Gricean Cooperative Principles Infringement in Hebephrenic

Schizofrenia Patients

Dindadari Arum Jati, Muhammad Umar Muslim, and Uti Aryanti

Linguistics Departement, Faculty of Humanity, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

dindadari.daj@gmail.com

Keywords: Hebephrenic schizophrenia, maxim infringement, Grice cooperative principles.

Abstract: This research observes how hebephrenic schizophrenia patients conduct a communication toward others. This

research used cooperative principles theory (Grice, 1975), which consist of four maxims: the maxim of

quality, quantity, relation, and manner. Moreover, this research also observed the type of the infringement of

cooperative principles. The data were collected thorugh interviewing six hebephrenic schizophrenia patients

(three acute phase patients and three quiet phase patients). The audio recorded was transcribed and analyzed

based on the cooperative principles theory from Grice. The findings of the research shows that acute phase

hebephrenic schizophrenia patients committed more infringement toward cooperative principles than quiet

phase hebephrenic schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, the most infringed maxim is maxim of relation which

reaches up to 57 times occurrences in acute phase and 23 times occurrences in quiet phase.

1 INTRODUCTION

Schizophrenia is cognition disorder which causes

excessive suspicion, delusion and hallucination

which has impact in patients’ utterance coherency

(Boyle 2002). In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders (2000), Schizophrenia is divided

into five types. Those five types are catatonic,

paranoid, hebephrenic, residual, and unspecified. In

addition, schizophrenics are divided into four phases,

namely prodromal phase, acute phase, quiet phase,

and recovery phase. Among schizophrenia types,

hebephrenic type is a type which shows disruptions

of discourse planning. In Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) mentioned that

people with hebephrenic schizophrenia has a

prominent linguistic features, namely irregular

speech (disorganized speech), uncertain talks

(rambling) and incoherent sentences, and reiterated

phrases.

Researches about discourse incoherence which is

produced by the hebephrenic schizophrenia have

been done in Europe, those are by Barch and

Berenbaum (1996, 1997) and Berenbaum, Kerns,

Vernon and Gomes (2008). However, the same

research has not been done in Indonesia. In addition

there has been no research which use comparison of

schizophrenia patients’ phase as a determinant

variable. There is research that has been done by Aini

in 2015 about schizophrenic speech (all types and

without age limit). The results of the study shows that

speeches and writings made by informants are far

from perfect sentences. Informants are also unable to

form a unified discourse. This is reflected in the

absence of markers of cohesion and coherence.

However, because the criteria of informants are less

specific and not all informants are schizophrenic with

the same type, then the results of the research cannot

be used as a general benchmark. In addition, there is

also a case study research of schizophrenic patient

conducted by Nugroho in 2014 that analyzed Tony

Blank's speech based on the cooperative principle

from Grice. From the research it can be seen that

Tony Blank violated the maxim of quantity the most.

This research is well targeted because it examines the

unfamiliarity of speech by using the theory of Grice,

but because the informant used as the data source is

only one, so it cannot be used as a main benchmark in

researching the unfamiliarity of schizophrenic speech

in Indonesia. From several studies that have been

done above, researcher took the initiative to examine

patients with schizophrenia by considering some

aspects that were not included in previous researches.

The aspect is the number of patients who are not just

one (case study), but six patients by giving a

restriction of the patient's criteria based on the type

and phase that the patient is suffering from. This

research uses the Cooperative Principles theory of

Jati, D., Muslim, M. and Aryanti, U.

Gricean Cooperative Principles Infringement in Hebephrenic Schizofrenia Patients.

DOI: 10.5220/0007162700980103

In Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Applied Linguistics and the Second English Language Teaching and Technology Conference in collaboration with the First International Conference

on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (CONAPLIN and ICOLLITE 2017) - Literacy, Culture, and Technology in Language Pedagogy and Use, pages 98-103

ISBN: 978-989-758-332-2

Grice as a tool to analyze data. Thus, this study will

identify and classify what maxims are violated the

most by hebephrenic schizophrenia both in the acute

and quiet phase.

The process of collecting data is done by

interviewing one by one informants naturally by

hiding the recorder to make the conversation seem

less artificial. The researcher used a cross-sectional

approach for data retrieval. Cross-sectional technique

was performed in this study by taking data from six

hebephrenic schizophrenia patients. Six patients are

divided into two phases, namely the acute phase and

the quiet phase. In addition, the six patients

interviewed were six different patients. Thus, data

collection is done at the same time to save the time

spent, so that is why data collection technique

conducted in this study is cross-sectional.

After interviewing the informants, the researcher

transcribed and sorted them by its phase. After the

data were separated, the researcher began analyzing

the infringement of the maxims and the type of

violation that occurred in both phase. After all data is

analyzed, calculations are performed for each phase

of quiet and acute phase. After getting the number of

maxims infringe from each phase, the researcher will

compare the results and make a conclusion from the

comparison of the error number obtained.

2 METHODS

This study requires the frequency of occurrence of

speech irregularity which is reflected in the maxims

infringement produced. Therefore, the main method

used in this study is a qualitative method that is

supported by the data quantification to support the

depth of explanation that can be taken from data that

has been analyzed. In line with Creswell (2013, pp.

215), the mixed method will provide a stronger

understanding of the problem or question.

Researchers sort out the informants in the acute

and the quiet phase based on the criteria that have

been determined by the mental hospital. The

informants were six persons with details of three

acute phase patients (Ro, In, Yo) and three quiet

phase patients (Si, To, Da).

For retrieving the data, researchers prepare five

mandatory questions and some free questions. The

data is recorded using a recorder. The recording

procedure requires the licensing of the doctor in

charge at the mental hospital. Since this research is a

cross-sectional study, the researcher took the data in

the acute and quiet phase at nearly the same time.

The data obtained through the recording is

transcribed. Transcription is done by listening the

recording that has been obtained and write it in a

Microsoft word file with the provision of transcript as

Cutting put forward in his book Pragmatics and

Discourse (2008).

The concept used to analyze data is the concept of

cooperative principles summarized in four maxims

from Grice. The four maxims are:

1. The maxim of quality is the maxim which

expecting the speaker to say the truth, to say

what they feel which is correlated with the

reality.

2. The maxim of quantity is the maxim which

expecting the speaker to say something

informative but not excessive.

3. The maxim of relation is a maxim which

expecting the speaker to say something relevant

from the previous speech.

4. The maxim of manner is the maxim which

expecting the speaker to say something

clearly and unambiguously.

3 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Total Findings

From 20 minutes interview transcripts to six

informants, this research found 124 total

infringements, both from the quiet phase and the

acute phase. The breakdowns were 70 findings from

maxim of relation violations, 41 findings from maxim

of quantity violations, 8 findings of maxim of manner

violations, and 5 findings on maxim of quality

violations. In other words, the most infringed maxim

is the maxim of the relation 70 times out of 124 total

occurrences. The second violation is a maxim of

quantity which reach 41 times, then the third is a

maxim of manner and the last is the maxim of quality

that appears 5 times out of 124 total occurrences.

Table 1: Total Maxim Infringement.

total occurrences

Relation

Quantity

Quality

Manner

total

124

Gricean Cooperative Principles Infringement in Hebephrenic Schizofrenia Patients

3.2 Maxim Infringement Comparison

Acute and Quiet Phase

Table 2: Both Phases Maxim Infringement.

From the results of the analysis that has been done

by researcher, cooperative principles maxim which is

infringed the most is the maxim of relations that

reached 49 times of 84 total occurrence of acute

phase. The details each is broken down to 19 maxim

of relation infringement maxim by Ro, 15 by In, and

16 infringement by Yo. In addition, there are 21 times

out of 40 total occurrences of the quiet phase. Ta and

Da were doing each of them 8 maxim of relation

violations, and Si committing 5 violations, with total

occurrences (acute and acute phase) maxim of

relation violations 70 times.

The second maxim which is infringed the most is

maxim of quantity by acute phase is 31 times (Ro 8

times, In 12 times, and Yo 9 times infringement) and

maxim of manner by quiet phase occurs 8 times (Ta

commits 4 violations, Da 4 violations and Si does not

commit maxim of manner violation). In the acute

phase, the maxim of manner violation is not found at

all, whereas for the occurrence of maxim of quantity

violation by quiet phase only reaches 8 times (Ta

commits 2 violations, Si commits 6 violations and Da

does not commit maxim of quantity violation at all).

the maxims that are least violated by both phases are

the maxim of quality and the maxim of manner, while

the acute phase violates the maxim of quality four

times (each informant performs a maxim of quality

violation), while for the quiet phase occurs only once

by Si.

It can be concluded that the two phases equally

perform a maxim of a relation infringement with an

equal percentage. Both phases are equally dominated

by the presence of a maxim of relation more than

50%. An acute phase of 49 occurrences while a quiet

phase 21 occurrence of each total maxim of violation,

whereas in the acute phase of maxim of abnormalities

that occur least is the maxim in which there is no

acute phase that violates the maxim of the manner,

while in the quiet phase the least infringed maxim is

the maxim of quality which found only once.

In addition to numerical data obtained by the

researcher, it can be concluded that the phase does not

almanners affect the number of maxim of relation

perpetrated by the patient as in the maxim of

infringement of a manner that is not found in the acute

phase, but the maxim of manner abuse is found 8

times in the patient quiet phase. A new finding on the

8th maxim of violation of the manner can be a re-

evaluation of the classification in the Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000)

regarding the general characteristics of

schizophrenia, the physiologic group phase

classification in which general characteristics appear

only in certain phases, such as as well as giggles or

chaos that the data found only in patients with quiet

phase alone. However, overall maxim of

infringements were done by the acute phase, where

the acute phase totalled maxim of violations 84 times,

while the quiet phase performed 40 total maxim of

infringements.

The maxim of relation violation dominates the

occurrence of maxim of infringements of the acute

phase informant with a percentage of 68% of the total

occurrence. It can be concluded that acute phase

schizophrenia violate the maxim of relation a lot

which indicates the lack of interest in responding to

the relevant speech of the partners. It can be

concluded that acute phase schizophrenia many

violate the maxim of relevance which indicates the

lack of interest or lack of interest in responding to the

relevant speech of the partners as in the findings

below:

P : Kalau kata dokter krisman kenapa? (What

did dr. Krisman say about you?)

I : Aku ngajar akuntansi (I taught accounting)

The example from the above dialog shows the

irrelevance between the answer from I and question

from P. Just as the maxim of relevance violations that

arise in the quiet phase, the indication given is an

answer that is inconsistent with the question. The

context of the above conversation is P who wants to

ask what happened to I so that I can be admitted to the

asylum, but the answer from I is far from the

estimation. I answers with the answer of another

discourse that is not discussed earlier. From the

analysis that has been done, the above dialogue is a

violation of the maxim of relation.

After maxim of relation there is maxim of

quantity violation which reach up to 28.5% which

indicating that, although schizophrenics have limited

cognition, but they are still capable to produce a long

discourse even though it is not necessarily all

speeches are cohesive and coherent to the questions

by the partners. Basically, not all maxim of quantity

violations almanners produce excessive speech, but in

the phenomenon that occurs in schizophrenics all

findings of maxim of quantity violations indicate

excessive speech. Examples of maxim of quantity

queuing from the acute phase as below:

Acute

Quiet

Relation

Quantity

Quality

Manner

total

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Conference in collaboration with the First International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education

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P :Boleh ngerokok di sini? (Can you smoke

here?)

I :Boleh.. nggak apa-apa. Tapi nggak krusial

buat aku sih. Jadi ya rokok satu bungkus bisa.

(Yes I can, but it is not that crucial for me. So

I can have one pack of cigarette a day)

Based on the maxim of quantity infringement

previously described, with answers that exceed the

required information is one of the indications. With

the answer "can" is sufficient to answer questions

from P. But how do I respond to question from P even

provide information that is not asked by P. So the

above dialogue agreed to be classified as a violation

of maxim of quantity.

The next maxim violation is the maxim of quality

found 4 times from the total occurrence of 84. The

maxim of quality violation done by the acute phase

informant indicates that the ability to manipulate the

information conveyed or the act of rejecting what has

happened to him still exists or even provide

information according to what he believes such as

delusions and hallucinations, although it is less

dominant. Examples of maxim of quality violations

performed by the acute phase are as below

P : Emang stressnya gimana pak? (What kind

of depresion?)

I : Aku itu waras mbak, tapi stress. (I am fine, I

just depress.)

The maxim of quality violation in the dialogue is

seen from the answer given by I to answer the

question P. The context of the dialogue is I explained

that he was sentenced of "depression" by the hospital

so it must be hospitalized in the asylum, but I feels

that he is okay, so that raises a contradictory speech

like above dialogue. The statement is a rejection that

he suffered from schizophrenia and claimed that he

was still "sane" and just "stress". If you look at the

facts that exist, if I just stress, then the doctor will

only provide outpatient medication and weekly

control advice. But for the case of "stress" that has

been suggested for hospitalization is usually more

than just a regular stress and requires special

handling. When compared between field facts and

statements of I, it appears that I tried to make a fake

imaging that I was consciously spoken to his partner

(P). Therefore, the above dialogue is included in the

maxim of quality violation.

The next maxim that will be elaborated is the

maxim of manner. The maxim of the manner is the

maxim which is not at all violated by the acute phase

pasie. In the data analyzed there was not found a

single maxim of manner violation in schizophrenic

type of acute phase hebephrenic type. This indicates

that in the acute phase, symptoms of giggling do not

appear and more to the character of disorganized

speech only.

Of all the features mentioned in the Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000),

the most prominent features of language in the acute

phase are symptoms of disorganized speech and

rambling and non-coherent. The giggling symptoms

indicated by the occurrence of maxim of manner

abuses were not found at all in the acute phase

phlebophrenic type schizophrenia.

Slightly different from the acute phase, the

dominance of maxim of relation violations in people

with quiet phase schizophrenia is not surprising that

it reaches 21 heads from the total occurrence

indicating a uniformity of field fact with the

characteristics of schizophrenic patients described in

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (2000) as non- erratic (rambling) and

irregular speech (disorganized speech). Examples of

conversations that contain a violation of the relevance

of patients with quiet phase schizophrenia, are as

follows:

P : Oh makassar.. Di jogja ngapain Pak?

(Oh makassar.. What did you do in Jogja?)

I : Di Jogja di Klaten (In Jogja in Klaten)

In the dialog above shows that the researcher (P)

asked about what activities conducted by the

informant (I) while in Jogja, but responses from I was

irrelevant to the questions asked. I answered with the

answer where he lived in Jogja, not the activities he

did in Jogja. If the answer from I refers to an activity

will be more relevant to the question of P as well as

"work" or other answers referring to a verb. So the

dialogue falls into the criteria of maximizing relation

violations that answer irrelevant partner questions.

The second most prevalent maxim which is

violated is a maxim of relation, in which there were 8

occurrences. This indicates that the characteristics of

people with schizophrenia listed in the Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000),

giggling, are also seen in this quiet phase informant.

In addition, there is also a maxim of quantity

infringement that appears as much as 8 occurrences

of 40 total occurrences. It can be used as a parameter

in which hebephrenic-type schizophrenics prefer to

tell long story although it is not cohesive and coherent

to the questions from the partners. Although basically

the maxim of violation of quantity is not almanners

indicated by the production of large or excessive

speech, however, the findings shown in schizophrenic

type hebefren's speech indicate this for all data of

maxim of quantity infringement found.

The last is the maxim of quality violation which

only appears once from the total occurrence. This

Gricean Cooperative Principles Infringement in Hebephrenic Schizofrenia Patients

101

explains that in the quiet phase, hebephrenic type

schizophrenia can distinguish between hallucination

and reality. One of them is the fact that they were

sentenced as a mental disorder who must be handled

in a mental hospital.

By observing at the data that has been analyzed,

the quiet phase has a tendency to break all the

maxims. Maxim of manners that are not even found

in the acute phase, are found in the quiet phase. This

provides a new view of the presence of symptoms of

generalized schizophrenic there is a new emerging

when it entered the phase of quiet. Nevertheless, the

average occurrence of total violations present in the

quiet phase is relatively less than in the acute phase,

either per maxim of occurrence or overall occurrence.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The two most infringed maxim indicate that what is

written in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (2000) concerns the general

characteristics of schizophrenic type hebephrenic in

the form of disorganized speech production as well as

unambiguous and uncertain conversations real

presence for informants both in the phase of quiet and

the acute phase. In addition, other common

characteristics of schizophrenia such as giggling are

also seen from 8 maxim of violations of the manner

produced by the informant.

In the acute phase of maxim of infringements the

most common is violation of the relevance to the

frequency 49 times out of 84 total occurrences.

Followed by maxim of quantity which is found 31

counts violations, and the third is a maxim of quality,

ie 4 times and the infringement is not found even once

in maxim of manner.

In the quiet phase, the most violated violation is a

maxim of relevance violation that reaches 21 times

out of 40 total occurrences. After the maxim of

infringement of the second most prevalence violation

is the maxim of quantity infringement that appears 8

times, the third is the violation of maxim of manner

that appears 8 times and the last is the maxim quality

infringement that is only found one time.

This explains that the same as the conclusion on

the total findings that the schizophrenic. In the acute

phase meet the general characteristics of

schizophrenic type hebephrenic in the form of

production of disorganized speech (disorganized

speech) as well as the conversation that is uncertain

(rambling) and not solid. Given the small-scale

appearance of a maxim of quality violation, it

indicates that the acute phase still has a lot of

consideration that makes it difficult to prove or even

unreal.

By looking at data that has been analysed, quiet

phases tend to violate all maxims. Maxim of manner

that is not even found in the acute phase, is found in

the quiet phase which gives a new view of the general

symptoms of schizophrenia, a newly emerging

phenomenon when it has entered a quiet phase.

However, the average number of occurrences of

violations in the quiet phase is relatively smaller than

the acute phase. Still the same as in general violations,

in the quiet phase the most infringed maxim is the

maxim of relevance and the maxim of quantity, I.e.

21 findings for the maxim of relevance and 8 for the

maxim of maxim of quantity infringement of the total

findings 40 times the maxim of violation of the quiet

phase.

This indicates that the phase is still very

influential on the speech that was said schizophrenic

patients at Puri Nirmala Hospital Yogyakarta. Can be

seen from the maxim of relation and the quantity of

the most violated indicates that the patient's speech

still meet the general characteristics of people with

schizophrenia in the Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) such as

disorganized speech and erratic conversation

(rambling) and unreal.

In addition, the emergence of common features

such as giggling only in the quiet phase also indicates

the need to re-evaluate the general characteristics of

the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (2000) or even phase classification.

However, when it is seen from the number of findings

of maxim of outbreaks that tend to be relatively small

in the quiet phase, it is worth to re-evaluate for the

grouping of general characteristics of schizophrenia

hebephrenic type both in the acute phase and the quiet

phase.

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