The Semantics of Body Parts in Acehnese: A Comparison to English

Denni Iskandar

, Mulyadi

, Iskandar Abdul Samad

Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 and Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Abdul Hakim, Padang

Bulan Medan, Sumatera Utara, 20222

Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Abdul Hakim, Padang BulanMedan, Sumatera Utara, 20222

Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111

Keywords: Body parts, Acehnese language, Universal semantics.

Abstract: This study attempts to compare the meanings of body parts in Acehnese and English. This is to support the

general principle of body conceptualization as reflected in semantic organizations across languages and to

explain that ethnoanatomy can be described and compared through the use of natural semantics. The results

of this study show that the meaning of body parts in Acehnese is relatively similar to English, despite there

are differences in its descriptions. This proves that semantic typology does have slight differences but the

specific manifestation of language from the universal category has the same foundation.

1 INTRODUCTION

This research on body parts is based on a number of

studies related to universal semantic typology. Van

Staden, Gaby, Burenhult (Riemer, 2010) has

examined the semantic typology of a number of

languages with body part references, such as Tidore

(Papua), Thaayoore (Pama-Nyungan, Australia), and

Jahai (Mon-Khmer, Malaysia/Southern Thailand).

The research that has been done referred to the

question of how different languages categorize parts

of the body. The body is an integral whole that is

indivisible, but is made of perceptually disconnected

parts such as torso or trunk, limbs, and head at the

top. Each of these sections presents an easily

distinguishable part (chest, back, fingers, elbows,

mouth, ears). Since the separation of body parts is

particularly prominent, the natural hypothesis is that

all languages exploit it for the purpose of labeling

body parts.

Research related to body parts has also been

done by Wierzbicka (2007). The concept of body is

considered as an important part of the humankind. In

his paper entitled “General principles of human

anatomical partonomy and speculations on the

growth of partonomic nomenclature”, Brown

(Wierzbicka, 2007) labeled the human body on the

basis of human anatomy. Andersen (Wierzbicka,

2007) agrees the body is labeled in all parts of the

body. It is common sense that the concept of body is

very universal, especially when the problem of

polysemy and borrowing words are known. The

Natural Semantic Metalanguage framework

confirms the fundamental role of the ‘body part’

idea as universal in the organizing principle on all

ethnoanatomies.

A number of studies show that some languages

do not have a particular word for body, head, hand,

eye and mouth. Levinson (2006) argues that in the

language spoken by people on Papua (YélîDnye), it

does not have the term for the upper and lower legs.

Furthermore, it also does not have the term for foot,

hand, and face. The domain of the human body is

the ideal focus for semantic typology, especially

when it is associated with cognitive anthropology

because the body is universally conceptual.

According to Enfield, et al. (Wierzbicka, 2007) all

languages have terms referring to the body and its

parts. Each language also has variations in lexical

details, including Acehnese.

Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia

which has 13 indigenous ethnic groups. The largest

ethnic group is the Acehnese, who inhabit coastal

1152

Iskandar, D., Mulyadi, . and Samad, I.

The Semantics of Body Parts in Acehnese: A Comparison to English.

DOI: 10.5220/0010068611521158

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

1152-1158

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

areas, ranging from Langsa on the northeastern coast

to Trumon on the southwestern coast. Among the

regional languages of Aceh, the Acehnese language

is the largest and most widely spoken language of

the region, at 70% of the total population

(Daud&Durie, 1999). Native speakers of Acehnese

are spread across the east coast and the west coast of

Aceh.

This study focuses on comparing the meaning

of the human body parts in Acehnese and English.

English is selected as a comparison because there

has already been research in English that examines

the body and its parts. The problem in this study is,

“How are the parts of the human body interpreted in

Acehnese?” Is there a universal uniformity or

similarity in the interpretation of body parts in Aceh

and English?”

This study refers to the theory and approach of

cross-language meaning comparison. The Natural

Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory framework is

highly relevant in this research. The NSM feature is

that meaning is represented strictly and constrained,

but expressively flexible (Wierzbicka, 2007).

Vanhatalo, et al. (2014) describes NSM as a

semantic analysis method used for various linguistic

studies. An important part of this theory is the

minimal lexical unit used to describe words, cultural

scripts, and other concepts.

NSM is considered capable of expressing

semantic nuance because its meaning expression

seems to be easily understood by many, framed in a

metalanguage sourced from natural language. Thus,

NSM is perfect for practical applications. The NSM

theory has four basic principles. First, the definition

of a word or an expression is explained by natural

language. This feature is embodied in the Natural

Language Principle which states that the basic

meaning and syntax is essentially a minimal device

of natural language (Goddard 1994: 3). Second,

human concepts are hierarchical. This means that in

addition to complex concepts there are also simple

and intuitive concepts that are easy to understand.

Third, the original meaning is used as a universal

metalanguage. Fourth, the theory of NSM advocates

the ‘isomorphic principle’ of the original meaning

based on lexicon and syntax. This principle assumes

that although there is a difference of ‘resonance’

between two different exponents of the same

original meaning of two different languages, these

two exponents correspond semantically (Mulyadi,

2010).

Table 1: Semantic Primes – Acehnese Exponents

(Adapted from Goddard 2006:12)

eaning Tool English Acehnese

Substantive I, YOU, SOMEONE,

SOMETHING/

THING, PEOPLE,

BODY

LÔN, KAH,

SIDROE-DROE

UREUNG,

SIPEUPEU,

UREUNG,TUBÔH

elational

Substantives

KIND, PART MACAM, BAGIAN

eterminers THIS, THE SAME,

OTHER/ELSE

NYOE, SAMA,

LAEN

Quantifiers ONE, TWO, SAME,

ALL, MUCH/MANY

SA, DUA, SAMA,

MANDUM, LE

valuators GOOD, BAD GÖT, BRÔ

ental

redicates

KNOW, THINK,

WANT, FEEL, SEE,

HEAR

TEUPEU, PIKÉ,

HAWA, RASA,

LIHAT, DENGAR

Speech SAY, WORDS,

TRUE

HABA, KATA,

BETÔI

ction, events,

ovement,

contac

DO, HAPPEN,

MOVE, TOUCH

BUET, TERJADI,

GERAK, SENTUH

ocation,

existence,

ossession,

specification

BE (SOMEWHERE),

THERE IS/EXIST,

HAVE

NA (TEMPAT),

KEUDEH/PATNA,

ATA

ife and death LIVE, DIE HIDUP,MATI

Time WHEN/TIME,

NOW, BEFORE,

AFTER, A LONG

TIME,

A SHORT TIME,

FOR SOME TIME,

MOMENT

SABOH

WATÈE/WATÈE,

JINO, SEGOHLOM,

LHEUHNYAN,

TRÉP, SINGKAT,

SIAT, SAAT

Space WHERE/PLACE,

HERE, ABOVE,

BELOW, FAR,

NEAR, SIDE,

INSIDE

PAT/TEMPAT,

SINO, ATEUH,

BARÔH, JIÔH, TÖ,

SAMPENG,

DALAM

ogical concepts NOT, MAYBE,

CAN, BECAUSE, IF

KÖN, MUNGKÉN,

JEUT, KARENA,

MISEU

ntensifier,

augmente

VERY, MORE PALÉNG, LEBÈH

Similarity LIKE GALA

Based on a number of studies that have been

conducted among the framework of NSM, it is

agreed that the humankind body is somewhat

universal. This agreement is reached after having

plenty of semantic tests rigorously. Goddard (2001)

and Wierzbicka (2007) note that the initial survey of

nomenclature of body parts, it claims that the

meaning of body is pronounced universally

The hypothesis in which human body parts

are universal is based on many assumptions in

among researchers in the linguistics. In the field of

NSM, the initial assumption is taken as a hypothesis.

Approximately, there are 14 elements of human

body parts have been considered as original meaning

The Semantics of Body Parts in Acehnese: A Comparison to English

1153

(Wierzbicka, 1972). This assumption is then re-

affirmed by Mentalist Linguistics a decade later in

which there are some further explanations about

human body parts (Wierzbicka, 1980).

Research on the universality of the human

body is a study closely related to universal

semantics. A number of articles that examine the

universal semantics include Universals in Semantics

(Fintel and Lisa Matthewson: 2008), Semantic

Universals and Variations in second language

Article Choice (Ko, et al.: 2008), Semantic

Fieldwork and Lexical Universals (Goddard and

Anna Wierzbicka: 2014), Universal Semantic

Parsing (Reddy, et al.: 2017), On the Universal

Structure of Human Lexical Semantics (Youn, et

al.:2015), and Towards Universal Semantic Tagging

(Abzianidze, et al.:2017).

2 METHOD

This study used descriptive qualitative method in

which it is characterized by its purpose, relating to

the understanding of social life and its method

generally described in the forms of words, not

numbers (Patton, 2007: 2).

The data in this study is the interpretation of

body parts in Acehnese which is compared with the

interpretation of body part in English. Data on the

interpretation of body parts in Acehnese is obtained

from native speakers of Acehnese, while the data on

the interpretation of body parts in English is

obtained from the research of Wierzbicka (2007).

The data is then analyzed qualitatively by

undertaking some steps as suggested by Miles and

Huberman (1992) those are reducing the data and

focusing on the related data, then presenting date

through the form of table and drawing conclusion

from the resource data.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The names of the body parts in Acehnese analyzed

in this study are tailored to the needs of the study.

The semantics of the body part lexicon in Acehnese

is compared with the semantics of the body part

lexicon in English from Wierzbicka (2007). The

researchers divide the body in three parts, namely

upper, middle, and lower parts. Three body part

lexemes were taken from each part.

3.1 Upper Body Parts (Head, Neck,

Face)

3.1.1 Head

Table 2: Interpretation of Head in English and Acehnese

oEn

lish

(

head

)

o Acehnese

(

ulèe

)

a. one part of someone’s

a. one part of a human’s

. it is above all the

other parts of the body

b. it is the upper part of

the human body

structure

c. it is roun

c. The sha

e is roun

d. when someone thinks

about something,

something happens in

this part of this

someone’s bod

d. the place where the

hair grows

e. the place where the

thinking center

(brain) is locate

f. a very sacred body

art

The table above shows there are similarities and

differences in the interpretation of ‘head’ in

Acehnese compared with English. In the context of

location and form, English and Acehnese interpret it

in the same way as in point (b) it is located at the

upper parts of the human body (c) it is round. In

addition to the same interpretation, there are

different ones, namely ‘head’ in Acehnese is also

interpreted as the place where the hair grows (point

d) and the place where the thinking center (brain) is

located(point e). In English, the head is interpreted

as the place of thought process. In Acehnese, the

‘head’ is the most honored and respected part of the

body so it is strictly prohibited to touch someone

else’s head, as in the saying, “urueng Acèh bèk sagai

neumat bak ulèe”, meaning “the Acehnese should

never be touched on their head”. In contrast, in

British culture touching the head is a sign of

friendship, as we often see in football matches. The

head of the player who makes a goal is usually

rubbed by his entire team.

3.1.2 Neck

Table 3: Interpretation of Neck in English and Acehnese

oEn

lish

(

neck

)

o Acehnese

(

takue

)

a. one part of someone’s

ody

a. It is one of parts of

a human’s bod

b. it is near the head b. it is located in

etween the head

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

1154

and the torso

c. it is below the head c. it connects head

with all parts of

ody

d. all the other parts of the

are below this

d. the side on the back

is called kudô

e. when this part of

someone’s body moves,

this someone’s head[M]

moves at the same time

In English, the points (b) and (c) ‘neck’ is

interpreted as near the head and below the head.

These two things are interpreted in Acehnese as the

body part between the head and the torso (point b).

In this context, the two languages are referring to the

location where the neck is located, but with different

interpretations. In point (d), the interpretation of

‘neck’ in English is also still related to the location,

that is all the other parts of the body are below this

part. Meanwhile in Acehnese, point (c) interprets

‘neck’ in the context of its function, that is

connecting the head with the rest of the body. In

point (e), English interprets ‘neck’ in the context of

motion, that is, when this part of the body moves,

the head also moves simultaneously, while in

Acehnese there is no such interpretation. Both

English and Acehnese involve other body parts in

the interpretation of ‘neck’. The difference is that in

English it only involves the head while in Acehnese

it involves both the head and the kudôk, as it is in

point (d), the side on the back is called kudôk.

3.1.3 Face

Table 4: Interpretation of Face in English and Acehnese

o English (face)

o Acehnese (muka)

a. one part of someone’s

a. It is one of parts of a

human’s bod

b. it is a place on one

side of the head

b. it is located on the

front side of a

human’s hea

c. the eyes are on this

side

c. it stretches from the

forehead to the chin

d. when other people see

this part of someone’s

body, they can know

who this someone is

d. it is the main

identification to

distinguish one people

from other

e. if other people see this

part of someone’s

body when this

someone feels

something, they can

know how this

someone feels

In interpreting ‘face’, English and Acehnese in (b)

and (c) both refer to the location of this body part,

that is in English it is said to be on one side of the

head and the eyes are on this side, while in Acehnese

it is stated to be on the front side of the head and

stretches from the forehead to the chin. The

interpretation in point (d), both English and

Acehnese substantially state the same thing, that is

this part is the identification of a person, only

worded differently. English interpret the ‘face’ by

stating that it is easier for people to recognize a

particular person by looking at this parts of the body,

while Acehnese states it as it is the main

identification to distinguish someone from other

people. The interpretation of ‘face’ in English is

more detailed because it incorporates an element of

feeling by stating that people would be easier to see

the feeling of someone when looking at this part of

body, while this interpretation is not employed in

Acehnese.

3.2 Middle Body Parts (Chest, Hands,

Back)

3.2.1 Chest

Table 5 Interpretation of Chest in English and Acehnese

o English (chest)

Acehnese (dada)

a. one part of

someone’s bod

a. one part of a human’s

b. it is a place on one

side of the body

b. it is the part on the

front between the

abdomen and the nec

c. the face is on this

side

c. it is the body cavity

where the heart and

lungs are locate

d. it is one of two big

places on this side

of the bod

d. the breasts are on this

part

e. if someone is a

man this place is

flat

In English, ‘chest’ is interpreted in a perspective that

refers to the side. It is located on the front part of the

body. (b) and the face is located on the same side

(c). That is, the chest and the face are on the same

side. In Acehnese, the side of the chest is described

as the part on the front between the abdomen and the

neck (point b). In English, the interpretation of

‘chest’ is also expressed as a large place comparable

The Semantics of Body Parts in Acehnese: A Comparison to English

1155

to the abdomen. It is commonly known as two big parts of the body which are big placed in a human’s

body. In Acehnese, the interpretation of ‘chest’ is

associated with the internal organs that reside in it,

namely the heart and lungs as stated in point (c), the

body cavity where the heart and lungs are located. In

the context of what lies on the chest, Acehnese more

explicitly declare it by mentioning that the breasts

are on this part (point d), while English states

implicitly by saying that if someone is a man this

place is flat (point e). The interpretation of ‘chest’,

both English and Acehnese all refer to the location,

shape, and what lies on the chest.

3.2.2 Hands

Table 6: Interpretation of Hands in English and Acehnese

o English (hands)

o Acehnese (jaroe)

a. two parts of someone’s

two parts of

someone’s bod

b. they are on two sides of

the body

b. the body parts that

stretch from the

elbow to the

fingertips

c. these two parts of

someone’s body can

move as this someone

wants

c. these two parts

have an identical

or similar shape

d. these two parts of

someone’s body have

many parts

d. the body parts that

are usually used

for giving and

receivin

e. if this someone wants it,

all the parts on one side o

one of these two parts can

touch all the parts on one

side of the other at the

same time

e. the body parts that

are usually used

for shaking hands

f. because people’s bodies

have these two parts,

people can do many

things with many things

as the

want

g. because people’s bodies

have these two parts,

people can touch many

thin

s as the

want

The hands are considered as important parts of

human body. In point (a), English interprets ‘hands’

by describing the place where the hands are located

on two sides of the body. In point (b), Acehnese

defines ‘hands’ by limiting its area, that is from the

elbow to the fingertips. In point (c) in English,

‘hands’ are interpreted in terms of their function,

which has two parts, left and right. Those parts could

be moved as people like. In Acehnese in point (c)

interprets ‘hand’ by mentioning these two parts have

an identical or similar shape. In point (d) English

interprets ‘hand’ by mentioning that these have

many parts for example fingers, elbows, nails, and

arms. In Acehnese, in the points (d) and (e), ‘hands’

are interpreted in terms of their function, that is the

body parts that are usually used for giving and

receiving and the body parts that are usually used for

shaking hands. The mentioning of ‘shaking hands’

in Acehnese to interpret ‘hands’ is in line with the

culture of the Acehnese people who commonly

shake hands when meeting their friends or relatives

as a form of hospitality. In points (e), (f), and (g),

English interprets‘ hands’ in terms of their function,

that is, these parts can touch and do many things one

wants.

3.2.3 Back

Table 7: Interpretation of Back in English and Acehnese

o English (back)

o Acehnese (rueng)

a. one part of

someone’s bod

a. one part of a human’s

b. it is a place on one

side of the bod

b. it is aligned with the

uttocks

c. the face is not on

this side

c. it stretches from over

the buttocks right up to

the nec

d. it is one of two big

places on this side

of the bod

d. the widest part of a

person's part of body

e. it is above the

other big place

e. The back part is flat

f. this place is flat f. the hands are hard to

reach this partentirel

The number of components to interpret the word

‘back’ is the same between English and Acehnese,

that is six components. The interpretation of ‘back’

in English is emphasized on the location, position,

and shape. In Acehnese, in addition to the

interpretations in terms of location, position, and

shape, there is also one component that interprets it

in terms of function. The nuance of the difference in

interpretation of ‘back’ is clearly visible between

English and Acehnese. In English, in point (b) the

‘back’ is a place on one side of the body. From point

(b) it is not yet clear which side it refers to. The

point (b) is only clear when supported by

interpretation in the point (c), the face part of body is

not on the back side, therefore, it is clear that the

position of the ‘back’ is. In Acehnese, point (b)

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

1156

explains the position of ‘back’ sufficiently by

mentioning that it is aligned with the buttocks. Point

(b) is then supported again with the interpretation n

point (c), it stretches from over the buttocks right up

to the neck. The interpretations of the shape in

English are illustrated in points (d), (e), and (f)

which mention that back part is the biggest parts of

the human body. This flat shape parts of the body is

above other big parts of the body. The same is in the

case of Acehnese in points (d) and (e) that mention

that it is the widest part of a person's body and this

part is flat. The contrasting interpretation in

Acehnese is seen in point (f) which defines ‘back’

functionally by saying that the hands are hard to

reach this part entirely.

3.3 Lower Body Parts (Legs, Knee,

Toes)

3.3.1 Legs

o En

lish

(

)

No Acehnese

(

aki

)

a. two parts of

someone’s bod

a. two parts of a

human’s bod

b. they are below all the

other parts of the bod

b. the body parts that

support the bod

c. they are long c. they stretch down

from the

roin

d. these two parts of

someone’s body can

move as this someone

wants

d. they are long

e. because people’s

bodies have these two

arts, people can move

in many places as they

want

e. they are used for

walking

In terms of location where ‘legs’ are, there is a

difference of interpretation between English and

Acehnese. In English, the location of ‘legs’, as

mentioned in point (b), is below all the other parts of

the body, while point (b) in Acehnese mentions that

they are the body parts that support the body. In

Acehnese,it is then clarified in point (c) that they

stretch down from the groin. In terms of shape, both

English and Acehnese express that they are long. In

terms of function, in English the interpretation of

‘legs’ is found in points (d) and (e), in which these

parts of the body can be moved as people like. They

are used to walk to particular places. Meanwhile in

Acehnese there is only one functional interpretation,

which is they are used for walking, as mentioned in

point (d).

3.3.2 Knee

Table 9: Interpretation of Knee in English and Acehnese

o English (knee)

o Acehnese (teuôt)

a. one part of someone’s leg a. one part of a

human’s le

b. it is a round place on one

side of the leg

b. it is located

where the thigh

and the calf meet

c. it is hard c. it is the place of

the joint where

the leg can be

ent

d. the leg has two long parts d. it is roun

e. one of these two long parts

is on one side of this

lace

e. it is hard

f. the other of these two long

arts is on the other side o

this place

ecause people’s legs have

this hard part, one of these

two longparts can move

when the other long part is

notmoving

The interpretation of the ‘knee’ in English refers to

its location, shape, density, and function. The

interpretation of ‘knee’ in Acehnese refers to its

location, shape, and density, while the function is

not mentioned. English describes the location of the

‘knee’ in four points, that is in point (b), the shape is

round and is located on the bottom part of the human

body, (d) the leg also consists of two parts, the point

(e) one of them is on the right parts, and the point (f)

the other one is on the left side. In Acehnese, the

interpretation of ‘knee’ in terms of location are only

mentioned twice, in point (b) it is located where the

thigh and the calf meet and point (c) it is the place of

the joint where the leg can be bent. In terms of

shape, both English and Acehnese mention that it is

round shaped, but English is more specific by

mentioning that it has round shaped and it is placed

on both sides of the leg, right and left (point b),

while Acehnese only mentions it has a round shape

(d). In terms of its density, both English and

Acehnese describe ‘knee’ as hard.

3.3.3 Toes

Table 10: Interpretation of Toes in English and Acehnese

oEn

lish

(

toes

)

o Acehnese

ari aki

)

a. many parts of

someone’s feet

a. several parts of a

human’s feet

The Semantics of Body Parts in Acehnese: A Comparison to English

1157

b. they are small b. the segmented tips

of the feet

c. they are like fingers c. they are shorter

than fingers

d. these parts of

someone’s feet can

move if this

someone wants

d. there are five of

them on each foot

The interpretation of ‘toes’ in English refers to the

shape and the movement, whereas in Acehnese it

refers to the shape and the quantity. In terms of

shape, ‘toes’ in English are interpreted by expressing

that they are small (point b) and has a finger like

shape (point c). In Acehnese, the interpretation of

‘toes’ is found in points (b) and (c), that is, the toes

are the segmented tips of the feet and they are

shorter than fingers. In English, the interpretation of

‘toes’ is made clear by declaring that people can

move this part of the body as the wish (point d),

while Acehnese clarifies it by referring to the

quantity, that there are five of them on each foot(d).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that the reference

of the body parts in Acehnese is relatively the same

as English, which refers to (1) the location or

position where the body parts are located, (2) the

shape of the body parts, (3) the density of the body

parts, (4) motion of body parts, and (5) the function

of the body parts. The different interpretations of the

body parts between Acehnese and English are found

only in the description of the interpretation of the

limbs. This proves that universal semantics apply to

Acehnese. The semantic basis in typology does have

subtle differences but the specific manifestations of

language from the universal category share the same

core. The concept of human body is closely related

to the

semantic organization of human body parts. In

addition, it is evidence that the name of the body

parts in many languages are similar in semantics.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank semantic experts at

the Indonesian Education Department of Syiah

Kuala University and the Linguistics Department of

University of Sumatera Utara who have supported us

to complete this article.

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