Interpretation of Verbal Expression Sentence of Indonesian

‘S-P-O-K’ on Affairs of Broca Patients with Neurophyscocognitive

Disorders in Medan City

Gustianingsih

and Dwi Widayati

Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas No. 19, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Aphasia, Expression disorders, Indonesian Language, Neurocognitive.

Abstract: The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze Indonesian Language basic sentence patterns of Broca

Aphasia patients with expression disorder, (2) to classify Neurocognitive disorders on Broca Aphasia patients.

This research used Neuropsycholinguistics theory by identifying the intervention and capability of memories,

productions, thoughts, meanings, and emotions which are very influential in one's speech when speaking

because of Broca's broken area in the inferior frontal gyrus. It involved 5 (five) patients from University of

Sumatera Utara (USU) Hospital called as AFB 1-5. The method of data collection included recording,

interviewing and referring life story of the patients. In addition, classification of sentence disorder and

neurocognitive of the patient were done as data analysis method in order to see the degradation of the patients’

articulatory and sort out the basic sentences of expression of Indonesian language and neuropsychocognitive

disorders uttered by Broca aphasia. The research found that: (1) the basic sentence patterns of Indonesian

language are invalid, and (2) the neurocognitive of AFB 1-5 as memory, mind and emotion are very unique

as AFB sufferers in this study are not able to put the basic sentence pattern of Indonesian Language in the

correct context and speech.

1 INTRODUCTION

This research is motivated by the existence of verbal

expression disorder in the form of basic sentence of

Indonesian Language and Neurophyschocognitive

Disorder of Broca Aphasia patient with Stroke case at

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) hospital. The

tendency of verbal expression disorder in forming of

basic phrases patterned Subject-Verb-Object-

Complement (S-P-O-K) and Neurophyschocognitive

Disorder caused by brain dysfunction, impaired

thinking, disorders in expressing speech or called

Broca Aphasia. The phenomenon of language in this

study is the symbolization of the idea or the only way

to express the mind verbally through speech.

Actually, speaking the thoughts orally or in the

writings of a person is led to 5 (five) things or

parameters to be followed in order to understand the

elements stored, such as: (1) Speaking, (2) Hearing,

(3) Repeating, (4) Reading, (5) Writing

(Gustianingsih, 2016).

The speech function is closely related to the

cerebral hemisphere, especially the dominant

hemisphere. Nine out of ten people are right handed

up to 90% of people and have dominant hemispheres

on the left. The remaining of 10% is the right

hemisphere. Three of the tenths is dominant in the

dominant hemisphere of the right. It means that only

3% of all people is dominant hemisphere on the right

and the remaining 97% and is domiciled on the left

side of the brain. (Gustianingsih, 2017). Talking is a

pronunciation that shows a person's uttering skills by

making a sound in a word and can also be called a

receptive language. Receptive language is the ability

to understand what is seen and what is heard. Besides

the receptive language, there are also expressive

languages. The expressive language is the ability to

communicate symbolically either visual (writing,

marking) or audio. If there is a receptive or expressive

language differ from the normal person's language, it

can also be called aphasia. (Gustianingsih, 2018).

Aphasia is a disorder that occurs due to a damage

from the part of the brain that takes care of the

language, i.e. losing the ability to form words or

losing the ability to grasp the meaning of words so

that the conversation cannot take place properly.

1224

Gustianingsih, . and Widayati, D.

Interpretation of Verbal Expression Sentence of Indonesian ‘S-P-O-K’ on Affairs of Broca Patients with Neurophyscocognitive Disorders in Medan City.

DOI: 10.5220/0010070612241229

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

1224-1229

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

Afasia creates problems in spoken language (speech

and understanding) and written language (reading and

writing). Usually reading and writing are more

disturbed than speech and understanding. Afasia can

be mild or severe. The severity of the disorder

depends on the magnitude and location of the damage

in the brain.

Here is the illustration of the expressive disorder of

Broca's Broccoli sufferer below:

Researcher: What do you do today?

AFB 1: [ma ... an .. ku .. ni ..] (ate I today) stammered

pronounced

This example shows that that the formation of

basic sentence is successfully produced by Broca's

aphasia, but not perfect. Basic sentence that should be

produced is [I ate today]. This basic sentence pattern

is a DSS. Patient has uttered with [ma ... an .. ku .. ni

..] (ate I today) with PSDet pattern. The sufferer

removes the pattern of information today. Patient just

expressed this, and the subject pattern I expressed

myself.

The disorder of this patient is very different from

the normal person's speech. The question 'What did

you do today?' should be answered with ‘I ate today’

or ‘I sat today’ or’ I looked down the street’. The

work that focuses the question. Focus answers should

keep the work done by the patient. The patient keeps

saying the work done today is just "eating" nothing

else. Broka Afasia sufferers, AFB-1 has deviated

from the basic sentence structure agreed from Jakarta

Language Center. AFB-1's answer is relevant only

there are some elements that are omitted and

exchanged. Cognitively AFB-1 understands the focus

of the question, but he is unable to express the correct

language.

Aphasia can be divided into three major parts,

namely Motor Affasia (Broca), Sensory Aphasia

(Wernicke), and Global Aphasia. Motor neutrality

has characteristics, such as: (1) Occurring due to

Broca's broken area in the inferior frontal gyrus; (2)

Understanding the content of the conversation, but

not being able to answer or express opinions; (3) Also

Being called as Affasia Expressif or Broca's Aphasia;

(4) Being able to issue 1 - 2 words (non-fluent),

(Arifuddin, 2006)

Sensory aphasia possesses characteristics, such

as: (1) Occurring due to damage to Wernicke's area in

the superior temporal gyrus; (2) Not being understand

the content of the conversation, but can issue words

(fluent); (3) Also Being called as Receptive Aphasia

or Afasia Wernicke. In addition, Global Aphasia has

characteristics, such as: (1) Regarding Broca and

Wernicke areas, (2) Not being able to understand and

get words out.

USU Hospital in Medan City is a public hospital

deals with Broca's aphasia from the point of

psychology and neurology, but from a linguistic

point, it is related to neuropsycholinguistics in which

from the syntactic angle of language has never been

done. This research seeks to make a valuable

contribution to the management of language and

psychocognitive behavior through the research of

verbal expression disorder of Indonesian basic

sentence on Broca's aphasia. This research also hopes

to make the management of language, psychology

and neurocognitive of Broca case stroke patient. This

study requires special handling of linguists for

linguistic, psychiatric or psychiatric management for

neuropsychological therapy. The Medan city

government needs to know about Broca aphasia

treatment thoroughly.

2 RELATED THEORIES

2.1 Speech Disorder (Language

Disorder)

Neuropsycholinguistics utilizes clinical data to

uncover the mechanisms of physiology and

neurophysiology that underlie language disorders and

this mechanism has provided a method for assessing

the internal structure of the language and speech and

the underlying cerebrum mechanism. (Banret, 2007).

Disorders of spoken language and written language

caused by the cracking of the cerebral cortex have

caused problems to be overcome by neurolinguistics

and neuropsycholinguistics. The intensive

collaboration between these two disciplines has

successfully examined certain aphasia problems by

relating them to related linguistic frameworks. In

addition, this collaboration has tried to link the direct

evidence of physiology to determine the localization

of experimentally obtained language functions of the

normally functioning brain. This

neuropsycholinguistic discovery has contributed to

the knowledge of the nature of aphasic phenomena

and implicit language knowledge as described by

linguists (Norman, 2009). This knowledge has

indicated something about the psychological realities

of linguistic assumptions that can embody the

grammar of a particular language.

De Saussure, a linguistic figure from Sweden

reveals language is social, while speaking is

individual. Both these traits are interconnected.

Language resides in the brain and is social in terms of

ontogenesis (developmental history) and from the

point of acquisition. The relationships between the

Interpretation of Verbal Expression Sentence of Indonesian ‘S-P-O-K’ on Affairs of Broca Patients with Neurophyscocognitive Disorders in

Medan City

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shadows of hearing and the concept are acquired by

the individual as the role of the objects and the people

around the individual. Everyone who learns language

gets it this way. Language learning is social in terms

of synchronic, whereas speech is idiosyncratic

because it is determined individually. Language is

natural, because it is abstract and hiding in the brain,

while speaking is not natural, because it depends on

the willingness and the intelectuality of the speaker.

2.2 Broca's Aphasia

This form of aphasia is named after the inventor of

the part of the brain responsible for producing speech.

Broca's aphasia is often called "motor afasia" to

emphasize the production of disturbed language (such

as speaking) while other aspects of language do not

have problems. In stroke, damage to the Broca is the

result of disruption of blood flowing through the

blood vessels that supply this part with oxygen and

nutrients. Generally, broca aphasia prevents a person

from forming a clear word or phrase, but he/she still

understand what others are talking about. Often,

aphasic sufferers feel frustrated because they cannot

get their thoughts into words. Some aphasic sufferers

may say a few words, which they use to communicate

in the type of speech characteristics known as

telegraphic speech. Because some blood vessels that

affect Broca's aphasia also carry blood to the part that

controls the movement of one side of the body

(usually the right side), Broca's aphasia is generally

accompanied by other disorders such as hemiparesis,

or hemiplegia on the right side of the body, alexia and

agraphia.

2.3 Basic Indonesian Sentence Pattern

Sentence is a writing that has a minimal structure of

the subject and the predicate and the final intonation

shows the writing that has been equipped with

meaning. Sentence element is a syntactic function

consisting of subject, predicate, object, complement

and description. Sentences are said to be perfect if

they have at least a Subject and Predicate element.

The basic sentence consists of several sentence

structures formed with five sentence elements namely

Subject (S), Predicate (P), Object (O), Complement

(Comp), and Adverb (Adv). Based on the function

and the grammatical role, there are six types of

sentences that are used as the basic sentence patterns

of Indonesian language, they are: 1. S-P, 2. S-P-O, 3.

S-P-Comp, 4. S-P—Adv 5. S-P-O- Comp.

(Djajasudarma, 2014).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Expression Disorders of Basic

Indonesian Sentences on Broca's

Broccoli Affected Patients

The deviation in this paper is the expression of the

spoken language of a person who is not the same as a

normal human being universally. This unequal form

can be the existence of the elements of linguistics,

elemental enhancement, the exchange of elements or

elements of language that are reversed. It can be a

subject element, a predicate, an object, or a

description. The fact that cannot be denied that found

the phenomenon of language that is far from the

actual conditions. This phenomenon is present in a

condition called Broca's aphasia. Broca's aphasia

condition is a functional form caused by the main

factor that is the process of language disorder caused

by a disturbance in the human brain. Their brain is

disturbed caused by many things. Disorders of the

brain that resulted in a language disorder, the speech

of the patient deviates from normal person talks, such

as distortions expressed Broca's aphasia sufferers

with mild stroke cases (AFB) below:

(2) Researchers: What did you do today?

AFB-2: nut ... nut .... ti ban ... ban ... nu ... aya ...

ni ...

(was..was...hing my ...clo...thes

today)

The patient actually means "washed my clothes

today" which may have P-O-K pattern or P-O-

(washed clothes I today) or P-O-S-K. AFB-2

stammered expressly, not smoothly and many words

are not perfect. Nut ... nut ... ti is understood as a

wash, then said tires ... ban ... nu .. understood as a

shirt. The sound [j] is expressed as [n]. My word is

expressed with aya, missing the sound [s]. The word

today is only expressed with this. If it is related to the

Indonesian grammar it is in harmony with this as a

determinant, whereas the word today functions as a

description of time. When the expression of uttered

by AFB-2 is viewed, it is very different as it has been

studied. Khon (2009) said that almost all the writings

on Broca's Aphasic suggest a non-fluent or faltering

language form, but the language is not reversed. In

this case, the language is reversed, as illustrated in the

sentence (3)

(3) Researcher: Kemanakah Bapak pagi ini?

(Where did you go this morning? )

AFB-3: Rok ..rok ....kok... bel ... bel ... lik.. tad ...

tad..di..ku .. (rokok belik tadi aku) to declare "aku

membeli rokok tadi pagi" (I bought cigarettes this

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

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morning) . AFB-3 is only able to express the sentence

with rokok belik tadi aku previously patterned O P K

S. This sentence patter is never expressed by normal

people. This morning should have appeared in AFB-

3, but AFB-3 was only able to express earlier, said

morning lost or did not appear. In contrast to AFB-2

and 3 in expressing basic Indonesian sentences. AFB-

4 is able to express its sentences without having to

backtrack, but still stumbles and eliminates important

elements in the sentence, such as [di].

(4) Researcher: di rumah sakit ini, Ibu dijaga siapa?

AF B-4: [ib..ib..bu ... jag ... jag ... ga..an ...

an..nak.] (Ibu jaga anak).

AFB-4 is also stammered in expressing the basic

sentence. [Ibu jaga anak]. ” I take care of the

children” with (S-P-O) pattern.

Judging from the above conversation, that the

formation of basic sentences is successfully

expressed by AFB-4 patients, but it is not perfect. The

basic sentence that should be expressed [Ibu dijaga

anak di rumah sakit ini], but AFB-4 expresses with

[Ibu jaga anak] (Ibu dijaga anak). This basic sentence

pattern is SP O. Patient has expressed with SP O.

AFB pattern -4 has omitted the element [di], thus

changing the meaning contained in the sentence The

patient intends to express Ibu dijaga oleh anak, but it

means turning into Ibu yang menjaga anaknya. Ibu as

/S/ (Subject)” Doer”. In this case it seems as if the

child is sick and guarded by the mother. AFB-4

understands what is being asked, but she is unable to

express the perfect and correct language according to

the universal rules and understandings of the

Indonesian language.

Exactly what the experts say about Motoric

Aphasic: (1) Occurs due to Broca's brokenness in the

inferior frontal gyrus (2) Understand the content of

the conversation, but can not answer or express

opinions (3) Also called Aphasic Expressif or Broca's

Aphasia (4) Can issue 1-2 words (nonfluent). [9]

(5)Researcher: Apakah Bapak masih ingat, Apakah

pendidikan terakhir Bapak?

AFB-4: (shaked his head .... ... sed ... sed .... sede

... ku ni..on (head shake ...... aku SD. Aku ini tahun)

means that his last education is only elementary

school. Structurally, the expression of AFB-5 is also

not the same as the actual Indonesian language

structure. Patients express basic sentences with their

own patterns, based on their thoughts with pattern

PSK. When viewed from the Indonesian language

structure that applies universally "Shaking my head,

Aku sekolah SD tahun ini". This sufferer also

expresses disjointed, incomplete and reversed basic

sentences, and uses nonverbal expressions as well to

shake his head meaning "do not remember".

Expressive of the basic cues proposed in this study is

very different from previous studies, the language is

discontinuous and many elements are wiped out and

flipped through the language.

3.2 Neurocognitive and

Psychocognitive Disorders Broca's

Aphasic Affected to Cognitive

Neurology and cognitive psychology called

neurocognitive and psychocognitive are two branches

in neurology and psychology that attempt to examine

the cognitive processes of human behavior

scientifically. Neurocognitive is used to assess

neurological relationships with human language

processes. Psychocognitive is used to examine the

psychological relationships of 'science that examine

universal human’s behaviour and linguistics as part of

a scientific sciences that examines language

behaviors that can ultimately be called cognitive

psycholinguistics, psychology studies linguistics and

human cognitive processes in the study of language

behavior. What is meant by cognitive processes, is the

mental processes, thoughts, motivations, and

emotional human in regulating human experience and

behavior and language behavior. The things that are

mainly studied in cognitive psychology are how

people cultivate, interpret, organize, store, exclude

and use their knowledge, including the development

and use of language knowledge.

Neuropsycholinguistics applies linguistic,

psychological, and neurological knowledge and

language problems, such as language teaching,

language learning, pre-reading and advanced reading,

bilingualism, grammar, speech-related, such as

aphasia, stuttering, autism, brain stroke and

communication problems, language and thought

relationships, dialect problems, pidginization and

creolization and other social issues involving

language, such as language and education, language

and nation-building. Neuropsycholinguistics is an

interdisciplinary science born as a result of one

consciousness, that language study is so difficult and

complicated that a single discipline alone is unlikely

to be able to study and explain the essence of

language. So, basically Neuropsycholinguistics is a

combination or cooperation between neurolinguistik

and neuropsychology. What if there is a

neurocognitive and psychocognitive disorder in

expressing basic Indonesian sentences (Nagai, 2007).

Interpretation of Verbal Expression Sentence of Indonesian ‘S-P-O-K’ on Affairs of Broca Patients with Neurophyscocognitive Disorders in

Medan City

1227

3.2.1 Motivational Disorder

Motivation AFB 1-5 also deviates, because it is Broca

aphasia suffered by these sufferers eliminate the

motivation to speak to anyone, if not talked to them

at all silent. After being talked to also have no

motivation to create new words, always repeat the

vocabulary delivered by others but also circling and

back and forth. AFB1-5 cannot remember the

sequence of words logically to be communicated to

others. In addition to sputtering and unclear

articulation, AFB does not have expression in speech

and usually ordinary people do not understand this

patient's speech, as shown in the data (1-5).

3.2.2 Memory Disorders

American psychologists, arguing about memory as

the most extraordinary phenomenon of the brain,

sensory experiences, perceptions of action to change

feel and remember, understand and decide (Khon,

2009).

When viewed from the results of interviews with

researchers with the patient, views, perceptions,

curiosity will something, remember something, and

decide something has been heavy disturbed. AFB1-5

never shows a high curiosity about the information,

surrounding circumstances, and views about itself

and others. This never happens when they have not

had a stroke. The most basic evidence there is no

difference AFB-1 answers to different questions. As

researchers, long-term memory and short-term AFB-

1 can be said to be disturbed. AFB- understands

what's specifically asked "about eating", not food, so

answers are the same for different questions. "Eating"

and "food" must be different or different. Here's an

illustration of his speech.

Researchers: Do you still remember your favorite

food?

AFB-1: nat .... nat ... ti .... la ... maaa .... an.

(Nasilah makan)

Short-term memory is the retention and

acquisition of new information in seconds, minutes,

hours, and days. Also called working memory,

primary memory, and direct memory that includes

remembering and holding new information, as well as

information previously understood by the patient in a

formal or informal manner.

Long-term memory, also known as memory of

something such as counting, vocabulary or sentence

in large and permanent quantities in the human brain.

George Miller, a print researcher of cognitive and

memory psychology, any human being who can store

words in large quantities, more number of letters

stored and recalled, pieces of information that are

accommodated by short-term memory and sent easily

into the run long. humans will have no problem

recalling a 14-word sentence like "the wicked old

witch led the two trusting children into the deep dark

forest." Through word memories with very fast speed,

10 words per second. [Nagai, 2007].

Based on the definition of short-term and long-term

memory, AFB1-5 is already disturbed as well.

Patients cannot remember perfectly both long-term

memory and short-term memory, have no motivation

and creativity in speaking. Patients will not greet

people first, but they wait to be addressed.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Basic sentences of Indonesian language can be

expressed by Broca sufferers with stammer, yet it is

not smooth. Many expressions are expressed in

reverse, but there is also a missing language element

that gives rise to a new meaning. The pattern that goes

down is not the same as the normal person's sentence

pattern in general.

Neurocognitive and psychocognitive also deviate

from normal references. Stroke patients in this study

were unable to recall information ever before they

were exposed to a stroke, when speaking

expressionlessly, his face flat. FB1-5 never started the

conversation, never greeted first, but waited to be

addressed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Authors gratefully acknowledge that the present

researcher is supported by Ministry of Research and

Technology and Higher Education Republic of

Indonesia. The support is under the research

TALENTA USU of Year 2018 Contract

No.2590/UN5.1. R/PPM/2018, 16 March 2018.

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Interpretation of Verbal Expression Sentence of Indonesian ‘S-P-O-K’ on Affairs of Broca Patients with Neurophyscocognitive Disorders in

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