Relationship of Intellectual Property and the Basic Movement Ability

in Elementary School Students

Rama Ebzan Putra, Dian Budiana and Carsiwan Carsiwan

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung, Indonesia

ebzanputra14@gmail.com, dianbudiana@upi.edu

Keywords: Intellectual Intelligence, Basic Movement Ability, Elementary School Students.

Abstract: Physical education is not only required to develop psychomotor aspects, but physical education must be able

to develop the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of a learner. One of the materials in physical

education is basic movement. In fact, this is the main material that should be developed by physical

education in elementary schools. Because physical education should be able to develop human as a whole,

then in the development of basic movement abilities are not only psychomotor aspects that must be

considered but two other aspects of cognitive and affective must also be considered. The purpose of this

research is to find out how much the relationship between intellectual intelligence with basic motion

capabilities. This research is motivated by the interest of researchers to know that in physical education,

especially learning basic movement abilities require not only the psychomotor aspect alone, but there is

another determinant factor that is cognitive aspect. The research method used in this research is quantitative

correlational descriptive method. The population and sample in this study were students of grade 3-B SD

Labschool UPI which amounted to 29 people, it was obtained through technique of non-probability

sampling with saturated sampling type. The instrument used as a measuring instrument for collecting data is

the application of neuronation and TGMD-2. The data have been analyzed and processed through statistical

software SPSS 20 for windows. Based on the results of the processing data, it was found that the

relationship of intellectual intelligence with basic motion capability of 0.063 means the level of relationship

is very low. It is also known that intellectual intelligence contributes 0.4% to basic movement ability while

the rest is influenced by other factors.

1 INTRODUCTION

Physical education is one of the subjects in every

school. Physical education aims to educate students

through physical activity (Bailey et al., 2009).

Nurjaya and Mulyana (2016) reveal that "Physical

education is an educational process that deals with

efforts to develop all student’s potential". While the

meaning of education itself according to Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) is "A learning

process for every individual to achieve higher

knowledge and understanding about certain and

specific objects". Formally acquired knowledge that

results in each individual that has a mind-set,

behaviour and morals in accordance with the

education obtained.

Intellectual intelligence is commonly called

intelligence. The term was first popularized by

Francis Galton, a leading English scientist and

mathematician. Intelligence as the general capacity

of the individual appears in the individual's ability to

face the demands of life rationally (Engle, 1999).

According to Galon (in Swandhana, 2015)

intelligence is "the cognitive ability that organisms

possess to adapt effectively to complex and ever-

changing environments and influenced by genetic

factors."

The learning of movement in physical education

cannot be separated by the cognitive abilities of the

students, because in every process of learning the

motion in physical education requires the processing

of information received and stored in the student's

memory, which is essentially included to the

cognitive ability, Riyadi said (2011)

The process of mastering movement skills, not apart

from the mastery and processing of information

received during the learning process by learners.

Information received during the learning of motion

will be stored in the information storage system,

which consists of sensory memory, short term

248

Putra, S., Budiana, D. and Carsiwan, C.

Relationship of Intellectual Property and the Basic Movement Ability in Elementary School Students.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 248-252

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

memory, and long term memory. To generate a

feedback or response from a stimulus (information)

that is present in the learning process of motion, it

takes several stages of information processing

including stimulus identification, response selection

and response programming as action. (p.11)

The essence of education is not only to develop one

aspect of human, but all the aspects that exist in

human beings, the education is briefly aimed to

humanize humans or help humans find their identity

as human beings. Since physical education is one of

education, physical education not only develops one

or more aspects, but the three aspects developed in

physical education are cognitive, affective and

psychomotor. Therefore, in physical education these

three aspects are needed to support successful

students in undergoing physical education process.

But in reality some societies think that physical

education requires only psychomotor skills, or the

society usually assumes that physical education is

just a sport done at school.

Based on the problem, the researcher who is a

physical education student feels the need to examine

that physical education is not only using the ability

of muscle or psychomotor ability, but physical

education requires cognitive ability also to support

the process of physical education. To prove it, the

researcher conducted a research entitled "Intellectual

Intelligence Relationship with Basic Movement

Ability on Elementary School Students".

2 METHODS

The research method used in this research is

descriptive correlational method by using

quantitative approach, which means this study is

trying to describe the relationship between

intellectual intelligence with long service learning

outcomes in badminton. According to Sudjana and

Ibrahim (2007), merriam (1998), descriptive

research is "a study that attempts to describe a

phenomenon, event, event occurring in the present

moment". This approach is used to test the

predefined hypothesis. Sugiyono (2010) explains

that:

Quantitative research methods can be interpreted

as a research method based on philosophy

positivism, used to examine the population or a

particular sample, sampling techniques are generally

done randomly, data collection using research

instruments, quantitative / statistical data analysis

with the aim to test the hypothesis has been

established. Correlation study is a research that is

studying the presence or absence of relationship

between variables one with other variables (Riley,

2007). This is in line with what Sudjana and Ibrahim

(2007) explain about the notion of correlational

research methods, "correlation studies studying the

relationship of two or more variables, i.e. the extent

to which variations in one variable relate to variation

in other variables”.

2.1 Intelligence Test

The intelligence test is a test used to measure one's

intelligence level (Cattel, 1940). The intelligence

test used by researchers is the application software

contained in the android smartphone that is

Neuronation. Neuronation is an application

published by Freie University Berlin and also in

cooperation with other universities.

2.2 Basic Motion Skills Test

The basic motion capability test used by researchers

is a second edition of Test of Gross Motor Skill

(TGMD) compiled by Ulrich, DA of the School of

Kinesiology University of Michigan in 2000.

TGMD-2 is a test used to measure roughness since

early age.

3 RESULTS

Table 1: description of intellectual intelligence test results

data (mean, standard deviation, highest and lowest score).

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Std.

Deviation

Intellectual Intelligence

1019

410,10

243,926

Basic Movement

69,90

10,157

Valid N (listwise)

Based on table 1 it can be concluded that the

intellectual intelligence test results have the lowest

value = 57, the highest value = 1019, average =

410.1 and standard deviation = 243,926. While the

result of basic motion ability has the lowest value =

46, the highest value = 88, average 69,9 and

standard deviation = 10,157. After the description of

data from each variable then the next step is the

normality test of each variable.

Relationship of Intellectual Property and the Basic Movement Ability in Elementary School Students

249

Table 2: Result of Test of Normality Using Kolmogorov

Smirnov dan Shapiro-Wilk.

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-

Smirnov

Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic

Sig.

Statistic

Sig.

Basic Movement

,159

,058

,961

,350

Intellectual Intelligence

,154

,076

,937

,083

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Based on the above table it can be seen that the

significance value of basic movement test on

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test = 0,058 and at Shapiro-

Wilk test = 0,350. As for the significance value of

the intellectual intelligence test on the Kolmogorov-

Smirnov test = 0.076 while in the Shapiro-Wilk test

= 0.083. Based on the normality test it can be

concluded that the data from basic movement test

and intellectual intelligence test are normally

distributed because all significance value> (α) =

0,05.

Based on the above table it can be concluded that

the value of correlation coefficient between

intellectual intelligence and basic movement ability

= 0.063. This means that the correlation between

intellectual intelligence and basic movement ability

has a very low level of relationship. While the

positive value contained in the correlation

coefficient shows that the greater the intellectual

intelligence the greater the value of basic movement

abilities.

After the correlation test, then the next stage is

hypothesis test. As the authors have mentioned

before that the test of this hypothesis is done to test

whether the hypothesis that the researchers

submitted accepted or not. In addition, this

hypothesis test is also done to see the relationship

between two significant variables or not, here are the

stages.

3.1 Determining the Hypothesis

 H0: There is no significant relationship

between intellectual intelligence and basic

movement skills;

 Ha: There is a significant relationship between

intellectual intelligence and basic movement

skills.

3.2 Determining the Basis of Decision

Making

If the probability value is> 0.05, then H0 is

accepted. If the probability value <0.05, then H0 is

rejected.

3.3 Make a Conclusion

From result of correlation analysis at table 4.6 got

probability value = 0,747. So based on it because the

value of probability or significance value> 0.05 then

the conclusion H0 accepted or means there is no

significant relationship between intellectual

intelligence with basic movement abilities.

3.4 Determinant Test

Determinant test is done to know the size of the

contribution of variable X to variable Y. Especially

for this determinant test the authors do not use SPSS

application but the authors calculate it manually by

using the formula as follows:

KP = r2 x 100%

(1)

Notes:

KP : Determinant Coefficient Score

r : Correlation Coefficient Score

After the calculation to determine the value of

the coefficient determinant then obtained a result of

0.4% which means that intellectual intelligence

contributes to basic movement of 0.4% and the

remaining 99.6% influenced by other factors.

4 DISCUSSION

As the authors previously described that the purpose

of this research is to determine whether or not there

is a relationship between intellectual intelligence

with basic movement capabilities. Based on the

processing and the results of data analysis the

researchers found some inventions. For the greatest

score of the intellectual intelligence test is 1019 and

the lowest score is 57 with an average value of 410.

While for the largest score of basic movement

capability is 88 while the lowest score is 46 with an

average value of 70. In addition, the authors also

found that after conducted processing and data

analysis to determine whether or not there is a

relationship between intellectual intelligence with

basic movement capability in students of UPI Class

3 Pilot Laboratory then it can be concluded that

there is no significant correlation between level of

intellectual intelligence with basic movement ability.

This is due to the low correlation coefficient

value is 0.063 which means the relationship between

intellectual intelligence and basic movement ability

is very low, when the relationship between two or

more variables is said to be very low or low then the

automatic relationship between the two variables is

ICSSHPE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education

250

not significant it is marked with the value of

probability from result of correlation analysis using

application of SPSS = 0,747, this probability value

higher than with α which is determined that is = 0,05

meaning there is no significant relation between

intellectual intelligence with basic movement ability.

This means that the hypothesis proposed by the

author is rejected. This may be due to the

insufficiency of the students being sampled during

the test, especially the basic movement ability tests

so that the demonstrated abilities of the test results

may not match the actual capabilities, other than that

the lack of accuracy and competence of the author in

terms of testing the ability of basic movement can be

a factor which results in inaccurate results of basic

motility tests, or indeed in basic movement ability,

the psychological aspect, especially intellectual

intelligence, is not a very influential factor in

supporting basic movement skills well.

In addition, based on data analysis in this study,

intellectual intelligence contributes only 0.4% and

the rest is 99.6% influenced by other factors. This

proves that intellectual intelligence does not greatly

contribute to basic movement skills. The discussion

on the influence of intellectual intelligence on one's

performance is expressed by Goleman (2007), he

says that "Intellectual intelligence accounts for only

20 percent in performance improvement, while 80

percent is influenced by other factors." This proves

that intellectual intelligence provides the effect that

is not too large on a performance in general.

Because that is meant to be a general performance it

can also be equated with basic movement ability,

that intellectual intelligence has little effect on basic

movement ability (Mikolajczak, 1940).

The same thing is expressed by Dakir (1977) that

"People will never achieve success in any field

unless they like the field. So to optimize the

intellectual intelligence commonly called

accelerated learning, cannot be achieved without the

help of positive emotional activity. "This means that

intellectual intelligence is not only the only

determinant in one's success, but there is another

psychological factor that determines one's success in

one way. This may also apply to one's success in

mastering basic movement ability, that intellectual

intelligence is not a major determinant of good or

bad movement ability. In addition, research

conducted by Muhaimin S. Si conducted in 2015 on

the analysis of the relationship of intellectual

intelligence with playing skills in badminton.

Muhaimin (2015) proves that intellectual

intelligence affects only 10.8% of badminton

playing skills and 89.2% is influenced by other

factors. In line with Muhaimin, another study

conducted by Maryadi in 2015 on the analysis of

intellectual intelligence relationship with the success

of penalty kicks in the game of football. Maryadi

(2015) concludes from her research that there is no

significant relationship between the level of

intellectual intelligence and the success of penalty

kicks in soccer games. It can also be a supporter that

intellectual intelligence does not exert too much

influence on ability, in this case more specifically to

one's psychomotor skills.

When viewed from the side of pedagogy, based

on facts in the field that the authors see, that the

learning of physical education in the primary

laboratory of UPI Laboratory dominantly focuses on

one aspect only the development of psychomotor

aspects of students, in addition the way of teaching

physical education teachers at the time of the

learning process is still teacher centre and lack of

opportunities for students to explore themselves. So

based on the fact this field can be concluded that the

learning of physical education in the Labschool UPI

has not maximally developed the three aspects that

should be developed in physical education, so the

authors assume this is one cause of very low

intellectual intelligence relationship with basic

movement skills in elementary students of

Labschool UPI class 3-B.

5 CONCLUSIONS

After conducting a series of stages ranging from the

collecting of theory, researching, data collecting and

data analyzing hence obtained results that can

answer the formulation of problems that have been

formulated that there is no significant relationship

between intellectual intelligence with basic

movement skills in elementary students of

Labschool UPI Class 3-B academic year 2016/2017

and the great relationship between intellectual

intelligence with basic movement ability is 0.063 or

means the relationship between intellectual

intelligence and basic movement skills in elementary

students of Labschool UPI Class 3-B is very low.

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