The Performance and Feed Cost per Gain of Rabbit Fed Copra Meal

Replacement with Fermented of Palm Oil Waste

Duta Setiawan

Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Tanjungpura

Keywords: Fermented palm oil waste, copra meal, local male rabbit, performance

Abstract: The aim of this research was to Determine the effect of substitution of copra meal (CM) with fermented palm

oil waste (FPW) in the ration on the performance and feed cost per gain of local male rabbit. This research

have been teaching farm Faculty of Agriculture, University Tanjongpura and Animal Nutrition Laboratory,

Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinery West Kalimantan Government. It executed during 8 weeks,

and used 16 rabbits. This research used Completely Randomized Design one-way classification with four

treatments (P0, P1, P2, P3), and four replications and each contains one local male rabbit. The treatment given

is in the farm of substitution CM with FPW, namely that: P0 = 60% Field Grass (FG) + 40% concentrate

(15% CM + 0% FPW); P1 = 60% FG + 40% concentrate (10% CM + 5% FPW); P2 = 60% FG + 40%

concentrate (5% CM + 10% FPW) and P3 = 60% FG + 40% concentrate (0% CM + 15% FPW). Taken

Parameters were average daily gain, feed consumption, feed convertion and feed cost per gain. The result of

this research were, average daily gain of 6.87 to 7.31 g / day, feed consumption from 36.64 to 42.36 g / day,

feed conversion from 5.42 to 5.79, while at 15% from total ration of substitution (P3), it could depressed feed

cost per gain value on Rp 7909, 90. The result of this research indicate that the substitution of copra meal

with FS up to 100% (15% from the total ration) have no significant effect on the performance of local male

rabbit, but at 15% from total ration of substitution (P3) it can depress feed cost per gain value.

1 INTRODUCTION

The rabbit is one of the animals that became a

trend favorite food of Indonesian society after a avian

influenza poultry industry. Rabbits produce meat that

has a value of quality animal proteins that can be used

as an alternative in the nutrition community. Increase

animal protein needs in the community, this is in line

with the increase in population. Increased need need

to look for solutions through increased livestock

production, diversification of products and the search

for new sources of animal protein.

Rabbits are one of the essential commodities that

can produce high-quality meat with a high content of

animal protein as well. Rabbit meat has a protein

content of ± 20%, it feels good, it is not forbidden

religion, and low fat content. Moreover, it can be

developed in the form of large-scale commercial

enterprise. Cholesterol content is also low at 1.39 mg

/ kg (Sudaryanto, 2007).

Rabbits also has some other advantages that do

not require large areas in maintenance, can take

advantage of the feed material of various types of

forage, kitchen waste and byproducts of agricultural

products and byproducts (leather / fur, head, feet, tail

and their droppings) can be utilized for various

purposes, production costs are relatively inexpensive,

do not require large amounts of capital, maintenance

is easy and can give birth to a child 4-6 times annually

and produce any birth children 4-12 (Damron, 2006).

According Gidenne et al (2010), rabbit including

livestock species pseudoruminant, are herbivores that

can not properly digest fiber. Fermentation occurs

only in the cecum which is 50% of the capacity of the

digestive tract. Still according Sarwono (2002)

despite having cecum, a large rabbits are not able to

digest the organic matter and crude fiber of total

forage that can be digested by ruminants pure. The

digestibility of forage rabbits consume only 10%.

Commercial feed for rabbits on the market are

relatively expensive so we need an alternative to

looking for food that is available continuously, cheap,

easy to obtain, possess enough nutritional value and

do not damage the health of livestock. Copra meal as

one of the authors concentrate the feed material

source of protein in the ration. Has some drawbacks

Setiawan, D.

The Performance and Feed Cost per Gain of Rabbit Fed Copra Meal Replacement with Fermented of Palm Oil Waste.

DOI: 10.5220/0010038300640068

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 64-68

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

include the limited availability in the market and the

price is relatively expensive. One alternative feed to

lower the price of commercial feed is fermentation of

the sludge. Utilization of waste as animal feed is also

one way of solving a problem in reducing the

environmental pollution caused by industrial waste.

Improved digestibility rabbit will optimize feeding so

that the feed given according to the needs and

nutrients contained in them will be digested and

utilized optimally.

Palm Oil waste is a solution of the waste

generated during the process of exploitation and

extraction of oil consisting of 4-5% solids, 0.5 - 1%

residual oil and most of the water is equal to 94%. For

every ton of palm oil produced results approximately

2-3 tons of oil sludge. Nutrient content of oil sludge

is: 12.17% crude protein, crude fiber 21.15%, fat

19.96%, 11.42% cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

18.77% 36.40% (Lekito, 2002).

Efforts to reduce the content of crude fiber,

especially lignin and cellulose is by utilizing

microbial activity through a fermentation process.

Palm Oil waste (Solid) is one of a number of

processing waste palm oil processing plant.

According to Hidayat,et al.,(2007) Solid constitute

sufficient resources potential for livestock feed,

inexpensive, available in large quantities and is

relatively available all the time. This study aimed to

determine the effect of the use fermentation of palm

oil waste to replace copra meal in the ration to the

digestibility and production performance of rabbits.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Material Research

Research fermentation palm oil waste utilization

replace copra meal in rations using local rabbits as

much as 16 tails are 2 months old with an average

weight of 630 g. Tools used include battery cages

measuring 50x30x30 cm3.Material feed used as a

constituent of the ration experimental form field

grass, concentrate using fermentation of palm oil

waste, corn, copra meal , rice bran, fish flour, tapioca

flour and calcite.

2.2 Methods

Twenty rabbits were divided into 4 treatments, 4

replicates and each treatment will get 4 treatment

diets in random order, the fourth treatment the ration

is: P0 = 60% FG + 40% concentrate (15% copra

meal + 0% FPW);P1 = 60% FG + 40% concentrate

(10% copra meal + 5% FPW);P2 = 60% FG + 40%

concentrate (5% copra meal + 10% FPW); P3 = 60%

FG + 40% concentrate (0% copra meal + 15% FPW).

Rabbits are kept in individual cages for 3 months.

Feed adaptation period (preliminary)the first two

weeks of this study and in the third week to week

twelve observation. Feeding 2.5-3% of body weight

twice a day in the morning at 07:00 to 8:00 pm and in

the afternoon at 16:00 to 17:00 pm. Feed given by

way between the concentrate is mixed with the field

grass, while the drinking water provided ad libitum.

Feed first weighed before being given, and the rest of

the feed that is not consumed also weighed daily.

Weighing rabbit body weight every month.

The parameters in the study observed were feed

consumption, body weight gain, feed intake, feed

conversion and feed cost per gain. Data were

analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if

there is a difference followed by Duncan test (Mattjik

and Sumertajaya, 2002).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Body Weight Added

Anova analysis results in showed that the treatment

was not significantly different with body weight gain

(P> 0.05). This is because the ration at each treatment

has a protein content that is compliant quality

requirements stipulated in the NRC concentrates for

rabbits growth of at least 12-16% content of PK

resulting in body weight gain were not significantly

different (NRC, 1994).

Mean weight gain rabbit value obtained during the

research for each treatment P0, P1, P2 and P3,

respectively, are 7.01; 5.99; 6.58; and 7.01; g / head

/day. Effect is not noticeable to the weight gain is due

to the replacement of copra meal with mud palm

fermentation in the ration will cause the ration has an

energy content and protein are relatively the same, as

stated by McNitt at el (2013) that the ration of the

energy that is relatively the same causing no

difference in consumption and therefore contributes

to weight gain.

BK needs and basic living needs are increasing

with increasing live weight of cattle (Gidenne, 2010)

so that the remaining amounts of nutrients for growth

relatively similar study in rabbits. The average weight

gain local male rabbits in this study are shown in

Table 1 below:

The Performance and Feed Cost per Gain of Rabbit Fed Copra Meal Replacement with Fermented of Palm Oil Waste

Table 1: Mean Preliminary Results Weight, Final Weight,

Average Daily, Average Daily Gain Local Rabbits

Treatment of Feed Replacement Males with Copra Meal

with Fermentation of Palm Oil Waste

Treat

ment

Weig

early

(kg)

Fin

igh

(g)

Avera

Daily

(g /

head)

Average

Daily

Gain (g

/ head /

day)

616

127

1.2

655.2 7.28

697

129

9.1

602.1 6.69

609

122

7.3

618.3 6.87

601

125

8.9

657.9 7.31

Description:

P0 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 15% and fermentation of palm oil waste

P1 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 10 % and fermentation of palm oil

waste 5%

P2 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 5% and fermentation of palm oil waste

10%

P3 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 0% and fermentation of palm oil waste

15%

3.2 Feed Consumption

The average of consumption obtained during the

research for each treatment P0 , P1, P2 and P3,

respectively, are 40.11; 36.64; 37.21; and 42.36

g/head/day. ANOVA results showed that no

significant feed intake. This means the replacement of

copra meal with SF to 15% does not affect the local

male rabbit feed intake.

No real effect due to the replacement of copra

meal with fermentation of Palm Oil Waste not

increase the palatability of the feed so the feed

treatment have the same relative palatability. This is

expected because the physical oil sludge fermentation

that is used has a smooth texture and not so flavorful

that after mixing with other concentrate material will

be fused with the smell and texture similar to feed

without oil sludge fermentation (control diet). Also in

terms of the quality of oil sludge fermentation TDN

has a lower content of the copra meal that is equal to

78.7%. But protein is very low. This resulted in LSF

protein still under copra meal protein. Due to these

reasons, the feed palm oil waste treatment using

ferementation will provide the same level of

palatability of feed controls. One of the factors

affecting the level of feed intake is palatability. De

Blas (2010) says that the palatability of the feed is

reflected by the organoleptic such as appearance,

odor, flavor, and texture.

The range of the percentage of dry matter

consumption is between 2.2 to 2.4% of body weight.

This value is still within the standard range of dry

matter intake rabbit that is between 2.2% to 4% of

their body weight (NRC, 1994). The level of feed

intake is influenced by the quality of the ration that

can be seen from the content of nutrients. According

Tazzoli (2009), that the level of energy content in the

feed effect on the extent of feed consumption. The

content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) of oil

sludge fermentation by 55.11% lower than the copra

meal that is equal to 78.7%, but the energy content of

the ration fourth treatment is still in the same relative

range. This is what causes the same level of feed

intake.

In addition the level of consumption is also

influenced by a variety of factors, including that of

the animal itself (weight, sex, age, genetic factors,

and the type of nation rabbit), food provided, and the

environment in which the animals are kept (McDonal

etal.2010). Factors cage livestock and environmental

conditions at the time the study was relatively similar.

Table 2: Mean Research of Average Daily Gain, Feed

Consumption, Feed Conversion Local Rabbits Treatment of

Feed Replacement Males with Copra Meal with

Fermentation of Palm Oil Waste

Treatm

ent

Averag

e Daily

Gain

(g/h/d)

Feed

Consumpti

on (g/h/d )

Feed

Conversio

7.28±

0.91

40.11±to

0.88

5.51±

0.08

6.69±

0.62

36.64±

0.52

5.48±

0.06

6 87±

1.73

37.21±

0.81

5.42±

0.03

7.31±

1.01

42.36±

0.34

5.79±

0.05

Description:

P0 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 15% and fermentation of palm oil waste

P1 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 10% and fermentation of palm oil waste

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

P2 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 5% and fermentation of palm oil waste

10%

P3 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 0% and fermentation of palm oil waste

15%

3.3 Feed Conversion

Based on ANOVA analysis showed the study

treatment outcomes were not significantly different

(P> 0.05) on conv ersi feed (Table 2). Feed

conversion value in this study were treated P0 of 5.51;

P1 5.46; P2 and P3 of 5.42 by 5.79. Feed conversion

was lowest for the treatment P3 (field grass and feed

concentrates containing 35% fermented palm oil

sludge and cornmeal%) of 0.15 means that every 1

kilogram of ration produce daily body weight gain of

0.15 kg. The results showed that the average value of

rabbit feed conversion during the study ranged from

5.42 to 5.79. These results are consistent with

research infallible that male rabbit feed conversion by

5.01 -5.67 weaning.

Feed conversion value in the study using the oil

mud is also the same fermentation studies using sweet

potato pellets ranging from 5.1 to 9.9 (Sunarwati,

2001). Ensminger (1991) said the rabbit feed

conversion value between 2.4 to 4.0 by using good

management and high-quality ration, high conversion

in the fourth of this treatment due to the high crude

fiber fermentation lumpir oil contained in the feed

treatment. Oil sludge fermentation of a substance

containing lignin complex of plant parts such as oil

palm bunches are very difficult to digest.

3.4 Feed Cost per Gain

Rationtreatment using oil sludge fermentation in

livestock local male rabbit does not affect Feed Cost

perGain. feed Cost per Gain is divided by the cost of

feed conversion ration. The results of the economic

analysis of each treatment feed containing oil sludge

fermentation as a substitute for copra meal in the

concentrate at a local rabbit in detail is shown in Table

3. The total cost of the ration is P0 treatment Rp.

1,785 / kg, treatment P1 Rp. 1,645 / kg, treatment P2

Rp. 1,505 / kg and treatment P3 Rp. 1,365 / kg, the

lowest for the treatment P3 and the highest at P0

treatment.calculation results Feed Cost per gain from

the lowest to the highest in treatment P0 Rp. 9838.66

per cow /day,treatment P1 Rp. 9009.39 per cow / day,

treatment P2 Rp. 8151.54 per cow / day, and the

treatment P3 Rp. 7909.90 per cow / day.

Table 3: Calculation Feed Cost Gain Per Local Rabbits

Treatment of Feed Males with Replacement Copra Meal

with Fermentation of Palm Oil Waste

Parameters

Treatment

P0 P1 P2 P3

Feed Conversion 5.51 5.48 5.42 5.79

Cost of making

ration

(IDR / kg)

1,785 1,645 1,505 1,365

Feed cost per

Gain

(IDR / head / day)

9838.66 9009.39 8151.54 7909.90

Description:

P0 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 15% and fermentation of palm oil waste

P1 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 10% and fermentation of palm oil waste

P2 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

meal copra 5% and fermentation of palm oil waste

10%

P3 = field grass and feed concentrates containing

copra meal 0% and sludge oil fermentation of palm

oil waste 15%

Average of feed cost per gain during the study for

each treatment P0, P1, P2 and P3 respectively namely

Rp 9834.66; IDR 9009.39; IDR 8151.54 and IDR

7909.90. Table 3 shows that the cost of feed at P2

treatment is the most efficient because the same

consumption tend to result in weight gain higher than

other treatments, resulting in lower feed conversion

value. Due to the low feed conversion values obtained

when the same consumption produces a high body

weight gain (Chen & Li, 2008), so as to reduce the

cost of feed.

Damron (2006) to get the feed cost per gain is

lower then the selection of feed ingredients to prepare

the ration should be as cheap as possible and provided

continuously or can also use agricultural waste which

is not competitive. Feed cost per gain is considered

good when the rate was as low as possible, which

means economically efficient use of feed.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of ANOVA and discussion on

this research can be concluded that the use of sludge

The Performance and Feed Cost per Gain of Rabbit Fed Copra Meal Replacement with Fermented of Palm Oil Waste

oil fermentation in the diet in the treatment of P0

(0%), P1 (5%), P2 (10%) and P3 (15%) did not

significantly affect the performance of local rabbit

male.

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ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology