The Shift of Female Martial Artists Depression Level Resulting from
Pre-Menstrual Syndrom Effect
Berliana Rahely
Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung, Indonesia
berliana@upi.edu
Keywords: Depression, Female athletes, Pre-Menstrual Syndrome.
Abstract: The urgency of this study is to see the stability of achievement as the effect of the exercise. Disorders such
as stress that cause depression to be factors that can affect the robustness of achievement. For female
athletes, the pre-menstrual phase can often affect mental balance that may affect their achievement. The
research method used is descriptive, to find out how big the level of depression that occurs during the pre-
menstrual phase in facing big games. The sample of this research was martial artist of silat, wrestling,
tarung derajat, judo, kempo, wushu and karate. They were chosen for these martial arts have throws
techniques. The instrument used is a depression measurement questionnaire. The results found that, the
depression rate of female athletes in Martial Arts who use throws is at a moderate to high level when facing
the game. This can be interpreted that, the pre-menstrual syndrome of women's martial arts, which one of
the factors is depression is still a factor inhibiting the stability of their achievement. It is therefore suggested
to provide sport psychological treatment.
1 INTRODUCTION
The study examined whether the pre-menstrual
phase as a moderator of the equilibrium depression
of female athletes (female individual sport),
especially in the face of big games. Another similar
study shows that participation in individual sports
can increase great depression over team sports
(Andreann Perron-Gélinas, Mara Brendgen, Frank
Vitaro, 2017). Other results suggest that children
involved in team sports have better mental health
than those involved in individual sports (Isabelle
Doré, Jennifer L. O'Loughlin, Guy Beauchamp,
Marc Martineau, Louise Fournier, 2016). Thus
higher levels of depression in martial athletes,
should be managed so as not to be an indicator that
can inhibit achievement, although done during pre-
menstruation.
1.1 Background of the study
Basically martial arts is seen as a form of combat,
characterized as a multifunctional sport (Massey,
Meyer, and Naylor, 2013), therefore for women
martial arts is very important, in addition to the self-
defense system (Angleman, Shinzato, Van Hasselt,
and Russo, 2009); also to improve physical fitness
(Fong, Fu, and Ng, 2012) and as one of the
psychological intervention programs (Bahrami,
Movahedi, Marandi, and Abedi, 2012; Hussen,
2010). Currently, more than 14 million people are
reported to be suffering from depression, with the
majority of these groups is women (Nicole E. Hurt,
2010). This number is significant and needs solution.
Basically a well-managed physical activity can
reduce symptoms of depression. (Taylor McFadden,
Michelle S. Fortier, Eva Guérin, 2017).
Psychological preparation of women elite athletes
should be carefully planned, especially in combat
sports, such as; martial arts, wrestling, fighting
degrees, judo, kempo, wushu, karate (Boris
Blumenstein, Ronnie Lidor and Gershon
Tenenbaum, 2011) The purpose of psychological
preparation (mental) is intended to be integrated
effectively in the physical, technical, and tactical
preparation of the program training for all phases
(preparation, competition, and transition). The pre-
menstrual phase in girls is a time of critical
development associated with deep biological and
psychosocial changes, including depression
symptoms.
Rahely, B.
The Shift of Female Martial Artists Depression Level Resulting from Pre-Menstrual Syndrom Effect.
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 453-455
ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
453
2 METHODS
The method used in this study was descriptive
method. The population was martial art athletes of
PELATDA PON XIX Jawa Barat 2016 consisting of
5 female pencak silat athletes, 7 female wrestlers, 10
female tarung derajat athletes, 6 female judo
athletes, 8 female Kempo athletes, 3 female wushu
athletes, and 5 female karate athletes with the total
44 martial artists as the population. All of the were
involved as the sample (total sampling) Population
selection is also based on menstruation as a process
experienced by female athletes, where there is a
process of dekuamasi or decay of the inner lining of
the uterus (endometrium) out through the vagina
Santoso (2012).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis was performed through Statistical
Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20.
The data was obtained from depression symptom
questionnaires of PELATDA PON XIX JABAR
2016 Pencak Silat, Wrestling, Tarung Derajat, Judo,
Kempo, Wushu and Karate athletes.
Table 1: Athlete data description table.
Depression
Indicators
N
Means
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Minimum
Score
Maximum
Score
Pencak Silat
5
33.8
6.46
41.7
28
43
Wrestling
7
38
5.1
26
31
46
Tarung Darajat
10
35.1
5.17
26.8
28
42
Judo
6
32.3
3.93
15.5
28
39
Kempo
8
33.1
2.17
4.7
31
38
Wushu
3
34.7
1.15
1.33
34
36
Karate
5
35.2
10.8
7.1
30
38
Table 2: Tests of normality.
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic
df
Sig.
.211
5
.200
.101
7
.200
.163
10
.200
.300
6
.200
.221
8
.177
.231
3
.200
.259
5
.185
Table 3: Test of homogeneity of variances.
Levene Statistic
df1
df2
Sig.
.592
6
37
544
Table 4 : ANOVA test result on depression
Table 5: Correlation analysis of menstrual phase toward
depression.
Variables
Test Result
Testing
Criteria
Conclusion
R
Squared
value
Menstruation
on
Depression
Indicators
0.79
.000
Ho is
rejected if
Pvalue <α
α=0.05
Menstruation
on
Depression
Indicators
The table shows that from the statistical analysis the
menstrual phase effect on depression is Rsquared =
0.79; Pvalue of depression =.000; (α) = 0.05; the
testing criteria is that Ho is rejected if Pvalue <α and
the conclusion is Pvalue < α which means that Ho is
rejected. Based on the results of the above analysis
concluded there is a relationship between the impact
of menstrual phase on depression symptoms of
PELATDA PON XIX athletes with strong
correlation.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The result showed that there is a significant
correlation between the menstrual phase and
athletes’ depression. It was also found out that the
depression level of PELATDA PON XlX Jawa Barat
2016 athletes is categorized as moderate. In relation
to the results, the researcher suggests paying special
attention to female athletes who have a career in
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F
Sig.
Between
Groups
2133.621
6
365.054
4.472
.000
Within
Groups
3374.788
37
73.784
Total
5404.331
43
ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education
454
martial arts, especially those who use dings as a
means of obtaining high marks, in order to pay
attention to the premenstrual cycle in mental
cultivation in the face of big games.
REFERENCES
Andreann Perron-Gélinas, Mara Brendgen, Frank Vitaro,
2017. Can Sports Mitigate the Effects of Depression
and Aggression on Peer Rejection; Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology 50, 26–35.
Angleman, A. J., Shinzato, Y., Hasselt, V. B., Russo, S. A.
2009. Traditional martial arts versus modern self-
defense training for women: Some comments.
Aggression and Violence Behavior, 14(2), 89–93.
Bahrami, F., Movahedi, A., Marandi, S. M., Abedi, A.
2012. Kata techniques training consistently decreases
stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder.
Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(4), 1183–
1193.
Boris Blumenstein, Ronnie Lidor, Gershon Tenenbaum,
2011. Periodization and planning of psychological
preparation in elite combat sport programs: The case
of judo. Journal International Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology 3 (1), 7-25.
Fong, S. M., Fu, S., Ng, G. Y. F. 2012. Taekwondo
training speeds up the development of balance and
sensory functions in young adolescents. Journal of
Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 64–68.
Hussen, S. S. 2010. Use of Tai Chi trainings to
development some of the physiological variables and
psychological skills for Karate players. Procedia
Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2063 – 2066.
Isabelle Doré, Jennifer L. O'Loughlin, Guy Beauchamp,
Marc Martineau, Louise Fournier, 2016, Volume and
Social Context of Physical Activity in Association
with Mental Health, Anxiety and Depression among
Youth. Journal Preventive Medicine, 91, 344–350.
Massey, W. V., Meyer, B. B., Naylor, A. H. 2013. Toward
a grounded theory of self-regulation in mixed martial
arts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 12–20.
Nicole E. Hurt, 2010. Disciplining through Depression:
An Analysis of Contemporary Discourse on Women
and Depression. Journal Women’s Studies in
Communication 30 (3); 284-309.
Santosa Giriwijoyo, 2012. Ilmu Faal Olahraga (Fisiologi
Olahraga). Cetakan pertama. Remaja Rosda Karya.
ISBN 978-979-692-114-0
Taylor McFadden, Michelle S. Fortier, Eva Guérin, 2017,
Mental Health and Physical Activity; Investigating the
effects of Physical Activity Counselling on depressive
symptoms and physical activity in female
undergraduate students with depression: A multiple
baseline single-subject design; Journal Volume 12,
March 2017, Pages 25–36.
The Shift of Female Martial Artists Depression Level Resulting from Pre-Menstrual Syndrom Effect
455