The Effect of Women Self-Defense of Kopo Ryu on Self-Efficacy and

Self-Control

Firman Septiadi, Berliana Berliana and Mustika Fitri

School of Postgraduate studies, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung, Indonesia

septiadifirman.fs@student.upi.edu

Keywords: Women Self Defense of Kopo ryu, self-efficacy and self-control.

Abstract: This study aims to determine the effect of the Women Self Defense of Kopo ryu against self-efficacy and self-

control. The method used is a method of research experiment. The study design used was Randomized Pretest-

Posttest Control Group Design. The instrument used was a questionnaire of self-efficacy and self-control. The

research location is in Hotel Alam Permai. The population is a participant of Disnakertrans of West Java. The

results obtained are Training Women Self Defense of Kopo Ryu gives positive effect on self-efficacy and

self-control as well as Training the Women Self Defense of Kopo Ryu gives a more positive effect than

conventional training on self-efficacy and self-control.

1 INTRODUCTION

Self-defense is the need of every human being in

living life to be free from threats without fear of

danger. This is reinforced by Maslow (Kaur, 2013)

states that: Safety needs this occupies the second level

of needs. Safety needs are activated after

physiological needs are met. They refer to the need

for a secure working environment free from any

threats or harms. The rationale is that employees

working in an environment free of harm and doing

their jobs without fear of harm.

Martial art is one way of a person to minimize

being a victim of crime. Self-defense instruction has

been defined as preparation for minimizing the

acquisition of a small number of simple, yet effective,

survival skills (Liebling, 2007). The main issues that

will be revealed are a woman's lack of confidence in

her ability to defend herself when there are

disturbances or threats from outside such as rape,

domestic violence, crime in public places and the low

self-control of a woman in reading situations of self

and environment threatening her for later take a

proper course of action. It is based on the results of

interviews with 3 people who are victims of sexual

harassment, domestic violence and crime in public

places.

Basically a woman does not have to fight

frontally, but can use martial arts techniques to give a

sense of shock to criminals with simple but crippling

movements then run away from the villain. In reality

a woman is not convinced of her ability to attend and

execute a criminal when faced with a life-threatening

condition and often she cannot read the situation

when it happens to her. Therefore the importance of

self-efficacy and high self-control so that when faced

with certain condition then a woman can carefully

perform an action. The issue that we often encounter

today is Violence Against Women (KTP). Based on

data collected by Komnas Perempuan throughout

2009 until January 2010, the number of victims of

violence against women reached 143,585 victims and

the annual report of Komnas Perempuan in 2016

occurred 2399 cases of sexual harassment increased

from year to year done by men. Basically adult

women need martial arts that are more practical and

simple to apply when evil is confronted to him. A

study by Liebling in 2007 entitled "Effects of a Self-

Defense Training Program on Women's Fear of

Crime, Avoidant Behavior, Self-Efficacy, and

General Anxiety" with the result that "Results of a

series of splitplot analyzes of variance and follow-up

t-tests revealed that self-defense training led to

areduction in the fear of crime (both personal and

property) and an increase in self-defense self-efficacy

"(Liebling, 2007). Based on the results of research

conducted by Liebling, it is seen that the training of

martial arts for women can affect one's self efficacy.

Researchers see the weakness of this research is a

narrow time research that is for 1x4 hours with 4

variables studied. This will have an impact on the

Septiadi, F., Berliana, B. and Fitri, M.

The Effect of Women Self-Defense of Kopo Ryu on Self-Efﬁcacy and Self-Control.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 95-99

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

focus of the study under study, thereby reducing the

concentration for a variable with limited time of

research. Women Self Defense of Kopo Ryu

(WSDK), formerly known as Women Self Defense of

Kushin Ryu, is a special martial training organization

for women founded by Sofyan Hambally in 2006.

WSDK development in addition to addressing the

problems experienced by women through Practical

martial arts techniques using limbs as weapons such

as hands, elbows, feet, knees, head and hips and using

simple media such as credit cards / ATMs, ballpoint /

pencils, lipsticks, umbrellas, combs, keys and bags,

WSDK training also teaches a woman to change the

mind set in order to have high self-efficacy. Based on

this, the researcher wants to see that whether WSDK

training can affect the self-efficacy of a woman. This

is in line with research conducted by Kimberly A.

Ball entitled "The Effects of a Self-Defense Course

on College Women's Self-Efficacy, Hope, And Fear"

which resulted in "the women in self-defense and

karate courses increased their self-defense, self-

efficacy and reduced their fear (Halbert, 2007). This

reinforces the results of research conducted by

Liebling that martial training for women can improve

self-efficacy.

Self-efficacy, a component of social cognitive

theory, is defined as an individual’s judgment

regarding his/her abilities to perform certain

behaviors (Warziski, Sereika, Styn, Music, and

Burke, 2008). Therefore one needs to know one's own

ability to perform certain behaviors. This is in line

with the statement of Rooted in Social Cognitive

Theory, self-efficacy corresponding to a person's

confidence in their ability to perform a health

behavior (Dominick, Dunsiger, Pekmezi, and

Marcus, 2013). Self-efficacy greatly affects a person's

behavior, as Rottman puts it: "According to social

cognitive theory perceived self-efficacy strongly

influenced behavior and is positively associated with

adjustment (Rottmann, Dalton, Christensen,

Frederiksen, and Johansen, 2010). Another important

part of the impact of martial arts is self-control. Keep

in mind that self-control is a part that must be

mastered by someone to be able to adjust to an event

in a particular environment. Henschel points out that

"Self-control is defined as the ability of an individual

to control his own thoughts, impulses, urges, and

wishes (Henschel, de Bruin, and Möhler, 2014). This

self-control process explains how the self (self)

controls the behavior in living life according to the

individual's ability to control behavior. If the

individual is able to control his behavior well then it

can lead a good life. Baumeister and Tierney reveal

that "Self-control is the ability of people to control

their own behavior in relative autonomy from

external pressures, from their innate or learn

automatisms, and physiological impulses" (Necka,

2015). Based on this, that between self-control and

self efficacy are related to each other, it is expressed

by Hankonen "As a consequence, high self-efficacy

self-controlor harbor stronger self-efficacy, expect

healthy behaviors to have more positive and less

negative outcomes, and more readily be aware of and

potential health risks "(Hankonen, Kinnunen, Absetz,

and Jallinoja, 2014). "Individuals with low self-

control get a kick out of doing something dangerous,

like new exciting things, even breaking rules, and

prefer exciting and unpredictable friends" (Rebecca

D. Forkner 2005, p. 4). Based on these statements

then someone who has high self-control may have a

strong self efficacy.

Based on the above exposure then through the

WSDK training expected self efficacy and self-

control women participants training can be increased

significantly so that when a woman faced with a

condition that threatens herself, the woman has

confidence in his ability and have a way to read the

situation themselves and the environment. Specific

objectives of this research are; 1). To know the effect

of training Self Self Defense Of Kopo Ryu on self

efficacy; 2) .to know the effect of training Self Self

Defense Of Kopo Ryu on self control; 3). To know

the difference in effect between training Self Self

Defense Of Kopo Ryu with conventional training on

self efficacy; 4). to know the difference in influence

between training Self Self Defense Of Kopo Ryu with

conventional training on self control.

2 METHODS

In this study, researchers used experimental methods

to determine the effect of the treatment to be

administered. The treatment provided is the Women

Self Defense of Kopo ryu training program.

2.1 Research Design

In this research, the research design used is The

Randomize Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design.

This design involves two groups studied for

experimental groups and control groups. Both groups

are measured or observed twice, ie at the time of

pretest and posttest. The experimental group was

given treatment of Women Self Defense of Kopo ryu

training program, while the control group did the

conventional training (non-program) training.

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

2.2 Sample

Based on the aboveexplanation, then the samplingis

using sampling saturation or total sampling. The

sample in this study amounted to 30 women who

follow DISNAKETRANS West Java through the

annual program WomenSelf Defense of Kopo-Ryu.

Women Self Defense of Kopo-Ryu.

2.3 Instrument

2.3.1 Questionnaire of Self Efficacy

The self-efficacy instrument is based on 5 self-

efficacy indicators presented by Liebling (2006). As

the way of scoring, it is using Rating Scale with 5-

choice answer. The answer is 1 (not skilled at all), 2

(unskilled), 3 (sometimes), 4 (skilled), 5 (highly

skilled). The five alternative answers are one form of

Rating Scale is a numerical scale (quantitative). The

instrument is tested first to test the validity of using

Pearson Product Moment and its reliability using

Cronbach alpha through SPSS version 23 program

with significance level of 0.05 to 30 respondents. So

from 40 items statement there is 22 valid items, and

has a level of reliability of 0.785.

2.3.2 Questionnaire of Self Control

The self-control instrument is based on the 5 self-

control indicators that Tagney (2004) proposes. As

for the way of scoring using Likert scale with five

choices of answers. The answer is S (agree), S

(agree), K (sometimes), TS (disagree) and STS

(strongly disagree). Instruments are tested first to test

the validity of using Pearson Product Moment and its

reliability using Cronbach alpha via SPSS program

version 23 with a significance level of 0.05 to 30

respondents. So from 40 items a statement there are

26 valid items, and has a reliability level of 0.813.

2.4 Program

A 2x4 hour study refers from a Liebling study entitled

"Effects of a Self-Defense Training Program on

Women's Fear of Crime, Avoidant Behavior, Self-

Efficacy, and General Anxiety" for 1x4 hours.

Researchers believe that if the study is done more

than 1x4 hours it will have a more significant impact

on the variables studied.

3 RESULTS

The self-efficacy and self-control data were obtained

through two tests using self-efficacy self-assessment

instrument based on self-efficacy indicator proposed

by Liebling (2006) and self-control was developed

based on self-control indicator proposed by Tagney

(2004). The following are the measurement results in

the table below:

Table 1: Data description of self-efficacy and self-control.

Table 2: Average score of self efficacy in experimental and

control group.

Group

Self-Efficacy

Average

Pre-test

Average

Post-

test

Average

Gain

Experimental (Training

Women Self Defense Of

Kopo Ryu)

63,00

92,73

29,73

Control (Training

Conventional)

64,73

84,87

20,14

Table 3: Average score of self-control in experimental and

control group.

Group

Self-Control

Average

Pretest

Average

Posttest

Average

Gain

Experimental (Training

Women Self Defense Of

Kopo Ryu)

102,67

112,07

9,40

Control (Training

Conventional)

101,80

108,73

6,93

3.1 Hypothesis Testing

 The probability value (Sig.) 0.000 <0,05 then

H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that

Self Self Defense Training Of Kopo Ryu have

positive effect on self efficacy.

 The probability value (Sig.) 0.000 <0,05 then

H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that

Self Self Defense Training Of Kopo Ryu have

positive effect on self control.

Group

Pre-test

Post-test

Average

Std.

Deviation

Average

Std.

Deviation

self-efficacy

(experiment)

63,00

11,38

92,73

1,28

self-control

(experiment)

102,67

2,41

112,07

2,37

self-efficacy

(control)

64,73

9,09

84,87

1,51

self-control

(control)

101,80

2,86

108,73

2,05

The Effect of Women Self-Defense of Kopo Ryu on Self-Efﬁcacy and Self-Control

 Given the probability value (Sig.) 0.018 <0.05

then H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded

that Self Self Defense Training Of Kopo Ryu

has more positive effect than Conventional

Training on self efficacy.

 Given probability value (Sig.) 0.025 <0.05 then

H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that

Self Defense Self-Defense Training of Kopo

Ryu has more positive effect than Conventional

Training on self control.

4 DISCUSSION

Researchers found several types of training materials

that are believed to improve the self-efficacy of

trainees. The training materials that can improve the

self-efficacy of the participants start in the first 3

hours, namely the material mind setting, 4P martial

arts and motivation. This is the formation of the

trainees mindset to be able to believe in their own

ability through positive suggestions made

consciously to become a positive habit undertaken

under the conscious. Based on this, the trainees are

required to calm themselves to then concentrate so

that suggestions made can have a positive effect on

himself. The other training activities that can improve

the self-efficacy of the training participants, namely

on all materials of self-defense practice. In this

material the participants are taught simple training

techniques to perform defenses, assaults, fractures

and even dings against something that threatens his

comfort. The trainees are faced with the example of a

crime case and then doing the martial arts according

to the threats that occur to them. This is done

repeatedly with the aim of the trainee confident of his

or her own ability and automatically without thinking

when going to self-defense or resistance to something

that threatens him / her. The next training material

that can improve the self efficacy of the trainees is the

WSDK gymnastic material. In this material the

trainees do martial arts moves accompanied by music.

It aims to increase the trainee's confidence in his own

ability that he is able to do a martial art calmly.

Because tranquility is one of the important keys of a

person when going to do something through good

judgment.

Researchers found that the dominant training

materials were able to improve the self-control of the

trainees. The material is all martial practice materials

in WSDK training program especially when the

trainee is faced with the example of a crime case.

When trainees are faced with a case of crime,

participants are required to read their own situation

and environment, in order to avoid mistakes in doing

an action. This is one part of the 4P concept, which is

prediction. Based on the situation, reading the

situation is an important part in controlling behavior

that suits both yourself and others.

The researcher found the first material in the

training of Self Self Defense of Kopo ryu, participants

first received the material of mind setting and 4P

concept. In this material emphasize on the formation

of mindset and self-defense concept of trainees so that

they from the beginning have been formed correctly

the mindset and have understood the concept of self-

defense that raises a positive self-efficacy. This is

shown in the next material that is with the ability of

participants to do a martial defense when faced with

an example of a crime case. In contrast to

conventional training, the first material participants

directly conduct random martial exercises through the

movements instructed by the coach in the exercise, so

that when the participants are faced with the example

of a crime case participants must choose what the first

movement should be done and based on the

observations of researchers it is necessary to repeat at

least 3 times in the martial arts so that the trainees

issue their beladir movement completely without

reducing the basic techniques in the WSDK, as the

participants in this case have doubts when performing

the appropriate martial art.

Researchers found the most dominant difference

seen when the material on the practice of self-defense

practice. The experimental group (WSDK Training)

when faced with a case of crime, they are quicker to

read the situation of themselves and their

environment and then do what is appropriate when

they are threatened so as not to harm themselves. This

happens because before the material of self-defense

practice, experimental groups have been presented

about the correct concept of martial arts as well as the

formation of the right mindset when faced with a

threat of evil. Unlike the control group (conventional

training), they are slower to read their own situation

and environment when faced with a case of crime.

This happens because the control group in the training

process starts with practical practice materials.

Though reading the situation and the environment

then to take appropriate action in completing an event

that confronted is an integral part in self-control of

one's self.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Some conclusions that are in line with the subject of

research questions as has been presented in chapter 1

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

is that the Self-Defense Training of Kopo ryu has a

positive effect on self-efficacy seen dominant in the

material mind setting as it shapes the mindset of

participants to be able to believe in their own ability

through positive suggestion done consciously in order

to become a positive habits performed in the

subconscious, Training Self Defense Of Kopo ryu

also positively affect the self-control that looks

dominant in martial practice material and Training

Self Defense Of Kopo ryu more positively positive

than Training Conventional to self-efficacy and self-

dominance are most visible when faced with an

example of a crime case, the experimental group can

directly conduct a martial action, but the control

group needs to repeat 1 to 3 times to perform an

action.

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The Effect of Women Self-Defense of Kopo Ryu on Self-Efﬁcacy and Self-Control