The Influence of Outdoor Recreation and Physical Fitness on

Teenagers’ Teamwork

Wulan Nurlaela, Ryan Abu Bakar, Amung Ma’mun and Surdiniaty Ugelta

Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia,

Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung, Indonesia

wulannurlaela@student.upi.edu

Keywords: Hiking, Physical Fitness, Teamwork, Outbound, Outdoor Recreation.

Abstract: This research paper discusses the improvement of teamwork as a result of an intervention in the form of

outdoor recreation. The aims were to find out the influence of outdoor recreation and physical fitness on

teamwork, to find out the influence of hiking and outbound activities and of high physical fitness on

teamwork, and to find out the hiking and outbound activities and of low physical fitness on teamwork. To

achieve these aims, a factorial experimental study design was employed. The samples were 60 people aged

12-15, consisting of 50 females and 10 males and chosen using a convenience sampling technique. The data

were analyzed using ANOVA by means of SPSS 22.0. The results revealed that outdoor recreation positively

influenced teamwork.

1 INTRODUCTION

The development stage of the teenagers is a transition

period from kids to adult age, not only psychological

changes but also physical changes (Hurlock, 2007).

These changes are shown with the presence of high

sensitivity and lability, full of passion and emotion

instability, this caused the teens to be easily

influenced by the always changing environment,

hence it leads to the maladaptive behaviour, such as

aggressive behaviour (Winters, 2015). Based on the

data from KPAI, the bullying trend whether it is or

verbal bullying shows an increasing number yearly,

in 2011 up to August 2014, the KAPI recorded 369

cases, this number is about 25% of the total cases in

education field with 1.480 cases, the total number of

the bullies at schools increased from 67 cases in 2014

to 79 cases in 2015. This shows the teenagers’ social

needs and if urgent, it may allow the occurrence of

continuous interaction among group members so

there is an attraction in doing teamwork (Thomas,

2015). The hiking and outbound activities which

involve physical activities can make the students to

keep moving in doing the activities, further hiking

and outbound have teamwork elements (Umar, T.

2011).

Generally, recreation can be divided into two big

groups, namely indoor recreation and outdoor

recreation (Reis and Higham, 2009). Several outdoor

recreation activities are hiking and outbound, the

activities that have a more specific concept and goals

were known and liked by all people and were a

training activities liked by schools, government

institutions, general society, and private enterprises

(Lee and Funk, 2011). Hiking is a nature adventure

by walking, several benefits of walking is to be able

to reach any destinations in the nature, besides, by

hiking, people may face various obstacles and

hurdles, such as narrow, uphill or downhill paths,

meadows, thorn bushes, slippery grounds, rocks,

riverways along with wind, rain, heat and cold as

learning materials (North, 2015).

Other than hiking, there is also an outdoor

recreation model such as outbound. Outbound is

derived from the word boundaries which means to

step out of the bound. A marine term which based on

the outbound term is a process to look for experiences

through nature (Smith et al., 2016). The goals of

outbound generally are to grow self confidence in

order to give self-therapy process (for those with

abnormality) in communication, and to create an

understanding toward each other so that trust of each

other can be achieved (Dyment, et al., 2014). Physical

Nurlaela, W., Bakar, R., Ma’mun, A. and Ugelta, S.

The Inﬂuence of Outdoor Recreation and Physical Fitness on Teenagers’ Teamwork.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 83-86

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

fitness is one of the factors for the students to join

hiking and outbound as the outdoor recreation

program that help the learning process (Remington

and Legge, 2016). Since, physical activities are

known to have an important role in sports for

students, the proper physical activities can help the

students or athletes do the sport well (Paradisis, et al.,

2014).

After knowing the students’ physical fitness, then

the students’ teamwork development will be observed

through this hiking and outbound recreation

programs, teamwork is one of the social interaction

form in which there is a certain activity targeted to

achieve team’s goal by understanding each other’s

activity (Binford and Robertson, 2009). Teamwork is

an effort to reach common goals that have been

determined through task divisions and not as a task

cutting but as a work unit where everything is directed

to goals achievement (Johnson and Johnson, 2000). A

team is a small group of people with supporting skills

that have a commitment toward the same goals and

intention, work goals and approach as well as mutual

responsibility (Sofo, 2003).

2 METHOD

2.1 Participants

The participants in this research are 60 students of 2

Ciawi Public Junior High School with the age of 12-

15 years old, consist of 50 females and 10 male

students.

2.2 Instruments

2.2.1 Outdoor Recreation Treatment

The instruments used in this research is the treatment.

The outdoor recreation treatment was conducted

regularly with the frequency of twice a week. It was

conducted every Saturday and Sunday for a month in

which the four students group were given outdoor

recreation treatment such as hiking and outbound

were given based on their physical fitness. Every

meeting was conducted for 4 hours.

2.2.2 Teamwork Questionnaire

This research used the questionnaire arranged from

the teamwork components based on the size of the

team, team members’ skills, mutual responsibility as

well as team cohesiveness (Sofo, 2003).

2.3 Procedures

The process of this research was started by initial test

using the teamwork questionnaire to the groups of

high and low physical fitness students. After the test

was given the treatment for eight meetings each week

with two meetings frequency, the application of the

outdoor recreation program was conducted based on

the process of the activities, started from the presence

of the hiking and outbound. After the treatment, then

the final test was conducted, this test was conducted

to find out how the teamwork of the students after

given the treatment.

3 RESULTS

The review on the data processing was for the

normality and homogeneity tests, thus this research is

normal and homogenous. After that, the data

processing was conducted using the variance analysis

(Anava).

The aim of the data testing was to test the presence

of the influence and interaction between the free

variable (the outdoor recreation and physical fitness)

toward the bound variable (teamwork). The

hypothesis test in this research was conducted in the

significance level (α = 0,05), with f

table

of 2,76 and

table

of 3,01. The result of the test can be seen in Table

Table 1: Test result.

Variable

vs A

A vs B

vs A

0,05

Teamwork

0,44

2,76

2,27

2,76

2,15

3,01

0,80

3,01

Based on Table 1, the value of F

= 0,44 was less

than the value of F

= 2,76 therefore, it can be

concluded that there was relatively no significant

difference of hiking and outbound toward the

teamwork of the teenagers.

Further, based on Table 1 the value of F

= 2,27

was less than the value of F

= 2,76, it can be

concluded that there was no interaction between the

outdoor recreation program (hiking and outbound)

and the physical fitness toward the teamwork of the

teenagers.

After the test was conducted by the variance

analysis (Anava), then it was followed by the Post

Hoc Test. The Post Hoc Test was conducted as the

advance test that assessed the presence of significant

difference of the groups. The Post Hoc Test was

conducted by the Turkey Test to compare the hiking

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

and outbound program and the group level of the

physical fitness.

Based on Table 1, the value of Q

count

) = 2,15

was less than the Q

tabel

= 3,01 or, Q

count

< Q

table

at the

significance level of 0,05, therefore it can be

concluded that there was a significant influence

difference between the hiking and outbound program

toward teamwork of the teenagers in the group of high

physical fitness.

Further, still based on the Table 1, the value of

count

) = 0,80 was less than the value of Q

table

3,01 or Q

count

< Q

table

at the significance level of 0,05,

it can be concluded that there is no significant

difference between the hiking and outbound toward

the teamwork of the teenagers in the low physical

fitness group.

4 DISCUSSION

At the beginning, the researcher saw the samples

position, but in reality, hiking and outbound was not

hard to differ and tend to be similar. Therefore, it did

not raise any significant difference between hiking

and outbound toward the teamwork of the teenagers.

Although there is no overall difference in this

research, for the next research, it is expected to look

for other forms of variable to allow the gain of other

research’s information. So that it is expected to

achieve new and more beneficial conclusions in

developing the outdoor recreation field (Thornburg,

2010).

This research revealed that there was no

interaction between the outdoor recreation program

(hiking and outbound) and physical fitness toward the

teamwork of the teenagers, however the outdoor

recreation program with hiking and outbound gave a

positive result to the teamwork, this was caused

because of several factors, the situation of the

students, from the incorrect choice of instruments, the

tired condition of the students while performing the

test, skill difference of each of the student. This is the

one that later affects the results of the research

(Dyment and Potter, 2015).

In the high physical fitness level, there was no

significant difference between the hiking and

outbound program toward the teamwork of the

teenagers in the high physical fitness. This was

because at the time of the sampling of the high and

low physical fitness did not consider the range of the

sampling (Ramsbottom, et al., 2010), where the high

and low physical fitness students were supposed to be

given distance, for instance ten different people in

average physical fitness should be removed,

eliminated in the statistic counting (North and

Brookes, 2017).

The same thing goes to the low physical fitness

which had no significant effect between the hiking

and outbound program to the teamwork of the low

physical fitness teenagers. This is the same with the

high physical fitness since at the time of sampling

between the high and low physical fitness did not

count the range of sampling (Ho, 2014). In which the

high and low physical fitness students were supposed

to be given range, for instance ten different people in

the average physical fitness should be removed,

eliminated in the statistic counting (Balish, et al.,

2016).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the explanation of the data analysis, it can

be concluded that there is no significant difference

between the hiking and outbound program toward the

teamwork of the teenagers. (1) There was no

interaction of the outdoor recreation (hiking and

outbound). (2) There was no significant difference

between the hiking and outbound program toward the

teamwork of the teenagers in high physical fitness

group. (3) there was no significant different between

the hiking and outbound program toward the

teamwork of the teenagers in low physical fitness

group.

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