Conservation and Characterization of Upland Red Rice in 11

Districts in North Sumatra Province

Rahmad Setia Budi

, Irfan Suliansyah

, Yusniwati

, Sobrizal

Agrotechnology Department, Faculty ofAgriculture UISU Medan 20144, Indonesia

Doctoral Program, Postgraduate Andalas University Padang, Indonesia

Program, Postgraduate Andalas University Padang, Indonesia

Isotop and Radiation Application Center (IRAC) BATAN Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Biodiversity, Characterization, Food Security, Sustainable Agriculture, Upland Red Rice.

Abstract: Germplasm or genetic resources (GR) is very important biodiversity and the basic capital needed in

development agricultural industry including new varieties invention in order to increase production to support

food security and sustainable agriculture. Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) or rice as the main staple food, is very

important food crop for the people of Indonesia. One type among upland rice’s in North Sumatra that widely

planted by the farmers are the upland red rice’s. In order to conserve the extinction of these GR and to

empower their cultivars, it is necessary to take action in more dynamic way of conservation such as in situ

conservation (on farm conservation) and ex situ conservation. The purpose of this study was to obtain

information and data; agronomic, morphological, and production characteristics such as: plant height, harvest

age, production per ha, weight of 1000 grains, shape, size, and color of unhulled grain and the hulled one

(rice). The research was initiated with exploration activities in 11 districts in North Sumatra from 2015which

included literature study, interviews and direct visit to farmer fields. Collection and storage for consolidation

and characterization of upland red rice was conducted at Experimental Field and Screen House of Faculty of

Agriculture UISU Medan Results obtained; (1) Acquired 22 upland red rice cultivars and most cultivars were

found in areas of medium to high altitude, with flat topography, plateau to hilly;(2). All upland red rice

cultivars showed good diversity in terms of agronomy, harvest age and production (2). Grain (lemma/palea)

and seed (caryopsis) obtained were found to be variated in the shape, size, and color. For subsequent research

the selected cultivars will be improved through mutation breeding (induced mutation).

1 INTRODUCTION

Paddy(Oryza sativa L.) or rice is the main staple food

for the people of Indonesia, and an important

component in the national food security system

(Damardjati, 2006). In addition, rice is also one of

raw material of various foods, such as cakes flour,

noodles, and baby food (brown rice). The demand for

rice each year increases inline with the increasing of

population. Indonesian rice consumption is 135

kgs/capita/year. Out of the 39.7 million hectares of

Indonesianmainland, 20.5% is planted with rice. In

2013, harvested area of Indonesia's rice was 13.83

million hectaresresulting the productivity of 5.15 t/ha

and total production of 71.28 million tons (Zaini, et

al.(2014).

Rice cultivation in upland areas worldwide

accounts for about 15 million hectares and contributes

about 4% of the total rice production in the world

(GRiSP, 2013). In Indonesia, upland rice production

covers about 1.15 million hectares and contributes

about 5% of the national rice production (MOA,

2013). The national productivity of upland rice in the

country remains low at 3.35 t/ha (MOA, 2013).

Indonesian upland rice area is mainly cultivated in

marginal areas, which comprise diverse geographical

areas from low to high altitude. Breeding to improve

rice varieties for upland areas has been established in

Indonesia since 1970s with the main target areas were

upland rice in low altitude. In contrast, improvement

of upland rice varieties for high altitude in the country

was just initiated in 2011. It is estimated that 2.07

million ha of upland areas in high altitude has the

potential for food crop production including rice

(Abdurachman et al., 2008). However, in the high-

altitude areas, farmers still cultivate traditional rice

322

Budi, R., Suliansyah, I., Yusniwati, . and Sobrizal, .

Conservation and Characterization of Upland Red Rice in 11 Districts in North Sumatra Province.

DOI: 10.5220/0010042403220330

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 322-330

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

varieties mainly due to the absence of improved

varieties specifically released for the areas.

Rice production increased from 52 million tons in

2000 to about 66 million tons in 2010, or an increase

of 2.68% per annum as combinatiotion of 1.24%

increase in harvested area and 1.41% annual increase

in productivity. According to Statistic Indonesia

(2011) Indonesia's rice production decreased 1.08

million tonnes compared to the previous year. The

lowness increase in harvested area shows that to

increase rice production has been more difficult

especially in Java, Sumatera and Nusatenggara

(MOA, 2013, Atomos, 2014).

In addition, the declination in production is also

caused by the occurrence of decreasing in the

potential yield of existing rice cultivars. This is due to

the narrowness of the genetic diversity of existing rice

caused by many released rice cultivars that are related

one to each other. As a result, rice diversity is reduced

and the yield potential is no different (Susanto, et al.

(2010). This facts endanger the existence of local rice

both wetland and upland rice cultivars, which

currently more abandoned by farmers and threatened

in extinction (Toha, 2005).

Indonesia is a tropical country with a huge

potential and belongs to the second largest country on

biodiversity. The high level of biodiversity of

germplasm or genetic resources (GR) is because

Indonesia has a vast landscape with the spread and

condition of geographic areas that vary (Sujiprihati

and Syukur, 2012).Germplasm or GR is one of the

most important natural resources and is the basic

capital needed to develop the agricultural industry.

Genetic Resources management is considered

successful if it has been able to provide access to GR

as a source of donor genes in breeding programs, and

plant breeding is considered to be successful if it has

utilized the genetic properties available in GR

collections(Sumarno and Zuraida, 2004). Local

cultivars are seen as a very valuable asset and need to

be well managed. Local rice (landrace) is an GR that

has a certain genetic advantage, has been cultivated

for generations so that the genotype has adapted well

to the various land conditions and specific climate in

the area oif development. In addition, local rice is

naturally resistant to pests and diseases, tolerant to

abiotic stress, and has a good quality of rice and

generally has a taste and aroma favored by the people

(Siwi and Kartowinoto, 1989); Hayward et al. (1993)

and Sitaresmi et al. (2013).

The exploration, collection and conservation of

GR has become a global concern, by forming an

international body of the International Plant Genetic

Resource Institute (IPGRI) based in Rome, which

plays a role in the management of germplasm for

some particular commodities (Poespodarsono, 1988).

Exploration is an activity to seek, find, and collect

certain GR to secure them from extinction. In order

for the GR to be more efficiently secured it is

necessary to conduct more dynamic conservation

such as in situ conservation or on-farm

conservation.Swasti et al. (2007), has explored 182

local rices in West Sumatra, but more directed to

wetland rices (Warman et al.(2011). In West Sumatra

there are still 15 local upland rice cultivars that are

still cultivated by the farmer in dry land/hills. From

the local upland rice cultivars there is an upland rice

that has black endosperm color (black rice).

The development of upland rice is an alternative

to increase national rice production, and plays an

important role in the Indonesian people's agricultural

system, as wetland rice expansion becomes more

difficult. Based on the data that the dry land of

Indonesia is about 144 million hectares so that in the

coming yearsits role in national grain supply becomes

increasingly important (Rahayu, et al. (2006).

Productivity of 2.57 tons / ha, much lower than the

productivity of wetland rice 4.75 tons / ha (MOA,

2006).

One type of upland rice in North Sumatra which

widely still being planted by farmers is red upland

rice. Red (brown) rice has the advantage of both

itstenderness and benefit for the human body. Brown

rice is known to be very beneficial to health, as well

as staple foods, among others, to prevent food and

nutrition shortages and cure diseases. The content of

anthocyanin in brown rice is believed to prevent

various diseases such as cancer, cholesterol, and

coronary heart (Fitriani, 2006).

The utilization of improved varieties is a reliable

technology in increasing the production of food crops.

This technology is considered safer and more

environmentally friendly and cheaper for farmers.

Therefore, attention to the effort obtaining superior

varieties through breeding research needs to be given

so that genetic quality of the local rice can be

improved. Indonesian plant breeders successfully

breeded 180-day-old rice with productivity of 2-3 tons

/ ha to 105 days old with 6-8 tons / ha productivity

such as Aek Sibundong a local rice varieties of North

Sumatra (Irianto, 2008). To support the sustainability

of paddy production in the regions and the increasing

of national rice production, varieties that are adaptive

to environmental conditions in the country are needed

(Hairmansis, et al. (2015).

The specific purpose of this research is to explore

and characterize the various local rice characters of

North Sumatra red rice, and followed by characters

Conservation and Characterization of Upland Red Rice in 11 Districts in North Sumatra Province

323

improvementof North Sumatranred rice upland

landraces through further breeding activities.

Characters that will be improved primarily are the age

of plants, posture, and production.

While the specific objectives of the study are as

follows:

1. Getting, and collecting and consolidating the local

red rice in North Sumatra as a first step in

conservation.

2. Characterization of morphology, especially

morphology of rice grain of red rice from

exploration results

3. Knowing the genetic kinship of local red rice in

North Sumatra.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

The research was conducted in eight districts in North

Sumatra Province from January 2015 until December

2016. The method included the study of literature,

interviews to the relevant agencies, the Department of

Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesian

Center for Rice Research (BB Penelitian Padi

Indonesia), Agricultural Extension (PPL), the Village

Head, and Farmer Groups, as well as visits and

interviews directly to the Farmers fields in the District

which are regional producer of rice and have the

potential existence of local upland red rice. The

research was conducted on several stages of research

activities, namely: 1) exploration and rice collection

of red rice in North Sumatra and 2) characterization

of morphology of red rice in North Sumatera results

of exploration activities.

Data collected in this study were primary and

secondary data. Primary data collected directly

through interviews with respondents using a

questionnaire to determine the existence and identify

the red rice geographic, agricultural systems, farmers'

character, agronomic characters, morphology, and

production coverance, plant height, date of harvest,

production per hectare, 1000 grain weight, grain

shape, and color of grain. Secondary data related to

this study were obtained through the agencies

associated with this research.

2.1 Exploration and Collection of Red

Rice of North Sumatra

Local GR rice exploration activities were carried out

in several regencies in North Sumatra Province. Each

of these districts was eligible for exploration activities

because it stores the diversity of paddy GR which was

preserved for years to come. Prior to the initial

exploration preliminary survey was conducted, for

data collection that contains about the existence of

local upland rice species or even wild relatives in the

area. Visited and interviewed directly to the fields

Farmers in the District which were regional producers

of rice and had the potential of the existence of local

upland red rice.

Data collection included name of cultivar,

number and origin of collection, based on predefined

sampling method. The collected cultivars are

collected and stored in cold storage, and some are

planted for stabilization and rejuvenation either ex

situ or in situ, and for characterization purposes.

2.2 Characterization of Grain

Morphology

Cultivars collected from farmers' fields, then

identified (characterization) and stored. A total of 22

cultivars, 21 cultivars were planted in the

experimental field and the green house of Faculty of

Agriculture UISU Medan and Andalas University

Padang, for evaluation, stabilization, and

characterization.

Stages of observation of red rice character was

done by observing grain quantitatively and

qualitatively. All quantitative data was determined by

measuring all grain characteristics in accordance with

the rice descriptor issued by IRRI and WARDA

(2007). From quantitative data obtained, then

processed with Minitab program version 16.14

(Iriawan and Astuti, 2006).

Observations consisted of quantitative and

qualitative observation. Quantitative quantities

consisting of grain length, grain width, grain thickness,

and grain length as measured by using digital slurry in

mm, and weight of 100 grains as measured by

analytical scales in grams. While qualitative

observations consisted of grain color surface color, rice

color, and shape of rice. The data of morphological

characterization (phenotypic data) were then used for

the analysis of diversity and kinship.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Upland GR Data in Location

Collection Field Visit

From the exploration result in 11 regencies, there

were 22 cultivars of upland red rice, and agronomic

data obtained (Table 1).

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

324

Table 1. Upland Red rice from exploration in Provincial of

North Sumatra Districts

Number

(Genotipe

Code)

ocal Name

(

Accession)

lass

Sub

District/

District

Plant heigh

(cm) /

Age

Production

(day)

Production

(ton)

High are

(m-asl)

(BM01)

ara Geduk/

ndica (Cere)

STM Hulu/

eli

Serdan

180 / 180 1,0 – 1,5 500- 100

(BM02)

elacan TM/

ndica

(

Cere

)

STM Hulu/

eli

Serdan

180 / 170 1,0 – 1,5 500- 100

(BM03)

SiPote/

aponica

intang

ayu/

Serdang

eda

160 / 165 1,5 – 2,0 500- 100

(BM04)

SiPala/

ndica

(

Cere

)

aya/Simal

180 / 170 2,0 – 2,5 500- 100

(BM05)

SiGambiri

SM/

ndica (Cere)

Seribu

olok/

Simalungun

180 /170 2,5 – 3,0 750- 130

(BM06)

agai Gara/

ndica (Cere)

STM Hulu/

eli

Serdan

180 / 170 1,0 – 1,5 500- 100

(BM07)

SiPenuh/

ndica

(

Cere

)

arus Jahe/

anah Karo

170 / 170 1,5 – 2,0 750- 100

(BM08)

elacan TB/

ndica (Cere)

STM Hulu/

eli

Serdan

160 / 170 1,0 – 1,5 500- 100

(BM09)

SiBuah/

ndica (Cere)

aya/Simal

gun

180 / 170 2,5 – 3,0 500- 100

(BM 10)

ondong/

ndica

(

Cere

)

arus Jahe/

anah Karo

150 /160 2,0 – 2,5 750- 100

(BM 11)

abanjahe/

ndica

(

Cere

)

rampu/Dai

180 / 165 2,5 – 3,0 750- 120

(BM 12)

SiKembiri/

ndica

(

Cere

)

olat Rayat/

anah Karo

180 / 175 1,5 – 2,0 750- 100

(BM 13)

SiLottik/

ndica (Cere)

arancar/

apanuli

Selatan

170 / 160 2,5 – 3,0 750- 130

(BM 14)

SiGambiri

ndica

(

Cere

)

unte/Tana

Karo

170 / 165 3,5 – 4.0 750- 150

(BM 15)

o’e/

onica

Sanayama/

ias Selatan

155 / 160 2,0 – 3,0 500- 100

(BM 16)

SiKariting/

avanica

Simanindo/

Samosi

160 / 165 1,5 – 2,0 750- 100

(BM 17)

SiGambiri

ndica

(

Cere

)

akpakBha

at/ Pakpak

harat

165 / 165 3,5 – 4.0 750- 100

(BM 18)

me Najaro/

ndica (Cere)

akti Raja/

umbangHa

sundutan

155 /160 2,5 – 3,0 750- 100

(BM 19)

me Si

arang2/

ndica

(

Cere

)

akti Raja/

umbang

asundutan

155 /160 2,5 – 3,0 750- 100

(BM 20)

SiLabundon

/ Indica

(

Cere

)

adang

Sidempuan/

Sidem

uan

160 / 170 2,5

–

3,0

750- 120

21. (BM

21)

abimbing/

ndica

(

Cere

)

Sipirok/

apanuli

Selatan

160 / 170

,5 – 3,0 750–120

22. (BM

22)

Sirata/

ndica

(

Cere

)

utalimbaru/

eli

Serdan

130 / 140 3,5 – 4.0 500- 100

Source: Farmer’s information and field visits and

observation in the field.

From Table 1 it can be explained the exploration

results that in the 11 visited districts were obtained 22

local rice cultivars of red rice.Tanah Karo and Deli

Serdang districts had the largest number and varieties

of upland red rice, followed by Simalungun compared

to other districts, especially in the area around

medium to

high altitude, where until now upland red

rice cultivation still maintained for generations due to

local culture.These 11 District (1) Deli Serdang); (2)

Tanah Karo; (3) Serdang Bedagai; (4) Simalungun;

(5) Dairi; (6) Pakpak Bharat; (7) Samosir; (8)

Humbang Hasundutan; (9) Nias Selatan; (10)

Tapanuli Selatan; and (11 Padang Sidempuan,

planting areas were situated in different ecosystems

with varying altitudes from medium to high plains

with flat, uneven to hilly topography. (Figure 1).

From the literature data obtained local varieties

(accessions) both in ICRR (BB Padi) and BB Biogen

that the collection of rice plants in general in North

Sumatra including upland rice as much as 175, while

the collection of rice crops in general in Indonesia

including 750 (BB Biogen) gogo rice; 29 varieties of

upland rice, and there are 1729 local rice including 37

from North Sumatra (ICRR, 2015), but not yet

explored more related to location or area (village

name), lowland, medium or high land location, and

type of wetland rice , rain-fed, or gogo. For that still

needed exploration activities of local rice cultivars in

and subsequently carried out conservation activities

and collection of local varieties, Meanwhile, the

potential for development of upland rice in North

Sumatra is mostly located in the highlands (> 800 m

asl). In 2011, based on the temporary figures (Asem),

the area of upland rice harvest has reached 52,401

hectares with the production amount of 161,279 tons.

Of this area, 77% (40,419 ha) are in the highlands and

spread in Simalungun regency (14,708 ha), Dairi

(9,056 ha), Tanah Karo (8,793 ha), North Tapanuli

(3,744 ha), Pakpak Bharat (3,465 ha), Humbanghas

(529 ha), and Toba Samosir area of 124 ha (Sumatera

Dalam Angka, 2011), while in the lowlands, farmers

no longer plant upland rice as many turn to other more

profitable commodities such as oil palm. The farming

or cultivation system was still relatively simple and

upland rice was planted as intercropping plants with

some annual crops such as rubber, palm oil, and

coffee. Its also intercropped with horticultural plants,

such as bananas, and oranges. Then the planting sites

were always altered depend on the condition of the

land or could be said as shifting cultivation.

Conservation and Characterization of Upland Red Rice in 11 Districts in North Sumatra Province

325

Figure 1: North Sumatra Map (Location of Distribution

Upland red rice).

From this data it can be seen that the cultivation

of upland rice was still an unimportant crop, although

it generally proven to have high adaptation and

tolerance to pests and diseases while the land was still

available. This was because the field priority of

farmers to plant rice, which they would choose

irrigated rice fields first, followed by rainfed lowland

(gogo rancah), and the last option was dry land for

upland rice cultivation.

For farmers who did not have wetland or where

rice field was limited, then dry land was chosen to

cultivate upland rice. In the other words, the

cultivation of upland rice was more directed by the

interests to fulfill farmers household consumption.

Harvest age was long (˃145 days), ranging from

150.00 to 180.00 days after seed (DAS), and

production was still low to moderate (1.0 - 3.5 t / ha).

All of harvest ages of cultivars could be categorized

in the age of the deep category. This age of harvest

could be affected by the altitude of the place and

climatic conditions. This was because the collection

area was situated on medium to highland which was

above 400 m-asl.

Low productivity of lowland rice was mainly

caused by environmental stresses, both biotic and

abiotic (Hairmansis, et al., 2015), varying climatic

and soil conditions, the application of cultivation

technology that had not been optimum, especially in

the use of improved varieties, fertilization and blast

disease control (Toha, 2005). The higher the place

was planted, the appearance of harvest age would

tend to be longer than the plants grown on the

lowlands. Farmers tent to choose high potentially

yielding cultivars, and moderate to low plant height

characters. This was done by farmers to avoid the risk

of crop failure due to lodging in the rainy season.

Low temperatures in the highlands could inhibit

the growth of seedlings and saplings, causing leaf

discoloration (yellowing leaves), slow down the

flowering time, exerted abnormal panicles, increased

panicle sterility, irregular tassel maturation, which

resulted to declining of production. The productivity

of upland rice were lower primarily due to climatic

and soil conditions varations, unoptimal cultivation

technology, especially in the use of high yielding

varieties, fertilizing and controlling blast disease

(Toha, 2005), also due to various environmental

stress both biotic and abiotic (Hairmansis, et al.,

2015). In addition, the decline in production was also

caused by the sloping increase in the potential yield

of existing rice cultivars. This was due to the

narrowness of the genetic diversity of existing rice

cultivars as a result of releasing many rice cultivars

that were related one to each other. This caused the

existence of local rice both wetland and upland rice,

currently increasingly abandoned farmers and

threatened extinction (Toha, 2005).

North Sumatra Province had local varieties of

upland rice which was very popular as consumer

products. Local varieties were in fact a major provider

of rice in upland area of Bukit Barisan, North

Sumatra. Although there had been a lot of upland rice

varieties released by the Government, but no one had

been able to adapt well in the highlands. High

yielding varieties that had been released, such as Situ

Patenggang, Towuti, Situ Bagendit, Batu Tegi, and

Limboto that had relatively high yield potential (> 3.5

t/ha), but the level of adaptation was still limited

appropriate only in the lowlands (< 500 mdpl) (Toha,

2006; Yusuf, 2009).

In general, farmers cultivated local varieties

(Sunjaya, 2011) that tasted good, tolerant of marginal

land, resistant to some kinds of pests and diseases,

requiring low fertilizer inputs as well as easy and

simple cultivation. However, it had low

productivity

(Ahadiyat, 2011). Then, the development of upland

rice planting should consider soil conservation,

productivity levels, taste, also the resistance to pests

and diseases through modeling approaches of

integrated crop management and resource (ICM) in

the area of specific locations, to achieve food security

and sustainable agricultural systems (Toha, 2005).

From the results of rejuvenation and observation

of morphological character of upland rice from 11

regencies were obtained 22 cultivars of local red rice

from North Sumatera. From the observations both in

the field and initial studies, could be obtained

morphological characters and component resulted in

Figure 2.

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

326

Figure 2: The Raising of Rice Cultivars of Upland Red Rice

of North Sumatra.

From the Figure 2 above, there were several

variations of 19 cultivars of upland red rice from 11

districts which were grown for further rejuvenation.

Characterization of all important morphological and

agronomic properties of GR exploration results was

carried out on several morphological characters and

agronomic characters (yield component) by IRRI

standard, IBPGR (1980).

Base on morphological character (phenotypic

data) of 22 local red rice cultivars, there were

variations of each cultivar as follows: Plant height

was high ˃ 125 cm (score 7). Productive tillers was

classified as little ˂ 10 (score 3) ranging from 5,78 -

9,78 tillers. Long panicle was medium with score 20

- 30 cm to long (31 - 40 cm) rangimg from 21.7 - 35

cm.

3.2 Collection Field Visit Character of

Grain Morphology

3.2.1 Qualitative Character

From the exploration result in 11 regencies, 22 local

rice cultivars of red upland rice from north sumatra

were obtained. Observations both in the field and by

conducting initial studies then could be obtained

some characters, both morphological and anatomical

characters. Morphological and anatomical

characteristics of 19 local upland red rice cultivars are

presented in figures 3 and 4.

Based on the observations obtained, the longest

length of red rice grains are genotypes bm 01 and bm

06, while the shortest is genotype bm 15. Irri and

warda (2007) divide the length of grain in three

classes, ie short (<7.5 mm), medium (7.5-12 mm),

and long (> 12 mm). Based on the classification of irri

and warda (2007), we obtained short, medium and

long red rice genotypes.

The result of qualitative observation on red rice

grain showed the variation between each genotype.

Grain of red rice both unhulled and hulled had

varying surface and shape colors (figure 3). Based on

the observation on the qualitative character, the color

of the grain surface was generally colored yellow

straw, brownish, and brownish red. According to irri

and warda (2007), the colors of the grain surface were

quite diverse, ie brownish yellow, brownish white,

brownish orange, light brown, brownish red, and

greenish brown.

Similarly, there are also variations on the color of

the seed (caryopsis). Namely red, pink, blackish-red

rice. According to indrasari (2006), different rice

colors were genetically regulated, due to differences

in genes that regulate aleuron color, endosperm color,

and starch composition in endosperm.

The shape of rice also showed variations, which

were round, semi-round, and oval. Most of the red

rice form found to be oval followed by a semi-

spherical shape and the smallest was round.

Figure 3: Grain and rice husked rice from the North

Sumatra red rice.

Note:

Colourof

Lemma

and Palea

Yellow

Straw

Colour of

Caryopsis

1 Pin

Brown

(tawny) 2

Dark

Brown

spots 3

Red

Blac

Brown

furrows 4 Blac

80 Purple

100 Blac

Shape of

Caryopsis 1 Roun

2 Semi of

Roun

3 Oval

The result of qualitative observation on red rice

grain showed the variation between each genotype.

Grain of red rice both unhulled and hulled had

Conservation and Characterization of Upland Red Rice in 11 Districts in North Sumatra Province

327

varying surface and shape colors (table 3 and figure

3). Based on the observation on qualitative character,

the colors of the grain surface were generally yellow

straw, brownish, dark red, and red black according to

irri and warda (2007), the colors of the grain surface

were quite diverse, namely brownish yellow,

brownish white, brownish orange, light brown,

brownish red, and greenish brown. According to putra

et al. (2010), the colors of the grain surface were quite

diverse, namely brownish yellow, brownish white,

brownish orange, light brown, brownish red, and

greenish brown.

Likewise there were also variations considering

the colors of the seed (caryopsis). Most of the hulled

grains were dark red, pink, and blackish red.

According to indrasari (2006), different hulled grains

colors were genetically regulated, due to differences

in genes that regulate aleuron color, color of

endosperm, and starch composition in endosperm the

shape of hulled grains also showed variations, namely

round, semi-round, and oval. Most of the hulled red

rice grains forms found to be oval, followed by semi-

spherical, and the smallest is round.

3.2.2 Quantitative Character

The results of observation of the quantitative character

of upland red rice grain can be seen in table 2.

Table 2: The quantitative character of upland red rice grain.

Cultivar

Genotyp

Observation of Grain (G) and Rice (R)

(Long (L), Width (W) Thick (T) = mm);

Weight = g)

L (G) W (G) T (G) L (R) W T (R)

Weight

100 (

)

1 1 8.66 2.28 1.66 8.64 2.24 1.63 2.72

2 8.75 2.02 1.54 8.73 2.00 1.52 2.42

3 3 7.05 2.39 1.62 6.72 2.22 1.69 1.69

4 4 9.00 2.35 1.62 8.99 2.33 1.60 2.10

5 5 7.96 2.91 1.89 7.91 2.87 1.88 3.34

6 6 8.71 2.18 1.64 8.67 2.16 1.62 2.42

7 7 8.09 2.78 1.93 8.03 2.78 1.92 3.23

8 8 8.85 1.97 1.57 8.86 1.95 1.57 2.43

9 9 7.21 2.25 1.61 7.19 2.23 1.59 2.27

10 10 9.14 2.21 1.53 9.13 2.19 1.51 2.62

11 11 7.75 2.69 1.77 7.73 2.67 1.74 2.75

12 12 7.77 2.74 2.02 7.76 2.72 2.00 3.32

13 13 8.55 1.85 1.54 8.53 1.83 1.52 2.33

14 14 7.19 2.85 1.92 7.15 2.85 1.89 2.68

15 15 6.72 2.41 1.68 6.70 2.38 1.66 1.66

16 16 9.36 2.23 1.80 9.33 2.21 1.77 2.36

17 17 7.61 2.96 2.17 7.58 2.94 2.08 2.66

18 18 9.34 2.37 1.75 9.31 2.34 1.73 3.46

19 19 9.60 2.26 1.65 9.57 2.24 1.62 2.77

Avera

e 8.28 2.40 1.73 8.24 2.38 1.71 2.59

am 0.76 0.11 0.03 0.81 0.11 0.03 0.25

SD 0.87 0.33 0.18 0.90 0.33 0.17 0.50

2.SD 1.74 0.65 0.36 1.80 0.66 0.34 1.01

Variabil

Narrow

Narro Narro

Narrow Narrow

In general, there was a difference in the

characteristics of each of the red rice genotypes. The

observation of quantitative variables on grain showed

that the length of grain ranged from 6.72 - 9.60 mm.

The width of grain ranged from 1.85 - 2.96 mm. Grain

thickness ranged from 1.53 - 2.17 mm. The weight of

100 grain seeds ranged from 1.66 to 3.46 g.

Based on observations obtained in table 2., the

longest length of red rice grass was silabundong

genotype (9,60 mm), while the shortest was ro’e

genotype (6,72 mm). Irri and warda (2007) divided

the length of grain in three classes, ie short (<7.5

mm), medium (7.5-12 mm), and length (> 12 mm).

Based on the classification of irri and warda (2007),

we obtained 1 short size red rice genotype while the

remaining were classified as medium size.

Shape of grain form started from oval, round, and

semi of round, brown grain color (brown), brown

spots, and brown stripes. The color of the seeds of the

19 existing cultivars can be seen on the

characterization of grain (lemma/palea and seeds

(caryopsis) in figure 2.

3.2.3 Results of Cluster Analysis based on

Grain Morphology

Dendogram of grouping results based on genotype is

shown in figure 4.

Figure 4: Dendogram grouping based on grain morphology.

Based on the clustering of red rice genotypes

grouping at 79.79% similarity, the upland red rice

genotypes were grouped into three groups. The first

group consisted of 10 genotypes. The second group

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

328

consisted of 3 genotypes. The third group consisted

of 6 genotypes.

The close relationship of kinship can be seen from

the percentage of similarity. The size of the

percentage of similarity is influenced by the extent or

narrowness of diversity (variability). According to

Winarti (2005), generally a high level of variability of

morphological characters would complicate the

limitation of taxon under the type.

Figure 4 shows the level of kinship of each red

rice genotype in North Sumatera Province. The level

of kinship should be known to facilitate breeders in

producing new varieties that have a wide or narrow

diversity through crosses. To produce varieties with a

narrow diversity varieties are used that close kinship

level, while to produce a wide level of diversity

crossing of varieties that have A distant kinship level.

The further the kinship relationship, the recombinant

will be more diverse. Winarti (2005) states that to

determine the proximity of kinship relationships

between plant taxon can be done by determining the

similarity between plant taxon using morphological

properties because morphological properties can be

used to recognize and describe kinship of type. In the

characterization activities that had been done could be

known the character of each cultivar to be used and

developed in plant breeding activities in accordance

with the purpose of superior varieties which wanted

to be assembled. Given this variation, further

selection activities could be performed because the

selection would be successful if the plant populations

that would be selected had variations or diversity.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND

SUGGESTIONS

We hope you find the information in this template

useful in the preparation of your submission.

4.1 Conclusions

Germplasm exploration / conservation plays an

important role in avoiding the extinction of local /

wild rice species due to the rapid growth of modern

high yielding varieties, the opening of new land, the

transition of rice cultivation to other crops, and the

development of settlements.

1. Results of exploration in 11 districts obtained 22

local rice genotypes of red rice in North Sumatra.

Meanwhile, the potential development of upland

rice in North Sumatra are mostly located in the

highlands (> 700 mdpl).

2. Grain morphology characterization results

indicated the variations on quantitative and

qualitative characters. The widest level of

diversity was obtained from the long feather

characters. Correlation analysis results showed

the correlation between some variables of

morphology of grain and caryopsis.

3. Based on the morphological character of grain at

the similarity level of 79.79%, the rice genotypes

of North Sumatran red rice could be grouped into

three groups.

4. The efforts of genetic improvement of upland red

rice are currently being implemented for

Sigambiri Merah varieties through induce

mutations.

4.2 Suggestion

Undertake field days for farmers in understanding the

farm system in implementing the specific commodity

upland rice in particular locations.

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