The Influence of Scientific Approach to the Ability of Solving the

Movement Situation Problem of Invasion Game in the Teaching of

Physical Education

Anjar Muhamad Ikbal, Reza Ryanantama Cristi and Acep Sulaeman

Sport Education Program, Postgraduate School, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung

mikbalanjar@gmail.com

Keywords: Scientific approach, problem-solving skill, invasion game.

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to see the influence of scientific approach to the improvement of ability to

solve movement situation problem of invasion game. The method applied in this study was the experimental

method and the population was all students of class X IPA SMA Negeri 1 Nagreg. The samples of this

research were 92 people who were taken using cluster assignment random sampling technique. Based on the

testing and analysis results the use of scientific approach and conventional method has an influence on the

ability to solve the problem of movement situation of invasion game in the learning of physical education.

Based on the result of calculation in the experimental group obtained t-count of 7.942 and in the control

group obtained t-count of 3.693 > t-table 2.015. The scientific approach has more significant influence than

conventional method. Based on the calculation results, obtained t-count data was 11.552 > t-table 2.015.,

then H1 is accepted

1 INTRODUCTION

The ability to solve the movement situation problem

is seen from the cognitive ability to the movement

response or the movement response then the students

think to solve the movement situation

problem. Movement situation is the ability of how

students are able to think to solve the motion tasks

assigned by the teacher in the learning activities by

training students to face various problems, whether

they are personal or individual problems or group

problems, to be solved individually or jointly in

the form of sport games in the learning of physical

education (Hendrayana and Widyawan 2016).

Education through physical movement is expected to

provide a real learning experience to students.

Physical activity provides various contributions to

the development of critical thinking skills, including

both low-level thinking skills as, well as high-order

thinking skills, especially to solve problems in the

form of game activity.

In sport games, there are a lot of problems faced

by a player to complete the movement tasks,

especially in sport games. (Yigiter 2013) Problem

solving skill is defined as a cognitive-affective

behavioral process through which an individual or

group identifies or discovers effective means of

coping with problem encountered in everyday living.

For example, when a player carries a ball and

encounters a tight guard from the opponent, the

player must be able to decide what task to do,

whether the ball should be dribbled or baited to

another player. Then, when a player faces the

problem of not being able to score, the player must

be able to work together to utilize the space and use

the tool so the purpose of the game can be

completed, they can discuss to first determine the

position for where they stand, which will later have

their respective movement tasks in a game,

especially in an invasion game where students have

to solve various movement problems in the game to

stimulate the ability to think fast and precisely in a

game. (Harvey 2007) This unit invasion game aims

to teach and assess both on- and off-the-ball skills.

In soccer, players constantly need to make on-the-

ball decisions about when to pass, dribble, or shoot.

They also often have trouble deciding when to use

which type of pass (e.g., push pass, instep pass,

driven pass) and how hard they should kick the ball.

Ikbal, A., Cristi, R. and Sulaeman, A.

The Inﬂuence of Scientiﬁc Approach to the Ability of Solving the Movement Situation Problem of Invasion Game in the Teaching of Physical Education.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 9-13

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

To achieve that goal, it is necessary to apply the

learning approach in physical education, which

apply the concept of learning by developing

movement related to cognitive side to stimulate

students to be able to think critically, one of which

is by applying a scientific approach in teaching and

learning activities. The scientific approach is a

means or mechanism of learning to facilitate

students to gain knowledge or skills by procedures

based on a scientific method. The scientific

approach is a scientific framework of learning

promoted by the 2013 Curriculum. (Hidayat 2015) It

is said scientific because the learning process should

be based on evidences of an observable object,

empirical, and measurable with the principles of

specific reasoning. Therefore, the learning

opportunity using scientific methods needs to be

given to students to be able to understand why and

how their bodies when displaying a mastery of

invasion game in the learning of physical

education. Then, the students are given the freedom

to develop the cognitive side by solving the

problems assigned by the teacher. Research

conducted by (Tarigan, Hendrayana, and Wijawa

2017) states that scientific approach in physical

education can improve creativity and physical

fitness of junior high school students living on the

coastal area. By using a scientific approach, it is

expected to improve the ability of solving the

movement situation problem in invasion game.

The steps on a scientific approach are a form of

adaptation of scientific steps in science. "The

learning process with the 2013 Curriculum in High

School (SMA) that used a scientific approach had

indeed a lot of features, other than improving the

students’ critical thinking skills, it also gave deeper

practical experience regarding a symptom or a

problem. (Said, Sutadji, and Sugandi 2016)

Learning with a scientific approach is one of

activities with more effective learning outcomes

than traditional learning. The scientific approach

model in the 2013 curriculum can be integrated and

combined into several learning models, one of the

learning models that can be integrated into science-

based learning is the problem-based learning model.

"Because the problem-based learning model is a

learning model that is considered appropriate to

solve the problem of motion in the game of invasion,

(JR 2006) problem based learning as an instructional

(and curricular) learner-centered approach that

empowers learners to conduct research, integrate

theory and practice, and apply knowledge and skills

to develop a viable solution to a defined

problem. (Senel, Ulucan, and Adilogullari 2015)

problem based learning helps students to apply the

knowledge they have in a meaningful way to solve

problems that can occur in real-life situations. The

problem-based learning model, in its curriculum, is

designed to address issues that require students to

gain important knowledge, make them proficient at

solving problems, and have their own learning

strategies and have the skills to participate in team.

The correlation of learning of the scientific

approach with the ability to solve the movement

situation problem in invasion game can be

understood through the theory of cognitive

development which is called Proximal Development

Zone in forward (Schunk 2012) This concept is

defined as the distance between the actual level of

development determined through the independent

problem solving and the level of development

potential that is determined through problem-solving

with the help of adults or by working with more

capable peers. Therefore, the scientific approach

with the problem-based learning model involves

observation or observation activities required for the

formulation of hypotheses or collecting data, thereby

providing an opportunity for students to explore the

knowledge that he has not known cognitively. In

addition, the learning experiences from social

environment are very important for learning and

thinking because they are very influential on the

outcome of his decision. The ability to solve

problems related to this movement situation is

oriented on cognitive abilities in relation to

movement that can improve cognitive function and

can develop critical thinking and involving many

students in the learning process (Ak and Özkarde

2007) have said that in the classroom where

problem- based learning is used, learners take much

more responsibility for learning.

2 METHODS

The samples used in this research were 2 classes of

92 students, i.e. IPA class X SMA N 1 Nagreg. The

samples were taken based on cluster assignment

random sampling. The used research method was

experimental method with pretest-posttest control

group design (Fraenkel, Wallen, and Hyun

2012). The study took place from July 28 to

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

September 1, 2016, with a duration of 3 hours of

lessons from 07.00 to 09.15 WIB according to

physical education subject hours with the total

amount of 12 meetings with 105 minutes / meetings,

2 times per week. Researchers used the instrument

to solve the movement situation problem, the

concept that is used according to (Abduljabar 2011)

Movement situation problem solving is the ability to

think analytically and action to the situation of

movement problems in a game, so that players are at

ease to do their game strategies. (Harvey 2007) The

unit will also teach many of the teams of ballots,

such as making decisions about what to do

teammates when teammates when the opposing team

has the ball (e.g., giving defensive cover to a

teammate making a play on-the-ball or guarding /

marking players and space). By that, the situation of

movement in the invasion game includes; opening

up the game room, facilitating the movement of

friends, closing the opponent's danger movements,

facilitating friends to "assist", standing in a

favourable position, running to a profitable position,

intercepting an opposing ball, helping / facilitating

playmates. Instrument of this research is not yet

standard, so there were validity and reliability tests

to make the later gained data can be trusted.

Table 1: Research instruments.

Concept

Definition

Sub

Component

Indicator

(Abduljabar

2011)"Mov

ement

Situation

Problem

Solving is

the ability

to think

analytically

and action

against

movement

situation

problems in

a game, so

that players

are at ease

to do their

game

strategy."

1. Open the

game

room

a. Trying to find an

empty or unattended

place.

b. Trying to ask for the

ball.

c. Trying to get out of

guard.

2. Facilitate

the

movement

of friends

a. Move quickly and

change direction to

deceive the

opponent.

b. Trying to limit the

movement of

opponents.

c. Protect friends who

carry the ball by

following them

from behind or

sideways.

Concept

Definition

Sub

Component

Indicator

3. Close the

opponent's

danger

movement

a. Closing the

opponent's firing

space.

b. Slows the

opponents’

movement by

blocking their

movement pace.

4. Facilitate

friends to

do scoring

(assist)

a. Provide accurately

directed assist to

friends.

b. Assist at the right

time.

c. Assist in empty

space in front of the

opponent/breakthro

ugh feed.

5. Stand in an

advantage

ous

position

a. To be in a position

that is not guarded

by the opponent.

b. To be in a position

to score.

6. Run to an

advantage

ous

position

a. Run into the

opponent's defense

area to receive the

ball of assists

(assist) from

friends.

b. Run to a place that

is not guarded by

the opponent and

ask for the ball.

c. Run closer to area

for scoring.

7. Intercept

the

opponent’s

ball throw

a. Take-over/cut the

ball that will be

transferred by the

opponents

b. Prevent the

opponents to

transfer the ball

8. Help/facili

tate friends

in playing

a. The players

communicate

actively in the field.

b. The players support

each other in doing

defense against the

opponents.

c. The players support

each other in

creating attacks to

score.

The Inﬂuence of Scientiﬁc Approach to the Ability of Solving the Movement Situation Problem of Invasion Game in the Teaching of

Physical Education

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2: Normality test of pre-test and post-test data

calculations.

Table 3: Homogeneity test of pre-test and post-test data

calculations.

Test

Class

Count

Table

Conclusion

Pre-

test

Control

group

1.027

2.00

Homogene

ous

Experiment

Group

Post-

test

Control

group

1.755

2.00

Homogene

ous

Experiment

Group

Table 4: Test of t-test.

Class

count

table

Conclusion

Control

Group

3,693

2.015

Significant

Experiment

Group

7.924

2.015

Significant

The scientific approach method provided to the

experimental group has a significant influence on the

ability to solve the movement situation

problem. This can happen because learning activity

by scientific method using problem based learning

model can create the learning environment as

proposed by (Abdullah sani 2015) that "the scientific

approach involves observation or observation

activities needed for hypothesis formulation or

collecting data, thus giving an opportunity to student

to explore the knowledge that he or she has not

known cognitively. "The problem-solving ability of

this movement situation is based on cognitive ability

in relation to movement. (Jr 2010) Problem-Based

Learning was used to enhance cognitive thinking

while learning to develop physical fitness

programs. The level of cognitive thinking is

enhanced throughout the class participation as well

as the motivation for learning more about physical

education. Students are able to think critically,

imaginatively, creatively and innovatively and are

associated with problems related to movement

situations, such as students are able to utilize space

during the game, facilitate the movement of

opponents, students are able to close the movement

of the opponent, allowing friends to score (assist),

standing in an advantageous position, running to an

advantageous position, students are able to intercept

the opponent's throw, and the students are able to

help or facilitate friends to play.

The application of scientific method in the

learning of physical education through invasion

game helps students to improve cognitive function

and can develop students' critical thinking. As noted

(Abdullah Sani 2015) a scientific approach is used in

learning because it can improve skills such as

critical thinking, communication, collaboration,

investigation and character behaviour. From the

results of data processing and analysis, it is found

that the use of scientific approach method has

significant difference compared to learning by using

conventional method. Although all hypotheses are

accepted, there are however influence differences in

significance level. The test proves a positive effect

of the use of scientific method in the experimental

group on the ability to solve the movement situation

problem in invasion game.

In this study, the hypothesis of the same control

group was accepted and there was a significant

influence. This occurs because the researchers

suspect that this control group learned with scientific

process on other subjects, and there was less

supervision from the researchers so that this control

group can not be controlled because of the

limitations for the researchers in terms of time, cost,

and understanding of the scientific process.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Scientific approach is a learning approach with a

scientific process. The model problem based

learning is one of the learning models contained in

scientific learning which greatly affects the

improvement of problem solving ability of the

movement situation, especially in invasion

games. Learning with scientific approach and

Test

Class

count

table

Conclusion

Pre-test

Control

group

0.074

0.131

Normal

Experiment

Group

0.079

0.131

Normal

Post-

test

Control

group

0.099

0.131

Normal

Experiment

Group

0.110

0.131

Normal

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

conventional approach has an effect and there is

improvement of problem solving ability of

movement situation, but scientific approach has a

more significant improvement since in learning with

scientific approach, learners are directed to

independently find facts, build concept, and solve

problems as needed for their lives. The focus of the

learning process is aimed at the development of

students‘ skills in processing knowledge, finding and

developing needed facts, concepts, and values

independently.

By that, the two learning models are influential,

between the learning groups that used a scientific

approach with the group that did not use the

scientific approach in their study, to the ability to

solve the movement situation problem in invasion

game.

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The Inﬂuence of Scientiﬁc Approach to the Ability of Solving the Movement Situation Problem of Invasion Game in the Teaching of

Physical Education