Decreasing Physical Condition and Performance of Swimming

Athletes

Beltasar Tarigan

, Restu Pratiwi

and Rina Ambar Dewanti

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung, Indonesia

Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Kelapa Gading, Jakarta, Indonesia.

beltasartarigan@upi.edu

Keywords: Physical Condition, Performance, Swimming Athletes.

Abstract: At present are to know how far the decrease in the physical condition and performance of the swimming

athletes’ in their menstruation cycle. The participants in this study were 12 female athletes’. The results of

this research the decline rate in the athletes’ physical condition in the pre-menstruation phase is 30%, in the

menstruation phase is 33%, and post-menstruation phase is 33% and In addition, the decline in performance

in the pre-menstruation phase is 29%, in the menstruation phase is 34%, and post-menstruation phase is 33%.

Conclusion of this study is the menstruation cycle decreases affect physical condition and performance.

1 INTRODUCTION

Swimming is a sport that requires excellent physical

performance and ability. Achievement of peak

performance on the sport of swimming required a

long, regular, focused and continuous training

process. Begin from athlete coaching through regular,

focused, planned and emphasizing on exercises on

physical, technical, tactical, and mental aspects. In

general there are many trainers and athletes who think

that high achievement can be achieved by practicing

continuously and putting forward the physical

aspects, techniques and tactics alone. But in fact

physiological factors also affect the achievement of

such achievements, such as the menstrual cycle. The

menstrual cycle is a monthly cycle in a woman that

occurs each month. This cycle is a series of events

that complexly affect each other and occur

simultaneously. "The term menstrual (men'etroo-al)

cycle technically refers to the cyclic changes that

occur in sexually mature, non-pregnant females and

culminate in menses" (Seeley, RR, Stephens, DR, and

Tate, P. 2003; Nillni IY et al 2015). The term

menstrual cycle technically refers to cyclic changes

that occur in sexual maturity, non-pregnant women

and leads to menstruation. "This is a series of events,

occurring regularly in females every 26 to 30 days

throughout the child bearing period of about 36 years"

(Wilson, W. J. K. 1990). Periodic menstrual cycle

occurs for 26 to 30 days. Before menstruation there is

a syndrome called Premenstruation Syndrome

(PMS). Premenstruation Syndrome is a collection of

symptoms due to hormonal changes associated with

the cycle when ovulation is the release of ovaries

from the ovaries and menstruation. The syndrome

will disappear at the start of menstruation until

several days after the completion of menstruation.

'Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a set of persistent

and uncomfortable emotional and physical symptoms

that negatively affect the behavior of women during

their premenstrual period. Premenstrual symptoms

may include depression, anxiety, irritability,

confusion, explosive anger, isolation, breast pain,

abdominal discomfort, edema, and others. ‘PS is a set

of uncomfortable emotional symptoms and negative

physical symptoms that affect female behavior during

their premenstrual period. The symptoms are such as

depression, anxiety, irritability, confusion, exploding

anger, isolation, breast tenderness, abdominal

discomfort, edema, and others (Gaion, A.P. and

Vieira, F.L. 2011).

Problems arising from this menstrual cycle is very

disturbing the appearance of an athlete during the

game. And the resulting symptoms affect the physical

condition of athletes such as pain disorders in the

breast and abdominal area. In addition, the

psychological symptoms caused can affect the

appearance of athletes in general. Physical condition

is an important aspect in implementing an exercise

program. Physical activity carried out is the result of

a series of two or more physical components or a

combination of several physical components.

Tarigan, B., Pratiwi, R. and Dewanti, R.

Decreasing Physical Condition and Performance of Swimming Athletes.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 423-425

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

423

(Persunay, L.P. and Sidik, Z.D. 2006;

Hoppenbrouwers K. Dkk 2016). The success of an

athlete in a match is demanded perfect skills in a

situation of high physical stress, it is increasingly

clear that physical condition plays an important role

in the improvement of optimal performance. The

results of B. Tarigan and R. Pratiwi (2017) studies in

volleyball athletes showed that "The results of the

research show that the decline rate in the athletes'

physical condition in the pre- menstruation phase is

39.1%, in the menstruation phase is 47.1%, and post-

menstruation phase is 27.9%.”In addition to

achievement sports training, performance when

practicing is something an athlete must achieve to

achieve peak performance. (Jonassah, 2015;

Wesselink K.A. Dkk 2016). Establishing an outcome

goal is important, including determining performance

and process goals. The menstrual cycle can be a factor

in the decrease of athlete performance when

practicing. This is consistent with the results of the B.

Tarigan and R. Pratiwi (2017) studies on volleyball

athletes suggesting that "In addition, the decline in the

athletes' performance in the pre- menstrual phase is

35.4%, in the menstruation phase is 46, 6%, and post-

menstruation phase is 29.5% ".

2 METHOD

This research uses Causal Comparative Research

method that is Ex Post Facto. The population in the

study was the athlete of UPI Aquatic Student Activity

Unit, with the number of samples of 12 female

swimming athletes. Data collection techniques used a

questionnaire of physical condition and appearance.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the results of processing and data analysis,

it is showed that the average decrease in physical

condition in the phase before menstruation by 30%,

during menstruation 33% and after menstrual phase

33%. While the decrease in appearance level in the

phase before menstruation of 29%, at 34% menstrual

phase and phase after menstruation 33% as shown in

table 1.

Table 1: Impact of menstrual cycle against decreased

physical condition and appearance of swimming athletes.

Menstrual Cycle

Decrease

Physical

Conditions

Decrease

Appearance

Phase Before

Menstruation

30%

29%

Menstruation

33%

34%

Phases After

Menstruation

33%

Table 1 data shows that the decline in physical

condition before menstruation by 30%, during

menstruation 33% and after menstrual phase 33%.

This means that the decline in the physical condition

of the greatest athlete occurs in the second and third

phases, namely, menstrual phase (33%) and after

menstruation (33%). Based on the data table 1 is

known to decrease appearance before menstruation

by 29%, at menstrual phase 34% and phase after

menstruation 33%. This means that the highest

decrease in the appearance of the swimming athlete

occurs in the menstrual phase (34%). This is in line

with the research results of B. Tarigan and R. Pratiwi,

(2017) on volleyball athletes that menstrual phase

affect the physical condition and appearance, and also

to increase anxiety and decrease in athletes'

confidence (Lutan, R. 2007, B Tarigan and R Pratiwi,

2017).

Figure 1: The impact of the menstrual cycle on decreasing

physical conditions.

100

67 67

100

120

Physical Condition

Physical

condition

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

424

Figure 2: Impact of menstrual cycle on decreasing

appearance.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that the impact of the menstrual

cycle on the decline in the level of physical condition

before menstruation by 30%, during menstruation

33% and after menstrual phase 33%. While the

decrease in appearance levels in the phase before

menstruation of 29%, at 34% menstrual phase and

phase after menstruation 33%. The greatest impact of

the menstrual cycle on physical condition and

appearance occurs during the menstrual phase (33%)

and the menstrual phase (33%), while the greatest

decrease in athlete appearance occurs during the

menstrual phase (34%).

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appearance

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