Radicalism on Teens as the Effect of Digital Media Usage: Based on

Survey towards High School Students in Depok City, West Java,

Indonesia

Suraya Mansur

1,*

and Ahmad Mulyana

Lecturer at University Mercu Buana Jakarta Indonesia

Lecturer at University of Mercu Buana Jakarta Indonesia

Keywords Radicalism, Theory of Reasoned Action, Senior High School Student, Digital Media.

Abstract This research takes a deeper examination on the pattern of digital media consumption by teenagers.

Consumption pattern is believed to give effects on the particular teenagers. The functions of social media,

which were initially intended for connecting relations and source of information, have in fact shifted into

different meaning. In some cases, like on the Islamic digital media that publish the news about Islamic

movements, such media is believed has the power to give influence to shape its audience’s attitude into

radicalism behavior. This research is done through a survey methodology towards 100 senior high school

students in Depok city, West Java, Indonesia. The collected data is being analyzed through Pearson

Correlation Product Moment and Simple Regression Analysis. The result shows a high rate of radicalism

behavior by senior high school students in Depok city. The Influence of the frequency of digital media usage

on high school students appears to give little contribution towards radicalism behavior. Meanwhile, the

correlation between the frequency of digital media usage and the attitude of radicalism appears to be

significantly weak.

1 INTRODUCTION

Youth lives in their time. Kids and teenagers always

tend to have their own world and spaces. They like to

interact with each other and technology influences

their daily lives. The nowadays kids and teenagers are

often referred as the millennial generation, whom are

also born and raised closely with digital technology,

which consequently make them impossible to detach

with the digital media.

Quoting the words of Philip Chan, UNICEF

Australia Young Ambassador (Young and Well

Cooperative Research Centre; Youth Brains Trust;

UNICEF, 2014): “Digital media is a powerful way

for children to realize their rights, from accessing

information, playing games, to expressing themselves

freely and even anonymously. Technology has a

crucial role in empowering children by facilitating

communication, education and activism. It means

children don’t have to rely on adults and can have a

voice of their own. Yet not all children have equal

access to digital media. Even with access, digital

media poses risks for children such as Internet safety

and cyber bullying. In any new policy or decision-

making, it is absolutely important to listen to

children’s voices rst-hand, rather than assuming

what is best for them.” (Children’s Rights in the

Digital Age: A download from children around the

world, October 2014).

In July and August 2014, UNICEF (UNICEF,

2014) was conducted a research towards 148 youth

from 16 countries on young generation’s opinion and

perspective about their rights in digital era. Every kid

and teenager have the rights to use digital media; such

rights has been explained by UNICEF through the

following points; 1. Youth has the right to access, 2.

Youth is the majority of digital media users; 3.

Literacy is the most primary needs for young

generation; 4. They got dominated by narrative risks;

5. They are naturally smart in distinguishing online

and offline; 6. They are able to measure the balance

between the risk and opportunities; 7. They are able

to construct self-actualization through the use of

media; 8. Considering the perspective of young

generation; 9. They use it as the source to look for

knowledge; 10. The Government and practitioners

462

Mansur, S. and Mulyana, A.

Radicalism on Teens as the Effect of Digital Media Usage: Based on Survey towards High School Students in Depok City, West Java, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0010044904620470

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 462-470

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

maintain the communication with the youth. (2014:

8-12).

Nevertheless, according to the survey conducted

in Indonesia by the Association of Indonesian Internet

Service Providers (APJII) in partnerships with the

Center for Studies and Communication University of

Indonesia (Puskakom UI), it shows that the majority

of internet users in Indonesia, based on age grouping,

are people in the age between 18 – 25 years old

(49.0%). This means, the biggest Internet users

segment in Indonesia is included in the category of

digital natives. (Beritasatu,

2007:http://www.beritasatu.com/iptek/261297-

mayoritas-netizen-di-indonesia-berusia-1825-

tahun.html).

On the other hand, there is a result from a survey

occurred in 2011 by the Institute for Islamic Studies

and Peace (LaKIP)(Pranowo, 2011), towards 59

private schools and 41 public schools in Jakarta

reflected that the majority of students in Jakarta were

inclined to take violence action to resolve religious

issues and moral conflicts. As much as 48.9% stated

their willingness to be involved within a violence

action in regards to religious and moral issues, and on

the highlight of research’s result was to figure out that

there were actually dozens of the students were

supporting such extreme actions like suicide

bombing. (Cited from a writing by Prof., Dr.,

Bambang Pranowo, a professor of Islamic sociology

in the State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta; Koran

Tempo, 26 April 2011).

Other information gathered from another

surveys showed that there were 63.8% students and

41.8% teachers are willing to be involved in force-

shutdown other religions’ house of worship.

Furthermore, there are participants of the surveys

whom considered that Pancasila (the Indonesian

National principles) is no longer relevant to be the

ideology of the nation; in which 25% were students

and 21% were teachers. Amongst 84.8% students and

76.2% teachers agreed with the implementation of

Islamic law in Indonesia. Of the numbers of survey

participants who stand for violent action in the name

of religion’s solidarity were hitting 52.3% students

and 14.2% teachers whom justifying bombing attack

(Tempo.co, 2011:

https://www.tempo.co/read/fokus/2011/04/26/1855/

Separuh-Pelajar-Setuju-Aksi-Radikal-%20Berlabel-

Agama).

These collections of surveys’ results should have

become some kind of awareness to the teachers,

essentially the teacher of Islamic education (PAI),

about the emerging moral dangers that is threatening

the students. Referring to the study by Research and

Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of

Religious Affairs, it revealed that reading materials

provided by both PAI’s public school and PAI’s

private school sylabus in Jakarta are majorly taken

from the internet sources than text books (Ministry of

Religious Affairs, 2016).

Such particular youths have similar attitudes

described by the collections of surveys’ results

discussed previously, which were affected from

anything they read, watch, and hear. In regards to this

matter, media has a strong influence on them,

especially the digital media.

In a collaborative research conducted by

Research and Development Agency of Department of

Religious Affairs and Paramadina University towards

six mass media between the year of 2008-2015, it

illustrated how these major mass media’s coverages

in Jakarta, West Java, and Banten had the tendency to

publish the news contained with violence that related

to various religious issues, regardless the media

company or the province. Of two out of the six

newspapers that were chosen to be the object of this

study, namely Kompas and Republika that based in

Jakarta, these two show the opposite patterns of

coveraging news. Whereas Kompas is very prompt in

publishing violence cases factually, Republika tends

to move slow and being reflective. In different takes

were surprisingly found in the other four newspapers

that is based outside Jakarta, for they show similar

patterns: the designated portions for local and

ceremonial news are bigger, for example like

coveraging terorism issues on the perpetrators arrest

highlight, more peace occasions covered than

violence incidents, and the newspapers are providing

the background of those violence incidents

(Department of Religious Affairs, Analisis Konten

Kekerasan Agama di Media 2008-2015, 2016).

Ibnu Hamad (Hamad, 2004) stated that due its

obligatory feature and fact that mass media editorial’s

tasks is to story tell the occurring events, so it does

not seem exaggerating if we found that the entire

content of a media are full of constructed reality. It

seems very natural if then the construction of reality

on each media is different from one to another, even

though they cover exactly the same reality. The way

these media constructing the reality of facts are

depends on the editorial policy, which very much

interrelated to the politic adapt by particular media.

Mass media, particularly those the Internet-based

mass media, are indeed giving bigger space for

individuals to show off their creativities, retrieving

infinite information about many things, as well as

mediating their self-actualization; however, it often

appears that the Internet are spreading false

Radicalism on Teens as the Effect of Digital Media Usage: Based on Survey towards High School Students in Depok City, West Java,

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463

information (hoax) too, which in many case these

hoax are often believed to be the truth due to people’s

lack of knowledge and Internet literacy.

In Krathwohl’s opinion (1964:55)(Azjen, 1988)

the attitude and perspective that is being disclosed by

the youth based on the research discussed above, is a

form of agreement or acceptance to a value that

consists of five stages of behavior or affective. Those

five stages are (1) receiving, (2) responding, (3)

valuing, (4) organization, and (5) characterization by

a value or value complex.

In other words, is that when the youths are

independently accepting or approving the value of

violence or radicalism without proper supervisions or

the right guidance, this will cause the emergence of

violent personality in them, as a means to get what

they want or to achieve their goals. The targeted

youths for this research are the youths who live in

Depok city, West Java, Indonesia.

“BERIMBANG.COM, Depok – The threats of

Internet abuse are very prone in targeting the

students. The Service Departments of

Communications and Informatics (Diskominfo) of

Depok city is continuously spreading massive

awareness amongst the students, who naturally are

the digital native and the active Internet users.

The functional/public relations of Civil Service

Officer (ASN) of Diskominfo Depok city, Rita

Nurlita, explained that to provide a virtual world with

a clean and safe Internet for the smart, creative, and

productive community is one of the government

agendas. According Rita, the Internet is capable to be

a space for creativity and innovation for the user

whenever it got used correctly.

"The Internet has the benefit of which is to seek

information, data, pictures and knowledge as a means

of entertainment," he said during an Internet Safety

Seminar and Drug Abuse Prevention at SMAN 8

Cilodong, Depok city, on Friday (18/08/17).

(Diskominfo, 2017:

http://berimbang.com/diskominfo-depok-gencar-

kampanye-internet-sehat-di-kalangan-pelajar/)

Moreover, the mayor of Depok city has already

launched an Internet safety campaign to the Depok

city youth’s in particular. “Children are the leaders of

future generation. Therefore, it has been our duty to

always give them positive things, and one of them is

the accessible safe Internet,” said The Mayor of

Depok city, Idris Abdul Shomad, on Thursday (3/3).

Previously, Idris had made the announcement about

the launch of Internet Safety Program by the central

government through the agenda of the Ministry of

Communications and Information (Kemenkominfo).

The objective of this program is to socialize the safety

use of Internet through learning the ethics of safe

Internet usage involving the entire components of

society "The program will deliver through roadshows

and discussion forums," added Idris.

(Republika.co.id,

2017)http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/urbana

/16/03/04/o3iegk6-internet-sehat-agar-depok-lebih-

bersahabat).

Such positive campaign encouraged the youths of

Depok city to establish a circle to share positive

things, which consists of the students who are willing

to be the youth volunteers in campaigning the Internet

safety awareness to their peers.

The essence of Islamic Digital Media is to display

information about the activities being done by the

Muslims in Indonesia and abroad. For the adults who

read the broadcasted messages on the Islamic media,

would not be easily affected because adults can think

rationally. However, it is going to be a whole different

case if the broadcasted message on the Islamic media

is being read by the youth, which particularly

referring to the high school students in this research.

This logical connection and situation become the

motives for the researchers in conducting this

research. In accordance to the previously described

problems identification, the research question that is

going to be figured out in this study is: To what extent

does the content of the message broadcasted in

Digital Islamic Media? To what extent does the

attitude of radicalism able to emergence towards the

high school student? To what extent does the

probability of the content of messages in digital

media could affect the attitude of radicalism amongst

high school students?

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

As the development of technology gets advance, the

world has shifted from its old analog era into the

current digital era. Such technology advancement has

big influence in shaping the future of media, for it

consequently trigger the emergence of the new media.

Explained by Everett M. Rogers (Abrar, 2003) as

he broke down the development of media

communication into four eras. First, the era of written

communication; Second, the era of print

communications; Third, the telecommunications era;

and Fourth, the era of interactive communication.

The new media is the media that occurs in the era of

interactive communication.

New Media characterizes with its connection to

the Internet, it is a technology-based online media, its

flexible functions, has the potential for interactivity,

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and it allow the user to use it both privately and

publicly (Mondry, 2008). “Social Media has become

an integrated part of modern living. It is predicted,

that in the near future, a trend called 3S will appear:

Social, Shared, and Speed”. Social is how one is

connected with others people and undergo the habits

of sharing with people online. Shared is how one is

sharing their experience to other people through text,

photograph, video, and other means of

communicating the experience through media social.

According to the result of a study on how much

do the teenagers are spending their time using the

computers: Parents in the Annenberg survey report

that children (between 2 and 17 years) in homes with

computers spend approximately 1 h and 37 min a day

on computers, including video games (Stanger &

Gridina, 1999). In the HomeNet study, machine

records of weekly usage averaged across

approximately 2 years of data between 1995 and

1998 show that among the teens who had access to

the Internet at home, usage averaged about 3 h/week

during weeks when they used it, and over 10% used it

more than 16 h/week. Teens in the study were much

heavier users of the Internet and all its services than

were their parents.

The teens used the Internet for schoolwork, for

communication with both local and distant friends,

and to have fun, especially by finding information

related to their interests and hobbies. Teenagers were

more likely than adults to report using the Internet for

social purposes. For example, teens were more likely

to report using the Internet to communicate with

friends, meet new people, get personal help, and join

groups.

They were also more likely to use the Internet

to listen to music, play games, and download

software. In contrast, adults were more likely to use

the Internet for instrumental purposes such as getting

product information, purchasing products, or

supporting their employment. Teens also used the

Internet for instrumental purposes, such as doing

schoolwork and finding educational material.

(Subrahmanyam, Greenfield, Kraut, & Gross, 2001).

This particular study also remarks the mix

motives by the teenagers in using the computers: self-

entertaining, doing assignments, gathering

information about educational programs,

communicating with social circle, joining online

communities, as well as reading the news. The variety

of things that the teenagers could do with a computer

often causes them to ignore other activities that do not

require the use of computers.

Moreover, this study is figured out that the

teenagers who regularly use the computers at home

are receiving affects on their academic achievements,

as it explains on the following citations: One

program of note is that of Cole (Cole, 1996)

(Subrahmanyam, Greenfield, Kraut, & Gross, 2001),

who has been experimenting with the use of electronic

communication and games with children in both

classroom and after-school settings for nearly 15

years. The after-school programs are called ``The

Fifth Dimension,'' and include the typical uses of

home computers, such as educational software,

computer games, searching the Internet, and

multiuser dungeons (MUD) activities. Subject matter

includes social development, geography,

communications, reading, writing, math, social

studies, health, technology, language, and problem

solving (Blanton, Moorman, Hayes, & Warner,

1997). The electronic games and Internet activities

are based in a total social and cognitive environment

that includes a ladder of challenges. Program effects

include advances in reading and mathematics,

computer knowledge, following directions, grammar

and school achievement tests (Summary of cognitive

evaluation studies, n.d.). Although Cole's programs

are set in after-school settings, his results indicate

that well designed games and Internet activities for

home use can have a lasting impact on children's

academic performance.

The remaining result of the study highlights that

the teenagers who are using the computers or those

who are going online would eventually improve a

better quality of friendships and better relationships

with the family.

According to the annual report called 'we are

social' in 2017, the numbers of Internet users in

Indonesia reaching up to 132.7 million, with more

than 106 million users are active in social media

(https://digitalinasia.com/tag/we-are-social/). In

addition to this data, a collaborative survey conducted

by the Association of Internet Service Providers

Indonesia (APJII) together with the Center for Study

and Communication University of Indonesia

(Puskakom UI) in Indonesia pointed out that the

majority of Internet users in Indonesia is 49%

dominated by people in the age group between 18-25

years old. Hence, the largest age groups of the

Internet users in Indonesia are people who included

in the category of digital natives

. (Beritasatu.com,

2016: http://www.beritasatu.com/iptek/261297-

mayoritas-netizen-di-indonesia-berusia1825-

tahun.html)

The Internet becomes a preference channel for

communities to promote themselves or even to assault

other parties by purpose. Media and radicalism

constitute two central issues that attract public

attention because they share similar characteristic in

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several aspects. In reference to Sharma (Sharma,

2006), the intersection of the two issues lie in the

basic function of the mass media as a channel to

spread information, educating the public, and

entertaining the public through a certain packaging

that has been set up by radical groups for public

attention. Moreover, the common thread between

media and radicalism is their inseparability with the

aspect of commercial news. Another research about

digital media had also conducted by Wardhani,

Sabana and Adriati (Wardhani, Sabana, & Andriati,

2014), which examined the analysis of emotional

influence on different generations of Indonesia

women on magazine digitalization.

The collaborative survey by NGO Forum on

Indonesian Development (INFID) with the network

of pro-Gusdur (jaringan GUSDURian) in a study

themed “The Perception and Attitudes of Young

Generation towards Religious Radicalization and

Extremism”, were conducted with proportionate

stratified random sampling method to the 1.200

respondents spread out in six big cities: Bandung,

Makassar, Pontianak, Surabaya, Surakarta, and

Yogyakarta, in between August until October 2016.

Both organizations were observing the youth through

the most popular social media amongst the teenagers;

these social media are Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,

messenger applications (WhatsApp and Telegram),

and YouTube. Respondent sampling were taken from

the age group between 15-30 years old with gender

proportion of 50:50 of man and women (INFID,

2016)

Demant, Slootman, Buijs & Tillie (Demant,

Slootman, Buijs, & Tilie, 2008) describe

radicalization as a process of strengthening the

"delegitimization" of two things, namely the system

and the social situation. The occurring radicalization

that targeting individuals or groups is characterized

by a decline in confidence to the existing socio-

political order and as an attempt to withdraw oneself

from social relations of its own group. Due to the low

trust on the process change through the system and

not trusting the surrounding social environment, the

radicals tend to tolerate violence as an alternative way

out (Turmudi, 2005).

Within the Indonesian Political Constellation,

the issue of Islamic radicalism continues to escalate

in consequent to the significant numbers of

radicalism’s increasing mass of supporters. But

seemingly, these radicalism movements are gradually

splitting into groups that aiming at different

objectives and going through some altered movement

patterns. For example, some of the radical movement

groups fight only for the implementation of Islamic

Sharia’s yet ignoring the necessity of establishing an

"Islamic state"; other radical movement groups are

struggling for the establishment of Islamic state in

Indonesia. In addition to standing for the founding of

"Islamic Caliphate," the pattern of these Islamic

organizations are varied on the ideological moral

movements such as Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia and

Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), or the one with

military styles takes like Laskar Jihad and FPI.

Peter G. Riddel divided the authoritarians power

of Islam in Indonesia post the era of Indonesian New

Order (Orde Baru) into four, which are; modernist,

traditionalist, neomodernist and Islamist. Broadly,

Riddel agreed towards the definitions of each

category as he ignored one of Woodward’s categories

on indigenized Islam. To him, each category has its

own characteristic in responding to crucial issues in

the early post-election period of the fall of the New

Order in 1999. These issues are regarded to the

Jakarta Charter, the Maluku crisis, establishment of

trade relation with Israel, the Indonesian federal state,

a place for minorities in the area of Indonesian state,

female president, and a lot of newly established

political parties after the New Order collapsed

(Riddel, 2002).

Mitchell V Charnley (Kusumaningrat &

Kusumaningrat, 2006) defines the news, as “¼

the

timely report of facts or opinion that hold interest and

importance, or both, for a considerable of people.”

The researcher understand that news is information

that will always been sought by the society because it

contains the things that considered to be either

interesting, or important, and maybe both. The news

also has the character of continuity, meaning, it is

always presented continuously at any time.

As for the structure of the news (Kusumaningrat

& Kusumaningrat, 2006) there is an inverted pyramid

pattern, in which: the news begins with a summary or

climax in the opening paragraph, then it flows into the

opening paragraphs, then continue to the subsequent

paragraphs which contain of details of the story

chronologically or it might as well be structured in

descending order. The following paragraphs that

included many details of the news are called news’

bodies and the opening sentences should always

contain a summary of the news, in which it termed as

news lead. When writing a story, a journalist will

summarize and sort out the climax point of the news

in the first paragraph, before it gets to be developed

further into details with a very important portion in

the news lead, follow with the news body with some

considerable importance portion. Thus, the entire

article eventually ends with a less significant

highlight of the news.

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As mentioned earlier, this study is facilitated by

the Reasoned Action Theory, which was first

introduced by Ajzen in 1980 (Azjen, 1988). This

theory is using the basic assumption about how

humans behave consciously and considering all

available information. In the Reasoned Action

Theory, Ajzen stated that a person's intention to

behave is determined by whether or not one is really

acting out such behavior. In addition to the intention

in performing certain behaviors, the action would

affected by two basic determinants, one is related to

attitude towards behavior, and the other is influenced

by subjective norms. The Reasoned Action Theory of

has also been used in many researches. One of them

is conducted by Sabar, Brillianto and Hapzi (Sabar,

Brillianto & Ali, 2017) with research theme about the

Intention to Watch television: Analysis of

advertising, social media and bandwagon effect

through brand equity.

In general, “the aim Of TRA to explain volitional

behavior. Its explanatory excludes with range of

behavior such as those spontaneous, impulsive,

habitual the result of craving, or simply scripted on

mindless” (Benter & Spekart, 1976)(Hale,

Householder, & Greene, 2002). This theory connects

beliefs, attitude, intention, and behavior. To know

what a person is going to do, the best way to predict

it is to know the person's intentions.

(1) Beliefs. According to Fishbein & Ajzen

(Azjen & Fishbein, Belief, Attitude, Intention and

Behavior : An Introduction to Theory and Research,

1975), Belief is “subjective probability of a relation

between the object of the belief and some other object,

value, concept or attribute”

(2) Attitude. “Attitude is a disposition to respond

favorably or unfavorably to an object person,

instution, or event” (Azjen, Attitudes, Personality,

and Behavior, 1988)

(3) Intention.  “A behavioral intention,

therefore, refer to a person subjective probability that

he will perform some behavior” (Azjen & Fishbein,

Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior : An

Introduction to Theory and Research, 1975).

According to Ajzen (Azjen, Attitudes, Personality,

and Behavior, 1988) intention could be used to

predict the strength of a person to show one’s

behavior and how much one’s planning to deliver

such action or behavior.

(4) Subjective Norm. “...The person perception

of social pressure to perform or not perform the

behavior under consideration” (Azjen, Attitudes,

Personality, and Behavior, 1988). Azjen and

Fishbein (Azjen & Fishbein, Belief, Attitude,

Intention and Behavior : An Introduction to Theory

and Research, 1975) defined subjective norm as a

person's perception within the pressure to show or not

to show one’s behavior with certain considerations.

In the subjective norm, it also termed the second

determinant of the intention, which is often assumed

as a function of beliefs, but the kind of beliefs in

different forms. In this concern, the belief refers to a

person’s odd belief against or dissimilar with other

individual or group which causing to occur a

behavior. In an important note, individuals or groups

like this are also called referents. Referent is an

influential person or group for individuals, like

parents, spouses, close friends and other third

persons. The underlying belief is called normative

beliefs.

The TRA theory is used to measure the attitude of

youths in consuming media that affecting them with

the attitude of radicalism. The youths, in this context,

are mainly using media social to look for information

in a daily basis. In accordance to this matter, the

occurring hypotheses are the following:

Ho. There is no affect of the digital media use

towards the attitude of radicalism amongst high

school students

Ha. There are affects of the digital media use towards

the attitude of radicalism amongst high school

students

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to trace the use of Islamic digital media that

might affected the attitude of radicalism towards high

school students, this research select the positivist

paradigm, with quantitative approach, and using the

explanative survey method.

The population in this study are highschool

students from 12 public schools in Depok city. The

study is using probability sampling technique, though

simple random sampling of 100 students who go to

public highschool in Depok city. This study uses

questionnaires and analysis techniques with Product

Moment Correlation and Linear Regression.

Reliability test result is 0.732 and the instrument’s

particles have a number above r table 0.4, which

means this instrument is reliable and valid to be used

for a research.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The research gathered more female respondents

(53%) than men respondents (47%), and exhibits a

Radicalism on Teens as the Effect of Digital Media Usage: Based on Survey towards High School Students in Depok City, West Java,

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467

number of 56% highschool students are using social

media for 5 – 10 hours per day, and 71% are checking

the social media for more than 10 times a day.

The activities that these highschool student do on

social media; 96% are uploading their works to their

social media accounts or blogs or personal sites

(Creator); 85% checking their own personal account,

visiting someone else's account; 83% looking for

entertainment like music, movies, videos, games

(Joiners); 82% reading forums, blogs or friends’

status on social media (Spectator).

The necessities fulfilled by using social media are

vary; 95% are building relationships or making

friends, 92% are discussing and exchanging

information, and 82% are getting entertained. As for

the student’s necessities that fulfilled by the Internet;

98% are looking for data or information like text or

drawing as well as finding materials for class’

lecture, 95% are searching for homework or

assignment related materials, and lastly 82% are

keeping updated on the latest news. The result reflects

the category of social technographic ladder, created

by Forrester Research Inc. (Forrester,

2010:http://empowered.forrester.com/ladder2010/):

 Creators make social content go. They write

blogs or upload video, music, or text

 Critics respond to content from others. They

post reviews, comment on blogs, participate

in forums and edit wiki articles

 Collectors organize content for themselves

or others using RSS feeds, tags, and voting

sites like Digg.com

 Joiners connect in social networks like

Myspace and Facebook

 Spectator, consumer social content

including blogs, user generated video,

podcasts, forum, or reviews

 Inactive, neither create nor consumer social

content of any kind

According to these results, it is concluded that

high school students has a high rate of participation

in the virtual world, especially on the digital media

and social media.

As for the results on the attitude of radicalism

towards high school students in Depok city is

showing a high percentage by 47% and moderate by

36%. That is to say that the radicalism is not

significant towards the attitude of high school

students in Depok city, particullarly the students who

attend public highschool in Depok city and

participated this reaseach as the respondents.

Based on the regression analysis that examines the

affect of digital media usage towards the attitude of

radicalism, display the following results:

Table 1.1. Attitude of Radicalism

Model Summar

Model R R S

uare

Adjusted

R S

uare

Std. Error of the

Estimate

.171

.029 .019 .758

a. Predictors: (Constant), The Frequency of Social Media

Usage

Table 1.1. shows the affect of the frequency of

digital media usage amongst high school students is

contributing a rate of 2.9% towards the attitude of

radicalism. While the rest of 97.1% are being

influenced by other factors that are not examined by

this study. While the correlation between the

frequency of digital media usage towards the attitude

of radicalism is siginificantly weak at 0.171.

Table 1.2. Duration affects the Attitude of Radicalism

Model Summary

Model R R S

uare

Adjusted

R S

uare

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .135

.018 .008 .762

a. Predictors: (Constant), The Duration of Social Media

Usa

Table 1.2. shows the affect of the duration of

digital media usage only contributes a rate of 1.8%

towards the attitude of radicalism, while 8.2% are

being influenced by other factors that are not

examined by this study. The correlation between the

duration of digital media usage towards the attitude

of radicalism is siginificantly weak at 0.135.

Table 1.3. Duration and Frequency affects the Attitude of

Radicalism

Model Summary

Mode

l R

Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

.193

.037 .017 .759

a. Predictors: (Constant), F The Frequency of Social

Media Usage, The Duration of Social Media Usage

Table 1.3. shows both the affects of the duration

and the requency of digital media usage

symoultenously contributes only a rate of 3.7%

towards the attitude of radicalism for high school

students in Depok city. The rest of 87.3% are being

influenced by other factors that are not examined by

this study. Thus, the correlation between the digital

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468

media usage towards the attitude of radicalism is

siginificantly weak at 0.193.

The result of this research is compatible with the

results of a survey conducted by the Institute of

Islamic Studies and Peace (LaKIP) in 2011, which

observing 59 private schools and 41 public schools in

Jakarta that shows the majority of students in Jakarta

tend to agree to use violence in solving religious

conflicts and moral issues. 48.9% said they are

willing to engage in violence act in the name of

religion and moral issues. Yet, it is by the utmost

surprised to find out that dozens of students are

supporting of the extreme act of suicide bombing.

(Cited from a writing by Prof., Dr., Bambang

Pranowo, a professor of Islamic sociology in the State

Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta; Koran Tempo, 26

April 2011).

The result of this reseach is also receiving

influences by digital media sites read by high school

students which appear to be dominated by the sites of

general news, including line today (20%), Detik.com

(15%), Kompas.com (10%), CNN Indonesia (5%),

and National Geographic. The rest of visited sites are

various Islamic media, like: VOA Islam, Dakwah

Media, Lampu Islam di Youtube, Al Manhaj, Yuvid

TV, Rumayso, UC News, Remaja Islami,

Muslim.or.id, Islam Post, Fiqih wanita, Hijabalia, OA

di Line, Islamic Theme Account on Instagram,

Muslimah berdakwah, Islamic broadcast on

Instagram, @indonesiabertauhidid @faktaagama

@hadistku @indonesiabertauhidofficial,

@tentangislam, Tanya ustaz.com tribun.com kabar

mekkah.com, eramuslim.com, pemuda hijrah, share

sunah, and Ammar TV.

The kind of web content that are being read by

high school students do not show significant

messages about radical doctrine or any message that

call for religious violence (radicalism).

Depok City is also affected by the existence of

internet safety campaign conducted by their peers

called the Sahabat Anak Internet Community (KISA):

In March 29, 2016, Sabahat Anak Internet

Community (KISA) is launching KISA youth, a group

of young volunteers that actively campaigning

Internet safety for students. This initiative is brought

up with the same background to foster the vision in

spreading the awareness to use the Internet safely

and positively by the teenagers. There are numerous

students of highs cool and vocational high school in

Depok city whom voluntarily joining the KISA

youth.” (komunita.id, 2016)

The activities showed by these high school

students in digital media are including; collecting

materials and data related to classroom’s lecture,

assignments, and homework. Other than that, there

are some additional activities spotted on the media

social such as uploading one’s work, checking self’s

account, looking around other’s people accounts, and

self-entertaining.

Ahmad Mulyana (Mulyana & Morissan, 2015)

also conducted a research on the Internet and social

media usage. The results shown that, ‘(1) The average

percentage news commentary assessed manners are

as much as 74 percent while the average percentage

of news comments judged to be polite is as much as

26.3 percent. (2) The amount of 74 per cent for

comments considered polite indicates that the new

media audience, especially visitors of portal news in

Indonesia has a relatively good level of politeness. (3)

Based on data obtained from the three coders in the

study, the average percentage of news comments

judged to be polite is as much as 26.3 percent. Thus,

the level of news portal visitor’s politeness in

Indonesia is categorized as a courtesy.

5 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

The research exhibits a high rate of radicalism shown

by highschool students in Depok city. The influence

of the frequency of digital media usage by these

highschool students only gives a little contribution

towards the attitude of radicalism. Whilst, the

corelation between the frequency of digital media

usage and the attitude of radicalism is significantly

weak.

Next, the research finds that the influence of the

duration of digital media usage only gives a little

contributeion the attitude of radicalism. While the

correlation between the duration of digital media

usage and the attitude of radicalism is also

significantly weak. The influences of both the

duration and the frequency symoulteously give little

contribution towards the attitude of radicalism to the

highschool students in Depok city. Moreover, the

correlation between the digital media usage with the

attitude of radicalism is significantly weak. In

conclusion, the radicalism is insignificantly attached

with the public highschool students in Depok city

who got involved as the respondents for this research.

Ultimately, the reseach recommends that the

digital media literacy awareness, especially the

internet safety literacy, should continously be

provided to highschool student in general and to the

teenagers within the range of age between 12 – 20

Radicalism on Teens as the Effect of Digital Media Usage: Based on Survey towards High School Students in Depok City, West Java,

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469

years old, in order to halt the emergence of radical or

violence behaviour towards teenagers in the society.

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