Change of the Language Proto Austronesia to Gayo Language

Dardanila

, Mulyadi

, and Isma Tantawi

Department of Indonesian Literature, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas

Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Sound Change, Proto Austronesian Language, Gayo Language.

Abstract: Changes in Proto Austronesian sounds into Gayo language are sound changes based on place, including

changes in aeresis, syncope, apocop, protest, epentisis, and paragogue. This paper uses oral data and written

data. The oral data collection was done by using skill method, that is the conversation of the researcher with

the resource person. Furthermore, the data collection of writing is done with the data written / skilled to listen

to the author's conversation with the speakers. Data analysis methods and techniques are used by collecting

200 vocabularies, translating them into Gayo, and describing various sound changes. The theory used is a

comparative historical study. The result found that the change of Proto Austronesian sounds into Gayo

languages derives various sound changes based on the place, ie changes in aferesis, syncope, apocop, protesis,

epentesis, and paragogue.

1 INTRODUCTION

Sound changes are one of the smallest elemental

change markers in the language. Various kinds of

sound changes can be deciphered by various types of

sound changes that further look at individual sound

changes that merely question the proto sound without

associating it with other phonemes in the environment

it enters. Instead various sound changes are based on

a certain sound relationship with other phonemes in a

segment, or in a wider environment. Sound changes

are based on the place of which changes in

metathesis, aferesis, syncope, apocalypse, protocol,

epentesis, and paragogue. Sound changes (which then

illustrate sound con- tributions between the related

languages) are not accidental events.

Basically, the change is governed and determined

by all the principles of order (Bynon, 1979: 25).

Based on the above concept it can be said that any

regular sound changes that can also be known

condition (condition) environment that caused the

change. In addition, the nature and nature of it have

differences in preminensi, also determine the

difference of embodiment and also the changes. So,

based on theories used can be concluded this research

only reaches the field of sound changes only. The

facets of the sound changes studied include Proto

Austronesian language changes into Gayo.

Proto language is a theoretical assembly designed

by assembling the system of languages that have a

historical relationship through the formulation of

rules in a very simple and designed to build and

reassemble as a picture of the past about a language

(Bynon, 1979: 71).

Austronesia is the name of a language family

located in the plains of Southeast Asia. This clump is

related to other clumps found in the plains of

Southeast Asia. That is Austro-Asiatic clumps. The

grouping of Austronesian languages is: Western

Austronesian language (Indonesian / Malay) divided

into western Indonesian languages, including

Malagasy, Formesa, Filiphina, Bisaya, Minahasa,

Gayo, Batak, Nias, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese,

Dayak, Minangkabau, and Eastern languages

including Eastern Africa, Sula-Bacan, South

Halmahera-West Irian, and Eastern Indonesian

(Keraf, 1984).

Gayo language is a language communication tool

used by Gayo tribe in conveying information to Gayo

fellow citizens. Gayo is one of the native tribes that

inhabit the Gayo highlands of Central Aceh district.

1194

Dardanila, ., Mulyadi, . and Tantawi, I.

Change of the Language Proto Austronesia to Gayo Language.

DOI: 10.5220/0010069411941198

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

1194-1198

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

2 METHOD

This research is conducted by applying inductive

thinking stage, that is a number of linguistic

phenomena obtained in the field are analyzed with the

theories and the appropriate method in accordance

with the objectives to be achieved in this research. In

this research applied qualitative and quantitative

approach. A qualitative approach relates to the

dynamic dimension or dimension of language

innovation over time. An exclusive mutual change

that finds the innovative lingual device, implies that

any closely related derivative language is assumed to

have innovative features that are also inherited, and

not in any other language or group of kin languages.

2.1 Research Sites

The location of this study is an area of observation

whose inhabitants use the Gayo language in Bener

Meriah District.

2.2 Data Sources

Source of data obtained from literature materials and

field research. The literary sources are derived from

books relating to Comparative Historical Linguistics

and Gayo language books. The data used in this study

are 200 vocabulary sorted from 800 Gorys Keraf

vocabulary. The data is obtained based on the

decomposition of vocabulary based on limbs,

household appliances, plants, animals, and so forth.

The data is then translated into the derived language

by the informant.

Data sources from field research were obtained

from informants who were native Gayo speakers.

2.3 Methods and Techniques of Data

Collection

In this research use oral data and write data. The

collection of oral data using the skill method. Abstract

method is obtained from the conversation between the

researcher and the informant. In the implementation

of competent methods, researchers are directly

involved in the research area, meeting informants to

obtain data. The basic technique used is fishing

technique. Fishing technique begins with the

researcher giving stimulation (rattling) to the

informant to bring up the language phenomenon that

is expected by the researcher. Furthermore, it is used

the skill technique of the semuka, that is the direct

conversation between the researcher and the

informant face-to-face. The conversation is based on

a list of questions that have been prepared by the

researcher. Then, using recording techniques and

record techniques, because of the limitations of

researchers to remember. Recording techniques that

record and record oral data obtained from resource

persons for classification.

Acquisition of written data in this study using the

method refer. The method is a method of data

collection by listening to the use of language

(Mahsun, 1995: 98). This method is developed by

tapping technique with advanced technique that is

tapping technique. The tapping technique is to note

some form that is relevant to the researcher from the

use of language in writing. After the informant gave

information on the PAN language vocabulary that has

been converted into the derived language (Gayo

language), the researcher recorded the information.

2.4 Methods and Techniques of Data

Analysis

The procedures in analyzing this data are 1) collecting

200 vocabulary and translating it into Gayo. 2)

Describe the various sound changes. 3) analyze Proto

Astronesia language changes into Gayo language.

Examples of data analysis: 1) aferesis change is the

removal of one or more phonemes at the beginning of

a word. As the Proto Austronesian phoneme

experiences the omission / sound proofing in Gayo.

Example:

PAN BG Glos

*qasap asap smoke

/ *qasap / lower sound in aferesis / asap / in

Gayo language

Sounds * / q / lost / lesap in Gayo / Ø /

* qasap

Øasap

Change of the Language Proto Austronesia to Gayo Language

1195

3 ANALYSIS

3.1 Analysis of Changes in Proto

Austronesian Language in Gayo

To accomplish the collected data is by analyzing the

various sound changes based on certain sound hubs

with other phonemes in a segment or in a wider

environment. The procedures in analyzing this data

are: 1) collecting 200 vocabulary and translating it

into Gayo. 2) Describe the various sound changes. 3)

analyze Proto Astronesia language changes into Gayo

language.

3.1.1 An Apocop Sound Change is a Sound

Change in the Form of Removal of

One or More Phonemes at the End of a

Word

PAN BG Glos

* kow ko you

* matay mate dead

In the data above / * kow lower the sound apocop

/ ko / in Gayo language.

Sounds * / w / lost / lesap in Gayo / Ø /

*k o w

k o Ø

In data / * matay / lower sounds apokop /

mate / in Gayo language.

Sound * / y / lost / lesap in Gayo / Ø /

*m a t a y

m a t e Ø

3.1.2 The Change of Aferesis Sound is A

Sound Change in the Form of Removal

of One or More Phonemes at the

Beginning of a Word

PAN BG Glos

*di i at

*hujan uren rain

In the data /*di / lower sound in aferesis / i /

in Gayo language.

Sounds * / d / lost / lesap in Gayo / Ø /

*d i

Ø i

On data / * hujan / lower sound in aferesis /

uren / in Gayo language.

Sounds * / h / lost / lesap in Gayo / Ø /

*h u j a n

Ø u r e n

3.1.3 Changes in Syncope Sounds are Sound

Changes in the Form of Removal of

One or More Phonemes in the Middle

of a Word

PAN BG Glos

*duwa roa two

* i(n)tǝm itǝm black

In data / * duwa / lower sounds in sync / roa /

in Gayo language.

Sounds * / w / lost / lesap in Gayo / Ø /

*d u w a

r o Ø a

3.1.4 Changes in the Sound of The Protesis

Are Sound Changes in the Form of

Adding One or More Phonemes at the

Beginning of a Word

PAN BG Glos

* tuk(tuk) tǝtok tap

*inum minum drink

In the data / * tuk (tuk) / lower sounds by protesis

/ tǝtok / in Gayo language.

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

1196

*++t u k

t ǝ t o k

In data / * inum / lower sounds in protesis /

drink / in Gayo language.

Gayo.

*+ i n u m

m i n u m

3.1.5 The Change of Sound of the Efentesis

is a Sound Change in the Form of

Adding One or More Phonemes in the

Middle of a Word

PAN BG Glos

*kua kunǝ how

In the data / * kua / lower the sound efentesis

/ kunǝ / in Gayo language.

*k u + a

k u n ǝ

3.1.6 Changes in Paragog Sounds are Sound

Changes in the Form of Adding One or

More Phonemes at the End of a Word

PAN BG Glos

*sa sara one

In the data / * sa / lower sounds in paragog /

sara / in Gayo language.

*s a + +

s a r a

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the study of Proto

Austronesian language sounds in the Gayo language

of comparative historical linguistic studies, it can be

concluded that the change of Proto Austronesian

sound sounds has various sound changes based on

where it can be derived into Gayo. As for the various

sound changes based on that place is the apocope, ie

the sound change in the form of removing one or more

phonemes at the end of the word, the aferesis is a

sound change in the form of removal of one or more

phonemes at the beginning of a word, syncope is a

sound change in the form of removal of one or more

phonemes in in the middle of a word, the protesis is a

sound change in the form of adding one or more

phonemes at the beginning of a word, the efentesis is

a sound change in the form of adding one or more

phonemes in the middle of a word, and the efentesis

is a sound change in the form of adding one or more

phonemes in the middle of a word.

One of the sound changes of the Proto language

not found in the 200 Gayo language vocabulary is the

change of metathesis, ie the change of sounds that

manifestly exchange places in a word.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researcher expressed his gratitude to the Rector

of North Sumatera University and the Head of

Research Institute of USU who has funded this

research from TALENTA University of Sumatera

Utara in fiscal year 2018 with the number: 2590 /

UN5.1.R / PPM / 2017 dated March 16, 2018.

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