![](bg4.png)
with dyslexia C makes errors on phoneme
substitution (5 times, i.e. juga [ɟuga] ‘also’, to jaga
[ɟaga] ‘keep’); phoneme deletion (16 times (digraph):
for i.e. hijau [hiɟau] ‘green’ to hiju [hiɟu]); phoneme
transposition (hilang [hilaŋ] ‘lost’ to haling [halIŋ]);
word alteration (41 times, i.e. toilet [toilɛt] toilet -- dia
[dia] ‘she/he’). For child with dyslexia E, she makes
errors like phoneme substitution (19 times), for
example: [d] to [p], for word dari [dari] ‘from’ to pari
[pari]; [d] to [b], for word tadi [tadi] to ‘tabi’; [g] to
[p] like lagu [lagu] ‘song’ to lapu [lapu].
In connection with the phoneme substitution,
child with dyslexia E tends to alter voice consonant
sound to voiceless consonant sound. She also alters
words like taurat [taurat] ‘law’ to become naya
[naja], danau [danau] lake to be papa [papa] ‘father’,
child with dyslexia E also alters words to nonwords
like: spirit [spirit] spirit to tate [tate], senyum [səɲum]
‘smile’ to become ‘lepa’. As for the tasks to name
letters in RAN test, child with dyslexia A alters [d] to
[b] for 10 times, [p] to [b] for 3 times; child with
dyslexia C also alters [d] to [b] once, and [p] to [d] for
one time], child with dyslexia E alters [p] to [b] for 5
times and [d] to [p] for 7 times. As for other errors,
child with dyslexia A, C and E made phoneme
substitution, phoneme deletion, phoneme addition,
words to pseudo words alteration which indicated that
the dyslexic children have severe phonological
deficit.
3 CONCLUSIONS
Dyslexic children generally show different abilities in
reading. This study result suggests that 4 out of 5
dyslexic children show reading deficit. The reading
difficulties caused by naming speed and orthographic
processing skill deficit are faced by two Indonesian
dyslexics, amongst them: child with dyslexia C and
child with dyslexia E. As for the error classification
like phoneme substitution, phoneme addition, and
word alteration, it is indicated that phonological
deficit also gives big effect to the reading ability. As
for the child with dyslexia D who cannot read words
containing consonant cluster, it might happen due to
the children development, like the finding of
Anjarningsih (2015) that the normal children age 7-8
have difficulties in reading words with consonant
cluster. Furthermore, based on the study result, the
child with dyslexia B is able to read all words, it is
estimated that he receives more intensive reading
therapy than other dyslexics. To summarize, the
Indonesian children with dyslexia have rapid naming
deficit, phonological deficit and similar proportion of
orthographic deficits. Therefore, this result is broadly
consistent with Ho et al. (2003) and supports that
Orthographic Processing Skill and Phonological
coding skills are as predictors of word identification
(Burt, 2006).
REFERENCES
Anjarningsih, H.Y. 2015. Characterizing the reading
Development of Indonesian Children. Kolita 14. Unika
Atma Jaya
Burt, J.S. 2006, "What is orthographic processing skill and
how does it relate to word identification in reading?",
Journal of Research in Reading, 29(4) pp. 400-417.
Ho, C.S., Chan, D.W., Lee, S., Tsang, S., Luan, V.H. 2004,
"Cognitive profiling and preliminary subtyping in
Chinese developmental dyslexia", Cognition, 91(1) pp.
43-75.
Ivanti, A. 2003. “Evaluasi program mengajar pada anak
yang mengalami kesulitan pemahaman bacaan
berdasarkan curriculum-based evaluation (Studi
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Liao, C. 2006. The development of phonological
awareness, rapid naming, and orthographic processing
in children learning to read Chinese (Order No.
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untid=17242
Lyon, G.R., Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A. 2003. “A
definition of dyslexia.” Annals of Dyslexia, 53(1), 1-14.
Pennington, B.F., Cardoso-martins, C., Green, P.A., Lefly,
D.L. 2001. “Comparing the phonological and double
deficit hypotheses for developmental dyslexia.”
Reading and Writing, 14(7-8), 707-755.
Reid, G. 2011. “Special Educational Needs: Dyslexia 3rd
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http://www.ebrary.com
Rapid Naming, Orthographic Processing Abilities and Phonological Skill in Reading Performance of Indonesian Dyslexic Children
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