self confidence is still limited, unless the study
conducted by Vealey and Knight (2002), Hidayat
and Sukadiyanto (2012), and Frischknecht et al.
(2016). In addition, this measurement was limitly
performed to adult-elite athletes and unspecific sport
branch. To that point, it is a strategic need to
develop instrument that measures beginner child-
athletes’ level of self confidence in certain sport,
including badminton. It is based on two main
considerations; first, the relevance between
instrument which developed with the phases of
subject cognition ability, both in language or used
format (Whaley, 2007) and the existence of
children’s skill limitation in understanding
terminologies and concept used in instrument for
adults. As a result, a valid and reliable instrument for
adults or adult-elite athletes will not be valid and
reliable for beginner child-athletes (Stadulist et al.,
2002).
In accordance with the main ideas of the
discussion above, therefore this pilot study is based
on the aim to arrange and develop self-confidence
scale (SCS) for beginner child-athletes in
badminton. Not only owing the fact of the two
reasons above, but also this SCS arrangement and
development is based on beliefs and empiric
evidences that self-confidence as a psychological
parameter covaried with other psychological
parameters in relation to the improvement of study
and performance (Hidayat and Budiman, 2014).
2 METHODS
2.1 Subject
The total of subjects was 304 people, with the ages
of 10 to 12 years old (M
age
=11.24; SD
years
=2.8)
consisting of subjects for limited trial and language
compatibility (N = 26 people) and 278 people for
empirical estimation (M
age
=11.25, SD
years
=1.8)
consisting of 123 female beginner child-athletes
(M
age
= 11.22, SD
years
= 1.4) and 155 male beginner
child-athletes (M
age
= 11.32, SD
years
= 1.6) came
from 21 badminton clubs/schools spread in 14
Cities/Regencies in West Java. The subjects were
selected and determined using purposive sampling
technique (Johnshon and Christensen, 2012) in
accordance with inclusive criteria of male and
female beginner child-athletes, with the ages of 10
to 12 years old, registered and actively engaged in
the badminton club’s or school’s exercises in West
Java and actively participated in the exercise within
1 to 2 years.
2.2 Procedure
Determining measured domain area. The developed
SCS referred to the conceptual model of self
confidence in sport which was proposed by Vealey
and Chase (2008) and pilot study of Hidayat and
Sukadiyanto (2012), built by three kinds of self-
confidence (dimension); CE-D, PST-D, and R-D.
CE-D consisted of the indicator of attentional focus
(AF-I), making the right decision (MRD-I), and
managing mind to achieve success (MMAS-I). PST-
D consisted of the indicator of mastering physical
ability (MPA-I) and mastering technique
skills(MTS-I). While R-D related to the level of
athletes’ beliefs in their abilities to stay focus /
focusing (F-I), correcting errors after unsatisfied
performances (CE-I), being able to overcome doubts
(OD-I) and being able to display best performance
(DBP-I).
Item Recording. The total of developed items
were 48 items from three dimensions and eight
indicators. CE-D consisted of three indicators (18
items), PST-D consisted of two indicators (12
items), and R-D consisted of three indicators (18
items). SCS items were recorded in the form of
declarative statement format which displayed
subjects’ feeling condition after exercising within
certain period of time. The format of the response
was displayed in the form of alternative choices of
given answers, that is (A) = Agree, (E) = Abstain,
and (DA) = Disagree. Score of each motion answer
was from1 to 3. While scoring for favorable items
was 3 score for ‘Agree,’ 2 score for ‘Abstain,’ and 1
score for ‘Disagree,’ and it went conversely for
unfavorable items. The higher the score achieved by
the subject in each item was, the higher self
confidence that the subject had, vice versa.
Item Analysis. Item Analysis was done through the
phases of: (1) the analysis toward the result data of
limited trial (26 beginner athletes), (2) the analysis
of language validation by three Bahasa panel expert
judges (PEJ), (3) the analysis of content validation
by five PEJ and (4) the analysis of empirical
validation toward 278 badminton beginner athletes
with the age of 10 to 12 years old (123 female
beginner athletes and 155 male beginner athletes)
came from came from 21 badminton clubs/schools
spread in 14 Cities/Regencies in West Java.
2.3 Second Section
The result data of limited trial (N = 26) and language
validation test were analysed by using percentage
descriptive analysis technique, content validity was
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Self-Confidence Scale among Beginner Badminton Child-Athletes - A Pilot Study