Modification of Surface Hollow Fiber Membrane Ultrafiltration for

Processing Produced Water

Malikhatul Hidayah

Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University,

Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Modification, Surface, Hallow, Fiber, Membrane, Ultrafiltration, Produced.

Abstract: Produced water classified in the wastewater would require water treatment before being discharged into water

bodies. One of the alternative technologies that could be used for the processing of produced water is a

membrane technology that can be used as a source of new water well for irrigation agriculture, industrial

water, and water Therefore, studies for treating produced water using hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration

has. Making the surface modification of hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane can increase the viscosity and

concentration as well as in the coagulation process is a hybrid joining hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane

allows for better elimination of contaminants present in raw water, which is very important for the quality.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

Produced water is a byproduct of water brought to the

surface during oil and gas collection, which includes

formation water, injection water, and chemicals are

added to the drilling or oil or water separation

process. The produced water can pollute the

environment if not handled properly (Hidayat, 2007)

produced water contains organic and inorganic

materials potentially B3 (Toxic Substances and

Hazardous) that affect the environment and human

health. The rapid development of industry demand for

improved technology towards better, which

minimizes the weaknesses that can degrade

performance ultrafiltration membranes,

Ultrafiltration has been applied in water treatment

systems, among the available membrane module,

hollow fiber membranes are compact and self-

sufficient has been widely used as ultrafiltration

membrane configurations (Ramli et al. 2014) hollow

fiber ultrafiltration membrane has been recognized as

one of the most important processes applied in water

treatment systems because it uses low pressure

process that requires less energy and have a very

economic cost. Therefore, to identify the filtration

performance of the process is concentrated on hollow

fiber membrane applications, it is best to understand

and analyze the factors that can affect the

performance of hollow fiber ultrafiltration

membrane.

1.2 Problem Statement

Produced water classified in the wastewater would

require water treatment before being discharged into

water bodies. One of the alternative technologies that

could be used for the processing of produced water is

a membrane technology that can be used as a source

of new water well for irrigation agriculture, industrial

water and drinking water (Saputra et al. 2013),

therefore, various studies to treat water be produced

using hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration was

performed (Yang et al. 2006) examines the creation

and characterization of poly Phthalazines ether

sulfone ketone (PPESK) ultrafiltration membrane

hollow fiber with thermal stability where the thermal

stability of high PPESK ultrafiltration membrane

hollow fibers with different morphologies and the

show has been prepared by dry / wet phase inversion

spinning method successfully. In addition, the

viscosity of the casting solution is highly dependent

on the content PPESK, who said, with the increase in

concentration viskositasdan content PPESK greatly

improve and become dependent shear-level.

(Konieczny et al., 2006) Researching on

Efficiency of the hybrid coagulation-ultrafiltration

water treatment process with the use of immersed

hollow-fiber membranes which Process hybrid

joining the coagulation membrane hollow fiber

Hidayah, M.

Modiﬁcation of Surface Hollow Fiber Membrane Ultraﬁltration for Processing Produced Water.

DOI: 10.5220/0010041302510257

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 251-257

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

251

ultrafiltration, such as UF, allowing for the

elimination of the better of contaminants present in

the raw water, which is very important for the quality.

Use of Fe2 (SO4) 3 coagulant determined as COD

and oxygen consumption of the use of FeCl3. In the

case of FeCl3, Improved Content chloride was

observed. Use of Fe2 (SO4) 3. This increase is not

significant for the quality of the treated water.

(Nabe et al. 1997) examines the polysulfone

ultrafiltration membrane surface modification and

fouling by BSA solution in which the surface energy

of the membrane, as measured by the contact angle,

used to characterize the different membranes.

Streaming-potential measurements were obtained to

investigate the membrane surface. Surface roughness

of each membrane is also determined by the power of

the atom. (Prince et al. 2014) studied the synthesis

and characterization of PEG-Ag move PES hollow

fiber membrane ultrafiltration with antifouling

properties durable where modification of functional

PES hollow fiber membrane that has been done by

incorporating hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG)

and nanoparticles of silver (Ag) through thermal

grafting. Poly (acrylonitrile-comaleic acid)

(PANCMA) is used as a chemical linker to attach

PEG and silver for the PES hollow fiber membrane.

Functional modifications using different analytical

techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) study,

the water contact angle (CA), Fourier Emission

Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and

porometer. Subsequently, the membrane was tested

for purewater flux and antifouling property. The

contact angle of the data, it was identified that the new

surface modification can improve the hydrophilicity

of the membrane. Based on experimental data

generated less so maximum it is necessary to further

study if there are additional UF membrane.

(Chung et al. 2000) Researching on the

Influence of the shear rate in the spinnerets

morphology, separation performance and mechanical

properties of the hollow fiber membrane

ultrafiltration polyethersulfone.Where the hollow

fiber UF membranes are made of drug-containing

solution polyethersulfone (PES) / N-methyl-2-

pyrrolidone (NMP) / Diethylene Glycol (DG) with a

weight ratio of 13/45/42. Wet-spinning process was

deliberately chosen to make the hollow fibers without

attracting and water is used as an external coagulant.

Therefore, in the belief that the effects of gravity and

elongation at formation of stress fibers can be

significantly reduced and the orientation caused by

shear stress in a spinner which can be frozen into the

wet-spun fibers. The results showed that the high

shear rate in the spinner apparently resulting hollow

fiber UF membrane with a thicker and / or denser skin

due to greater molecular orientation. As a

consequence, when the shear rate increases, pure

water flux, the coefficient of thermal expansion

(CTE) and the end of the fiber elongation decreases,

but the storage modulus, tensile strength and Young's

modulus increases. For the first time, it was found that

there was a certain critical value of the shear rate

under the clear separation performance fiber

increased while the flux decreased dramatically with

increased shear rate but above the flux separation

slightly decreased while there was no change. (Ramli

et al. 2014) Researching about the factors that

influence the hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration

water treatment in operational performance which the

initial processing as well as the transmembrane

pressure (TMP) can penetrate flux. These factors are

important as a reference point when evaluating the

operating performance of hollow fiber ultrafiltration

membranes. Thus, allowing a proper assessment and

better in choosing a water treatment system.

(Gholami et al. 2003) Researching on Effect of heat

treatment on the performance of hollow fiber

membrane ultrafiltration polyethersulfone (PES) in

which the hollow fiber membrane Polyethersulfone

(PES) prepared by the method of spinning the dry-wet

and then heated in an oven at different temperatures

to determine the effect of treatment Hot on the

performance of their ultrafiltration. Found that the

hollow-fiber membranes shrink by heat treatment, as

evidenced by a decrease in flux and increase the

separation of solutes, though no visible changes in

hollow-fiber dimensions.

Selection of the appropriate type of membrane

for produced water treatment is done by (Safitri et al.

2013) ultrafiltration technology for produced water

treatment wherein In this research, the processing of

produced water using ultrafiltration membranes.

which aims to determine the characteristics of the

beginning of produced water and the membrane

(functional groups on the membrane), knowing the

performance of the membrane represented by flux

and rejection, and assess the effect of ultrafiltration

on the characteristics of the end produced water

Therefore more research is needed on waste water

refining petroleum to know whether ultrafiltration

technology can be utilized for the processing of

petroleum refinery waste.

1.3 Research Objective

Research conducted aims are as follows:

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

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a. Reviewing the process of making hollow

ultrafiltration membrane made of Polyamide.

b. Making assess Phthalazines poly ether sulfone

ketone (PPESK) hollow fiber ultrafiltration

membranes with thermal stability.

c. Analyzing the performance of non-fouling

membranes Polyamide modified for produced

water treatment

d. Assessing the performance of the membrane

represented by flux and rejection, and assess the

effect of hollow ultrafiltration membranes for

water characteristics terproduksi

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Membrane Ultrafiltration (UF)

Technology

Today, ultrafiltration (UF) technology is recognized

by the water industry as a very attrac- tive process for

producing drinking water, UF membranes are

physical barriers which are able to efficiently remove

suspended particles, turbidity, bacteria, colloids,

algae, parasites and viruses for clarification and

disinfection purposes. In comparison with

conventional processes such as coagulation,

flocculation, sedimentation and/or flotation, rapid

and slow sand filtration, UF tech- nology has many

advantages such as (1) superior quality of treated

water, (2) a much more compact system, (3) easier

control of operation and main- tenance, (4) fewer

chemicals, and (5) less pro- duction of sludge.

2.2 Membran

Membrane has several advantages, namely The

process of speciation can be either continuous or

batch, Low energy consumption, The process of

separation can take place at room temperature, Easy

to scale up, The nature of the membrane varies, and

easy to set, Does not require any additives and

Equipment is compact.

2.3 Classification of Membrane

According to Mulder (1996), the membrane is

classified into several categories as follows:

1. The type of membrane based on the

manufacture

a. Biological membranes eg skin cells,

kidneys, heart, etc. (Wenten, 1999).

b. The membrane synthesis into two types,

namely

 Organic membrane is a membrane which

as its main composition of polymers and

macromolecules, for example: cellulose

acetate membrane (CA), polyacrylonitrile

(PAN), polyamide (PA) and others.

 Inorganic membrane is composed of

inorganic compounds, eg ceramic

membranes (such as ZrO2 and γ-Al2O3),

membrane glass (like SiO2¬).

2. The type of membrane based on morphology is

divided into two types, namely:

a. Symmetric membrane is a membrane

having a pore size that is homogeneous,

b. An asymmetric membrane is a membrane

with a pore size outer side more tightly

with a thickness of between 0.1-0.5 μm

3. The type of membrane based on the principle of

separation. Based on the principle of the

separation, the membrane is divided into three

types, namely:

a. Porous Membrane: The membrane of

this type is applied to microfiltration,

ultrafitrasi, and nanofiltration.

b. The non-porous membrane with the

membrane of this type can separate

molecules that have more or less similar

size to one another.

c. The membrane carrier molecule is

determined by a very specific carrier that

facilitates transport specific.

4. Type membrane by function

a. Microfiltration, 0.05 to 10 μm<2 bar :

Separating suspensions and colloids

b. Ultrafiltration, 1-100 nm 1-10 bar :

Separating macromolecules

c. Nanofiltration, <2 nm 10-25 : Separating

bars soluble components having a low

molecular weight

d. Reverse osmosis, <2 nm , Brackish

water: 15-25 bar, Sea water: 40-80 bar

Separating dissolved components with low

molecular weight

2.4 Membrane Preparation Method

Membranes can be made from organic materials and

inorganic polymers such as ceramic, metal, and glass.

Several techniques can be used to make membranes

that sintering, stretching, track-etching, template

leaching and phase inversion (Mulder, 1996).

Modiﬁcation of Surface Hollow Fiber Membrane Ultraﬁltration for Processing Produced Water

253

2.5 Membrane Fouling

Adsorption or accumulation of certain components in

produced water on the membrane surface or in the

pores of the membrane which can result in decreased

efficiency of flux. Fouling is a limiting survival of a

membrane in the economic value of produced water

treatment (Ahmadun et al. 2009).

Fouling of the membranes can be classified into:

2.6 Irradiation with UV Rays

UV light on the membrane used to make membranes

become susceptible to the reaction, then the polymer

chain must contain a double bond, hydroxyl group, or

a benzene ring (Nunes and Peinemann, 2001). UV

light causes polymerization of the membrane.

However, in the presence of polymerization will

reduce pore size that will cause a reduction in

permeability (Susanto, 2007). Polymerization speed

depends on operating conditions such as the type of

UV light (wavelength and energy), the concentration

of monomer, the distance between the source of UV

and membrane, and the exposure time (Homayoonfal,

2010).

2.7 Membrane Characterization

Modified

The analysis used to determine the performance of the

membrane can be seen from the parameter flux

(permeability), rejection (selectivity), and the

structure of membrane morphology (Mulder, 1996).

2.8 Hollow Fiber Membrane

Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) is a membrane that

can be used to transfer gas and steam hydrophobic (ie

volatile and semivolatile organic compounds)

between two liquids, usually gas (air) and water

(liquid).Membranes are often used in the industry is

an asymmetric membrane.

2.8.1 Advantages of Hollow Fiber

Hollow fiber membrane is one of the most popularly

used in the industry. This is due to several useful

features that make it attractive for the industry.

Among others are:

a. Energy needs: In the filtration process no phase

change involed. Consequently, it is not

necessary latent heat. This makes hollow fiber

membranes have the potential to replace several

operating units which consume heat, such as

distillation or evaporation column.

b. There is no product waste: Since the principal

base is hollow fiber filtration, do not generate

waste from operation unless the unwanted

components in the feed stream. This can help to

reduce operating costs for dealing with garbage.

c. large surface per unit volume: Hollow fiber

membrane surfaces have large volumes per

module. Therefore, the smaller the size of the

hollow fiber membranes than other types but

can provide higher performance.

d. Flexible: Hollow fiber membranes are flexible,

able to perform filtering in 2 ways, both are

"inside-out" or "outside-in".

e. Low operating costs: hollow fiber requires

lower operating costs compared to other types of

operating unit.

f. However, it also has some drawbacks that cause

application problems. Among the drawbacks

are:

g. Membrane fouling: Hollow fiber membrane

fouling more often than other membranes

because of the configuration. contaminated feed

would increase the rate of membrane fouling,

esapecially for hollow fibers.

2.8.2 Asymmetric Hollow Fiber Membrane

Applications

Asymmetric Hollow Fiber Membranes can be applied

for CO2 Separation of Hydrocarbons and

Fluorocarbons. High-pressure carbon dioxide

separation of fluorocarbons is essential in the

production of fluoropolymers such as poly

(tetrafluoroethylene). Plasticize typical polymeric

membranes under high pressure CO2 partial

conditions. Based on the measured performance of

the separation of CO2 / C2H2F2 and CO2 / C2H4

mixture, the selectivity of CO2 / C2 F4 mixture is

greater than 100. The long-term stability studies show

that membranes provide separation stable for 5 days

at 1250 psi partial pressure of CO2, thus making the

membrane approaches interesting.

2.9 Polyimide

Aromatic polyimides are typically used for

applications in high temperature, because the material

can maintain high strength in continuous use at

temperatures above 300 ° C for short periods.

Continuous film, foil, sheet, fabric or laminate is

particularly desirable for use in high temperature

electrical insulation for thermal stability and

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Technology

254

durability of the resin. While the resin substrate imide

can be used for circuit boards fireproof, radomes, etc.,

the use of the most major, namely in the manufacture

of thin film to wrap the electric motor or the like,

where these materials can withstand high

temperatures long term without loss of mechanical or

electrical properties. Thermosetting polyimides are

very valuable as films, with fused-ring aromatic

groups contributes to high thermal stability. High

tensile strength in a wide temperature range,

dimensional stability, wear resistance, high dielectric

strength, chemical resistance, and radiation resistance

properties is desirable to use a lot of polyimides.

Polyimide films, such as "Kapton", has been found to

be used in electric motors are compact, in which the

high dielectric strength, and toughness are important,

as well as in insulation for aircraft wiring and

missiles, etc. In wrapping insulation film, flexibility

and elongation of the film is important for allowing

polyimide to conform to the shape of the substrate.

The film is made by casting can be solution-oriented

after removing at least part of the solvent, as the

evaporation of the film. Molecular orientation can be

done by stretching the film in the machine direction

orientation (MDO) and / or transverse direction

orientation (TDO) at a temperature of orientation.

Typical previous films made by this process can have

10% to 25% elongation before breaking under tensile

stress.

2.10 Ultrafiltration Membrane

Operating membrane separation process can be

defined as two or more components of the fluid flow

through a membrane. The membrane serves as a

barrier (Barrier) is a highly selective thin between the

two phases, it can only skip certain components and

hold the other components of a fluid flow that passed

through the membrane (Mulder, 1996). Membrane

process involves feed (liquid and gas), dangaya thrust

(drivingforce) due to the pressure difference (ΔP), the

concentration difference (ΔC) and the energy

difference (AE). Ultrafiltration membrane process

(UF) is an effort that uses the membrane separation

with different thrust force of pressure is strongly

influenced by the size and distribution of pore

membranes (Malleviale., 1996). The separation

process occurs in particles of colloidal size range. The

membrane operates at a pressure antara1-5bar and

permeability limits ARE1 0-50l / m2.jam.bar.

Applied Membrane Technology is to generate clean

water with your water quality requirements. The raw

water is inserted kebejana containing a semi-

permeable membrane, with a tekanan.Ini gave the

physical process of separating solute from solvent.

The membrane only traversed solvent, while

dissolved, either electrolytes or organic, will be

rejected (rejection), also prakits to remove organic

substances. Other contaminants such as colloidal

right retained by the pore structure that acts as a filter

(sieve) nominal BM molecule used for ultrafiltration

membrane has a porous membrane structure and

asymmetric. Membrane advantages compared with

conventional treatment in drinking water treatment,

among others (Wenten.1996) Requiring lower energy

for operation and maintenance, design and

construction of small-scale system, the equipment is

modular so easy in-scaleup and do not need extreme

conditions (temperature and pH). However,

membranes have limitations such as the occurrence of

the phenomenon of concentration polarization,

fouling, which is a barrier for water volumeprocessed

generated and also the limitations of the age of the

membrane.

2.11 Produced Water Treatment

Produced water is water from underground rock

structure on the source of the oil has been dragged to

the ground along with the gas and oil in the

exploration and production of fossil fuels. Produced

water can be derived from the exploration and

production of oil well offshore (offshore) or on land

(on-shore). During this time produced water is a

byproduct of the largest and regarded as waste in the

process of exploration and production of oil and gas.

The average ratio of the amount of produced water

with oil in oil wells in the world reached 3: 1. The

amount of produced water will increase as the old age

of exploration and production of oil wells. The

content of produced water depends on the

geographical location of oil wells, the type of rock

structures under the ground, the type of hydrocarbon

that is produced, as well as various additive

compounds that are used during the exploration and

production takes place.

2.12 Future Direction

The research to be undertaken to achieve the goal of

the research is expected. The research is divided into

three stages, namely the manufacture of Polyamide

membranes, characterization stage, and the stage of

membrane application for processing produced water.

Polyamide membranes at the stage of manufacture

begins by making a print solution that consists of

Polyamide polymer with composition 18 wt%;

additives PEG 1500 and 4000, each with a

Modiﬁcation of Surface Hollow Fiber Membrane Ultraﬁltration for Processing Produced Water

255

concentration of 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%; and acetone

as the solvent. Printing membranes using phase

inversion methods. This method is done by printing

the membrane on the glass plate using a casting knife,

and then the membrane is irradiated with UV light by

varying the time for 10, 20, 30 minutes. Furthermore,

the membrane is inserted into the coagulation bath

with distilled water as non-solvent for 1 hour,

followed by immersion in a different coagulation bath

for 24 hours. The membranes were dried in an oven

at a temperature of 40-50 ° C for 24 hours. The next

stages were characterized by determination of flux

and rejection, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). After that

tested the application of membranes for water

treatment produced.

Research Design Diagram:

3 CONCLUSION

Based on literature study that has been described

above, To Modify and analyze the factors that can

affect the performance of hollow fiber ultrafiltration

membrane is one of the processes are applied in water

treatment systems because it uses low pressure

process that requires less energy and have a very

economic cost. Use of the membrane can be formed

in a variety of configurations and sizes, Configuration

hollow fiber membrane has the advantage of a

compact design with a surface area of the membrane

is very high, therefore, produce better productivity

with support mechanisms that can be returned to the

separation of produced water provides good

flexibility as well as easy handling during module

fabrication operation

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Anal

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e1

Purpos

e2

Purpose3

Purpos

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