride length, and as a concequences, produce

greater running velocity (Pedro, 2008). Resisted

sprint trainings are believed to be the most effective

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

180

training method in reaching specific strength

movement which will increase stride length

(Gervais, 2004). Unfortunately, resisted sprinting

method by pulling resistence resulting in a slower

sprinting time because of dynamical changing on

stride rate and stride length,

Secondly, our experimental test has proved that

there was difference influence between high stride

rate and low stride rate both in resisted and

unresisted training methods to increase maximum

speed in 100 meter sprint. Although differed greatly

between two groups, we found that both high and

low stride rate’s subjects under research have

significant impact on maximum sprinting speed.

This results indicate that whatever level of subjets’

stride rate are, both resisted and unresisted methods

affected maximal sprinting speed considerably.

Although, research paper conducted by Mann and

Weyand (Weyand, 2000) claimed that stride length

and stride rate are related to max velocity speed

performance but are not the primary causative

factors associated with performance. However, our

result become evidence that stride rate is a

deteremintal variable in maximum sprinting phase.

This result supported Dillman, Luhtanen and Komi

in Mercer (2002) which claimed that maximum

sprinting speed, in general, would be reached by

stride frequency (stride rate), not stride length. It can

be explained, although in early sprint, increasing

speed from low to submaximal speed is dominated

by stride length. However, when reaching higher

speed (maximum speed velocity), increasing stride

rate would be a dominant factor.

As we know that increasing stride rate is

determined by stride time, and stride time itself is

determined by ground time and flying time. The

investigations on elite sprinters conducted by Mann,

Mann and Herman (in Weyand 2000), which the

skilled sprinters spend less time on the ground.

From this point of view, we also found the answer

why subjects with high stride rate with or without

resistance when doing sprinting affected

significantly in increasing maximum speed. Our

finding concluded that significancy differences both

subjects under research are deterimined by time

taken during contact phase particularly in ground. A

less time taken at ground contact time, a faster

sprinters will be. As suggested by Weyand (2000)

that sprint performance is a direct result of the

impulse (mean force multiplied by contact time)

applied by the athlete against the ground.

Due to both group (high and low stride rate)

subjetcs with or without resistance under research

have similar impact on maximum speed of 100

meter sprint, in the last hypothesis test we found that

there was no interaction between sprint training

method and maximum sprinting speed.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The Research concluded that both resisted sprint

training and unresisted sprint training method have

different impact on the Improvement of 100 meter

maximal sprinting speed. These research finding

suggested to those who involved in coaching

activities consider the effect of sprint training

method on mechanic variables of sprinting, such as

neuromuscular adaptation for resisted sprint, and

stride efficiency for unresisted training method.

Finally, coaches should pay more attention on

applying those methods proportionally on their

training programmes.

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