Simulation of Stress Salinity Conditions in the Phase of Germination

of National and Local Aceh Peanut Variety

Halimursyadah

, Agam Ihsan Hereri

and Melika Bosniana

1,2,3

Department of Agrotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, University of Syiah Kuala

Keyword: Saline condition, variety, peanut, viability and vigor

Abstract: The degradation of agricultural land in Indonesia due to salinization has become one of the national issues.

Mapping of saline land in Indonesia has not been widely implemented, but has identified many farms that

are saline. The tsunami in Aceh in 2004 increased the salinity of the land (DHL 2-40 dS / m) damaging

more than 120,000 ha of agricultural land. The decrease in peanut production is followed by the limited land

and environmental factors required for peanut cultivation. The use of improved varieties and local varieties

with good cultivation techniques will increase the doubling of peanut productivity and is the means used for

planting on land with limited water. This research was conducted at Seed Technology Laboratory of

Agricultural Faculty of Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh in April 2017. The purpose of this

research is to know the viability and vigor to grow several varieties of peanut seeds at various levels of

salinity stress with some concentration of NaCl solution. This study used a complete randomized design

with three replications. The first factor is varieties of Local Aceh, Talam 2, Kancil and Kelinci. The second

factor was control salinity (0 dSm

-1

, 1 g L

-1

=1.89 dSm

-1

, 3 g L

-1

=3.90 dSm

-1

, 5 g L

-1

=4.93 dSm

-1

, and 7 g L

=5.77 dSm

-1

. The parameters observed are maximum growth potential, germination, vigor index,

simultaneity growth, speed growth, time required to achieve total germination 50%, root length of normal

seedling, and dry weight of normal seedling. The results showed that the varieties of Talam 2 and Kelinci

showed more tolerance to salinity stress compared with Kancil and Local Aceh based on all parameters

observed. While on the factor of NaCl concentration of 3 g L

-1

has shown decreased viability and vigor of

seed growth in all peanut varieties. There is a significant interaction between varieties with NaCl

concentrations in viability and vigor based on maximum growth potential, germination, speed growth, time

required to achieve total germination 50% and dry weight of normal seedling.

1 INTRODUCTION

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plays an important

role in improving people's nutrition. Fat content

composition 45.15% and 23.97% protein has made

this commodity has the potential as a raw material

agroindustri (Danuwarsa, 2006). However, peanut

productivity tends to fluctuate due to the diminished

productive cultivation area. Production and total area

of peanut harvest in 2015 is 605 thousand tons with

harvest area of 454 thousand ha, while in 2016

production is 510 thousand tons with harvested area

of 393 thousand ha (BPS, 2016). This condition has

caused a deficit in this commodity and attempted to

import peanuts as much as 150-200 thousand tons in

line with the high demand.

Efforts can be made to overcome the lack of

production is using of peanut varieties that are able

to adapt to conditions of marginal areas such as high

salinity. Local Aceh varieties still dominate over

50% of the peanut growing area, followed by Gajah

and Kelinci varieties, each released in 1950 and

1987. Each variety has its own resistance to sub

optimum conditions such as saline conditions. The

data reveal that newly released varieties in 2010

(Talam 1) and 2012 (Takar 1 and Takar 2) are

produced for adapting to saline soil conditions

(Kasno and Harnowo, 2014).

High salinity in a field is caused by the intrusion

of sea water and heavy fertilization. Salinity

problems will arise when the concentrations of

NaCl, Na

, Na

and Magnesium salts present

on the land are in high state. NaCl salt is the most

dominant in which sodium ions (Na

) will

accumulate in the soil layer. This causes seeds

grown on land with high salinity, difficult or even

Halimursyadah, ., Hereri, A. and Bosniana, M.

Simulation of Stress Salinity Conditions in the Phase of Germination of National and Local Aceh Peanut Variety.

DOI: 10.5220/0010040101730178

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 173-178

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

173

not germinate at all. Water absorption by seed will

decrease with increasing osmotic pressure of the

solution or salt concentration in the medium. To

germinate seed requires water averaging more than

50% of the seed weight (Hasanuddin, 2015).

The results of Zakaria and Fitriani (2006)

suggest that seed sorting using NaCl solution with

1.5% concentration can be used as an alternative for

peanut seed sorting. However, the use of NaCl with

a 3.0% concentration may negatively affect the

viability and vigor of the seed. Hajar et al. (1993) in

his research stated that the growth of peanut seeds in

NaCl 5000 ppm still able to grow well, despite the

decrease in wet weight. The ability of seed

germination on different saline conditions between

plants even there is a noticeable variation among the

varieties of that same plant.

Plant performance during germination is often

used to assess plant tolerance to salinity (Khan et al.,

2000). Wijayanti et al. (2014) of 29 peanut strains

tested in saline condition showed that the salinity of

7 grams L

-1

NaCl had significant effect on

germination behavior, the number of live plants at 6

weeks after planting, the number of live plants at

harvest, the number of pods and dry weight pods.

This study aims to find out the viability and vigor of

growing several varieties of local Aceh and national

at various levels of salinity stress.

2 MANUSCRIPT OF

PREPARATION

This research was conducted in Agricultural Science

and Technology Laboratory of Agrotechnology

Study Program of Agriculture Faculty of Syiah

Kuala University from March to May 2017. The

materials used are Local Aceh varieties from Aceh

Barat Daya District, and Talam 2, Kancil and

Kelinci national varieties from Balai Penelitian

Tanaman Kacang-kacangan dan Umbi-umbian

(BALITKABI). Peanut seeds used had an average

initial germination of 79.0% (Local Aceh), 86.0%

(Talam 2), 82.0% (Kancil), 92.7% (Kelinci). The

total required seed is 1500 grains. Other materials

used are 20 g NaCl Pro analysis, paper merang and

aquades as much as 7 liters. The tools used are

analytical scales (Mettler PM 100), 1 liter volume

meter, electric oven, electro conductivity meter, and

germinator.

2.1 Preparation of Planting Media

The paper media substrate is moistened using a

NaCl solution according to a predetermined

concentration. Each NaCl solution consisting of

concentrations is filled into the container slowly,

which has previously been filled with paper on each

container until the paper is wet and field capacity.

This research used the Rolled Paper Test Method

Established in plastic based on International Seed

Testing Association (ISTA) rules. This method

begins by preparing a thin transparent plastic

measuring 20cm x 30cm overlaid on the table, and

then preparing 7 sheets of paper that have been

soaked with NaCl solution in accordance with the

concentration. A sheet paper substrate is placed

overlaid on preprinted plastic paper. Four varieties

of peanuts were added as many as 25 grains on

paper. The seeds are then covered with three sheets

of paper that have been soaked in a concentrated

NaCl solution. Then the rolled paper is placed in the

container and put into the germinator for 10 days.

Observations were made on the viability and

vigor parameters based on ISTA standard that is

maximum growth potential, germination,

simultaneity growth, relative growth rate, vigor

index, time required to achieve 50% relative total

germination, root length of normal primary sprout

and dry weight of normal sprouts.

2.2 Experimental Design

The experimental design used was a complete

randomized design (CRD) with three replicates and

there were two factors studied. The first factor of

peanut varieties consists of four levels: Local Aceh,

Talam 2, Kancil, and Kelinci. The second factor was

the concentration of NaCl consist of five level:

Control, 1 g L

-1

simulation with salinity level 1.89

dSm

-1

), 3 g L

-1

simulation with salinity level 3.90

dSm

-1

), 5 g L

-1

simulation with salinity level 4.93

dSm

-1

), 7 g L

-1

simulation with salinity level 5.77

dSm

-1

). The data obtained were analyzed using

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and continuous

differences test with Honestly Significant Difference

(HSD) at the test level of 0.05.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows that the correlation (r) of NaCl

treatment on the maximum potential growth

measuring parameter r = 0.892 and the percentage of

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

174

influence was 79.55%. At germination r = 0.969 and

the percentage of influence is 93.95%. On the index

vigor r = 0.956 and the percentage of influence r =

91.35%. In the simultaneity growth r = 0.915 and the

percentage of influence is 83.7%. At speed growth r

= 0.947 and the percentage of influence is 89.63%.

At time required to achieve total germination 50% r

= 0.974 and the percentage of influence is 94.82%.

At normal dry weight of normal seedling r = 0.962

and the percentage effect of 92.5%. While the root

length of the normal seedling r = 0.957 and the

percentage of influence of 91.62%. If the value of

correlation and determination closer to 1, that means

the relationship between the concentration of NaCl

to the viability and vigor parameters peanut seeds

very closely. The relationship of linear regression

equation can be seen in the following Table 1.

Table 1: Linier Regression Equation, Correlation

Coefficient and Determination Coefficient due to NaCl

concentration on viability and vigor of peanut seed

Parameters Linier

Regression

Equation

Corre-

lation

Coeffi

-cient

(

)

Determi-

nation

Coeffici-

ent

(

)

Maximum

growing

otential

(

)

y = -0.662x

+ 97.183

0.892 0.795

Germination

(%)

y = -

12.853x +

81.061

0.969 0.939

Vigor index

(

)

y = -2.127x

+ 13.273

0.956 0.913

Simultaneity

growth (%)

y = -7.900x

+ 46.413

0.915 0,837

Speed growth

(% etmal

-1

)

y = -5.162x

+ 30.858

0.947 0.896

Time required

to achieve

total

germination

50% (day)

y = 0.038x

+ 1.140

0.974 0.948

Dry weight of

normal

seedlin

(g)

y = -1.557x

+ 9.592

0.962 0.925

Root length of

normal

seedlin

(

)

y = -2.565x

+ 20.092

0.957 0.916

Based on the results of the study on the viability

and vigor parameters of seed growth, the treatment

without NaCl solution resulted in the highest

viability and vigor of seed growth and the lowest in

the administration of NaCl solution with a

concentration of 7 g L

-1

. Peanut seeds are still

tolerant of NaCl solution with a concentration of 3 g

-1

. The provision of salinity stress is aimed at

knowing the resistance response of peanut varieties.

A NaCl solution with a concentration of 7 g L

-1

was the optimum dose to create a diversity of growth

and yield properties (Hajar et al., 1993). The

concentration has exceeded the peanut batch dose of

3.2 dSm

-1

(Yadav et al., 2011). Pohan (2005) also

reported that at a concentration of 3 g L

-1

NaCl has

inhibited peanut growth as indicated by root xylem

change.

This result was in line with Zakaria and Fitriani

(2006) research, the highest peanut vigor was

obtained in the treatment without NaCl, while the

lowest sprout vigor was obtained in NaCl treatment

with concentration of 1.5%. Salinity relationship

with peanut shell vigor shaped linear, where the

higher level of salinity then decrease the viability

and grow peanut seed vigor with value r = 0,98. The

effect of salinity on seed germination involves two

things: the high influence of osmotic pressure so that

the seeds are difficult to absorb water and chemical

or poisoning by specific ions that make up the salt.

According to Widoretno (2002), a seed will decrease

its germination if planted on less water-growing

media or drought stress conditions due to simulation

by salt. The addition of a salt solution (solute) to the

seed germination medium causes the occurrence of

plasmolysis (shrinkage due to fluid depreciation in

the cell) if the solute is increased, the cytoplasm is

not permeable to the solute either inside or outside

the cell. The potential of the vacuous aqueous

solution will be greater than the outer water potential

of the solution, so that the water diffuses outward, as

a result of the outflow of water. The middle vakuole

will shrivel up and protoplasm and the clinging cell

walls also shrink together with the vacuoles. If the

vacuole volume is so large then the protoplasm will

be separated from the cell wall and the seed will be

very sensitive to drought stress. Increasing the NaCl

concentration may inhibit the seeds imbibition

process because salt solubility can decrease the

osmotic pressure so that the seeds can not absorb

water from the growing environments needed for

enzyme activation for the germination process. Rini

et al. (2005) stated that salinity in planting medium

of seed can affect seed germination process because

it can decrease water potential in planting medium

thus inhibiting water absorption by germinating

seeds.

Although seeds can germinate under saline

conditions, the seeds germinate become abnormal.

The higher the concentration of NaCl, the higher the

seeds that germinate abnormally or the dead seed.

Simulation of Stress Salinity Conditions in the Phase of Germination of National and Local Aceh Peanut Variety

175

Erinnovita et al. (2008) suggest that salinity causes

some abnormalities in seeds and propagules during

germination. Inhibition of plant growth by salinity

can occur in two ways, namely by damaging the

cells that are growing and limiting the supply of

essential metabolic products.

If the salinity concentration increases continuously

then the tissue damage occurs, even the death of

seed or seed can germinate but grow abnormally

(Duan et al., 2004). The effects of NaCl on the

germination process include reducing the hydration

of the embryo and cotyledon, inhibiting and

reducing the appearance of radicles and plumules,

and reducing the growth of sprouts (Erinnovita et

al., 2008)

There is a very significant interaction between

peanut varieties treatment with salinity stress to

maximum growth potential, germination, and speed

growth, time required to achieve 50% total

germination, and dry weight of normal (Table 2).

Table 2: Mean of viability and vigor value due to

interaction between peanut varieties and NaCl

concentration

Peanut

varieties

NaCl concentration

-1

)

Control 1 3 5 7

Maximum

otential

rowth

(

)

Local

Aceh

94,66

97,33

94,66

Aab

90,66

Talam 2 98,66

100

98,66

Kancil 93,33

90,66

BCa

82,66

ABa

88,00

BCa

77,33

Kelinci 100

100

HSD

0,05

10,47

Peanut

varieties

Germination (%)

Local

Aceh

66,67

Cab

66,67

Cab

36,00

BCab

2,67

0,00

Talam 2 93,33

94,67

9,33

8,00

0,00

Kancil 57,33

57,33

37,33

BCab

4,00

0,00

Kelinci 98,67

96,00

60,00

10,67

0,00

HSD

0,05

33,70

Peanut

varieties

Speed Growth (% etmal

-1

)

Local

Aceh

26,69

23,82

8,25

0,41

0,00

Talam 2 40,79

39,45

7,09

Cab

2,31

0,00

Kancil 20,31

18,99

6,41

1,17

Aab

0,00

Kelinci 45,07 32,33 13,70 0,00 0,00

Cc Bc Aa Aa

HSD

0,05

1,81

Peanut

varieties

Time required to achieve total

germination 50% (day)

Local

Aceh

0,96

Aab

1,32

1,26

1,42

1,46

Talam 2 0,68

ABa

0,50

0,66

ABa

1,02

1,20

Kancil 1,47

1,49

1,48

1,50

Kelinci 1,49

1,46

1,47

1,93

HSD

0,05

0,54

Peanut

varieties

Dry weight of normal seedling (gram)

Local

Aceh

5,36

8,54

3,84

0,26

0,00

Talam 2 11,68

8,15

2,80

0,73

0,00

Kancil

6,56 Ca

8,27

3,41

0,39

0,00

Kelinci 14,55

12,11

5,54

0,00

HSD

0,05

1,22

Description: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same

row (capital letter) and the same (lower case) columns are not

significant at the 5% level (HSD Test 0.05)

Increased salinity concentration adversely

affected seed viability and vigor that is in the

parameters of maximum growth potential,

germination rate, growth speed rate, time required to

achieve total germination 50% (T50) and root length

of normal root germination in all four varieties

studied. The results showed that Kelinci, viability

and vigor varieties grew better or had tolerant

properties than Local varieties, Talam 2 and Kancil

on increasing the concentration of NaCl to 3 g L

-1

Waskom (2003) states that soil salinity can

inhibit seed germination, irregular growth in

agricultural crops such as beans and onions.

Meanwhile, according to Noor (2004) high salt

solubility can inhibit the absorption of nutrients and

water by plants due to increased osmotic. In

particular, high salt levels can lead to plant

poisoning.

According to Adisyahputra et al., (2004) drought

stress in the seed germination phase will increase

with increasing salinity levels. The presence of salt

in the growing medium negatively affects the ability

of seed germinating. The mechanisms of salinity

influence on seed germination include two

mechanisms: (1) high osmosis media pressure so

that the seeds are difficult to absorb water and (2)

the toxic effects of salt-making ions (Albregts and

Howard, 1972).

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

176

Another possible influence of the NaCl salt

solution is suspected to be poisoning by Na

and Cl

ions. The ions generally can achieve sufficient

concentration of solution to cause osmotic problems

in plants without first having specific toxicities that

cause death are chloride and sulphate. Sodium will

affect soil properties if present in excessive state.

This resulted in the seeds difficult to absorb water so

that the germination process will be inhibited.

The presence of salt in the growing medium also

shows an adverse effect on germination, because of

its concentration on germination media, resulting in

changes in enzyme activity either directly or

reducing the potential for water. Bad influence of

salts for plants is generally indirectly through

increased osmotic pressure in groundwater making it

difficult for plants to absorb water, especially for

plant sprouts and roots. So the effect is the same as

dry land (Harnowo, 2002).

Sipayung (2003) stated that the level of stress

experienced by plants varies in different species with

unequal tolerance to different salt concentrations.

According to Yuniati (2004), the growth response to

salinity is considered the basis of evaluation for

tolerance. Different individuals will respond

differently to the salinity stress provided. Karajol

and Naik (2011) say that salinity-tolerant varieties

that germinate quickly under normal conditions like

as germinate under saline conditions. Varieties that

have higher germination rates have more salinity

tolerance opportunities. Inhibition of canopy and

root growth is a common response to salinity stress

and is an important indicator for assessing crop

tolerance. Root is the first organ exposed to salinity

stress so its role in tolerance is very important

especially in the process of water absorption.

Inhibition of canopy and root growth is a common

response to salinity stress and is an important

indicator for assessing crop tolerance. This

phenomenon can be a simulation of a condition of

water deprivation or drought that affects plant

compensation prolonging the rooting part.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Talam 2 and Kelinci showed more tolerance to

salinity stress compared with Kancil and Local Aceh

varieties based on all parameters of viability and

vigor of peanut seed. Increasing salinity at simulated

conditions above 3 g L

-1

or equivalent to 3.99 dSm

-1

resulted in a significantly decreased germination

value of four varieties.

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