Crowdsourced System to Report Trafﬁc Violations

RoadCop: Bi-Modular System

Maryam Jameela

, Hammad Afzal

, Khawar Khurshid

and Asad Waqar Malik

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,

National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Keywords:

Crowdsourcing, Mobile Crowdsourcing, Mobile Applications, Web Application, Trafﬁc Violations, Data

Sciences, Trafﬁc Surveillance, Internet-of-Things, Smart Cities, Transportation.

Abstract:

With increasing demand of transportation, implementation of the trafﬁc regulations has become a major chal-

lenge for the developing countries. Most of the trafﬁc accidents occur due to violation of trafﬁc rules, thus,

resulting in loss of human lives and property. The developed countries have addressed the situation by deploy-

ing surveillance systems at intersection, but the solution can be expensive; therefore, due to the cost factor the

solution is out of reach for many underdeveloped countries. In order to overcome the situation, a framework is

proposed that is based on crowdsourced model to report violations supplemented by the video evidence. The

user reports are evaluated in multiple phases. In the ﬁrst stage, spam is eliminated through evaluation, and as-

sociated user proﬁles are blocked. In the second stage, trafﬁc law experts evaluate the report and on every valid

report the users are rewarded with incentive points while ensuring the anonymity. The system is evaluated for

usability, advantages to authorities, citizen involvement, skills and resources required and transparency. The

results of functional testing indicate that the participants appreciated the purpose of the application and found

it quite easy to use. With a large-scale deployment and an effective mechanism to identify offender, this system

can lead to much improved implementation of trafﬁc regulations.

1 INTRODUCTION

Transportation is one of the basic necessities of life.

With technology advancement, new techniques have

been adopted to optimize the transportation system.

Moreover, with growing needs of user, one of core

objective is to build the system that is safe and easy

to manage large number of users. According to the

recent statistics

the average death rate in Pakistan

due to road accidents is approx. 20.22% in the year

2014.These statistics are also alarming in countries

such as Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela where the numbers

are as high as 43.545%, 41.415%and 41.065% respec-

tively (WHO, 2016). According to World Health Or-

ganizations (WHO) fact sheet in the year 2016 ,the

road trafﬁc injuries are the leading cause of death

among young people. The trafﬁc violations, careless

driving attitude and a weak infrastructure are the main

causes of trafﬁc accidents resulting in higher casualty

rates. Further, according to WHO the road trafﬁc ac-

cident will become the seventh leading cause of death

worldlifeexpectancy.com

by 2030. Therefore, necessary actions and precau-

tionary measures are needed (WHO, 2017).

The trafﬁc accidents can be reduced by penalizing

violators. Different countries have addressed the is-

sue by installing surveillance systems to monitor traf-

ﬁc violation at every intersection. However, such sys-

tems are expensive and require well installed infras-

tructure. It is convenient in developed countries due

to existing infrastructure; whereas, in underdeveloped

countries, the lack of budget and weak infrastructure

makes it unfeasible. The deployment of extensive

number of trafﬁc constables to monitor violations is

not viable either. In the last decade,crowdsourcing

has become a widely used technique to solve the prob-

lems using end users input. The concept of crowd-

sourced system has been normalized by social me-

dia and smartphones. Today people around the world

can easily participate for the sustainable society de-

velopment without any special skill sets. The sensor

based data collection helps to retrieve credible and ac-

curate data. With the advancement in technology and

exponential growth of smart phones, users can eas-

Jameela, M., Afzal, H., Khurshid, K. and Waqar Malik, A.

Crowdsourced System to Report Trafﬁc Violations.

DOI: 10.5220/0006680303150322

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS 2018), pages 315-322

ISBN: 978-989-758-293-6

315

ily share data at low cost. Thus, it enabled the role

of crowdsourcing to solve daily life problems. Due

to easy access to 3G/4G/5G technologies, multimedia

streaming is adopted to share real-time information to

help law enforcing agencies. These features and tech-

niques encourage developers to come up with cost ef-

ﬁcient solutions for smart cities.

In order to provide a feasible solution, a system is

developed using crowdsourced model to report viola-

tions along with video evidence and GPS coordinates.

The motivation is to reduce the burden on trafﬁc war-

dens and increase the involvement of general public

in law enforcement.

RoadCop is bi-modular solution (Mobile and Web

Application) to report trafﬁc violations. These reports

are ﬁltered on two stages. The ﬁrst stage eliminates

the spam reports and blocks the spammer.In the sec-

ond stage of evaluation, the ﬁltered reports are used

bu trafﬁc law experts to decide the validity of these re-

ports. the trafﬁc violations that can be reported by the

mentioned system are i) Red Light Violation (RLV)

ii) Reckless Driving (RD) iii) Illegal Parking (IP) iv)

Hit and Run (HR) v) Illegal Lane Change (ILC).

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This section covers the detailed review of research in

this particular area. It discusses the methodologies

currently used for monitoring trafﬁc violations and

usage of crowdsourced model, geo coordinates and

media evidences to solve different day to day prob-

lems.

Pakistan is a developing country and public sector

has yet to see the boom of information technology. IT

has begun to automate various manual processes. One

of such ﬁelds is transportation management. Traf-

ﬁc Police deals with the offence and penalty of traf-

ﬁc rule violations. Monitoring trafﬁc violations have

become a challenge due to the increasing number of

vehicles and population over the last few years. In

the urban areas, controlling trafﬁc has become a ne-

cessity. Traditional technique is trafﬁc wardens iden-

tify violator which is used all over the country. It

has loopholes due to lack of evidence and human er-

rors. Moreover, it is also vulnerable to harassment

and bribes.

Punjab Trafﬁc Police have been experimenting

with Trafﬁc Violation Evidence System for more than

a year now. The system is installed over the inter-

section and automatically generates the e-Ticket on

violations which is later approved by authorities and

sent to doorstep of violator along with the picture of

violations, taken by CCTV cameras. Though, weak

infrastructure, lack of funds and absence of proper in-

tersections resulted in dependency of manual identiﬁ-

cation of violators in other parts of the country.

Transportation and control on trafﬁc accidents has

become one of the burning issues for the IT Indus-

try and academia. Different techniques are proposed

over the time, one of such techniques is to penalize the

violators of horn blowers in restricted areas (a.k.a Si-

lence Zone). Drivers receive a message to ”Not Blow

Horn” on LCD screen adjusted in the vehicle. On vi-

olation SMS along timestamp is generated from ve-

hicle to control station. Registration number is used

to penalize the offender. It is a ﬂexible approach and

can be modiﬁed for different trafﬁc violations (Biswas

et al., 2015).

India has digitized existing data under the digi-

tal India program and is using smartcards to store

registration and license information which is used to

provide VPC (Vahan Penalty Card) to drivers. VPC

contains penalties balance and license is cancel af-

ter crossing threshold and petrol pumps will deny

petrol to invalid VPC holders. System is operat-

ing on RFID readers installed at the sensitive areas

to identify RFID readable license plates of violators.

Intelligent Expert Penalty System requires sophisti-

cated equipment like RFID readers, RFID readable

number plates, VPC, VPC readers, VPC recharge-

able outlets. It also requires legislation and binding

agreements between government and petrol pumps

(Goel and Shukla, 2016). Another RFID based so-

lution uses RFID tags instead of license plates. Tags

store driver’s license, bio data and vehicle registra-

tion. RFID reader and camera components are used

to detect violations and generate warning messages.

Crossing threshold can result in cancellation of li-

cense. It is used to check speed limit, red light viola-

tions and can help reduce vehicle theft(K et al., 2016).

Another system is proposed and tested using a

toy car which uses infrared transmitter and receiver,

microcontroller, wireless communication and central

database of Bangladesh Road Transport Authority.

Proposed approach can be seen in Figure 1 (Hossain

et al., 2010).

A system for smart cars is proposed which em-

ploys VNDN

(Vehicle Named Data Network). It

uses ID instead of IP and protocol of data exchange

with simple interest and response messages. Sys-

tem uses OBUs (Onboard Units) to sense violations

and store it in Pending Ticket Entry Table maintained

by every Ordinary Vehicle. Cop Vehicles (CVs) re-

ceive PTE entries on broadcasting interest messages

and issue the ticket against the entry. Payment can

be deducted from the registered bank account of the

Vehicle Named Another system for smart cars

VEHITS 2018 - 4th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems

316

Figure 1: Block Diagram of proposed system in (Hossain

et al., 2010).

violator on the next toll booth automatically. This

approach targets the urban environment and unmon-

itored highways due to the pull mechanism. Func-

tional testing concludes that increase in violators will

increase the number of Tickets and CV will be re-

quired to send more interest messages(Ahmed et al.,

2016). Another Intelligent Transportation System

collects GPS data and sends it to server where web

application matches and calculates the speed of the

vehicle and checks it against the OSM speed limit of

the streets (Tarapiah et al., 2014).

Advanced Driver Assistance system was proposed

to gather data from various sensors and equipment in-

stalled in the vehicle and generates a proﬁle for the

driver to view trafﬁc violations, speed and other spa-

tial and geographical information on Google Maps

via a small monitored screen adjusted in the vehi-

cle(Nourdine Aliane, 2011).

2.1 Overview of Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing is a technique to collect data with

the help of volunteers, sometimes driven by incen-

tives (monetarily or entertainment)(Ali et al., 2012).

Today, there are many applications based on crowd-

sourcing as an underline mechanism for information

retrieval. Examples of such applications are social

media, Google Maps, Wikipedia and research jour-

nals. The social media collects users interest, opin-

ions and uses it for target advertisement and sugges-

tions. One of the major advantages of crowdsourced

applications is to facilitate generation of geographi-

cally distributed data. It can be useful in data col-

lection for transportation management(Santani et al.,

2015). The contributions in crowdsourced applica-

tions are of two types (Chatzimilioudis et al., 2012).

• Participatory Contribution:based on Users input

• Opportunistic Contribution:based on Sensors

The results derived from crowdsourced system are

dependent on the credibility of the contributors. Fol-

lowing are few techniques to ensure credibility (Cvi-

jikj et al., 2015). Crime-mapping a technique to dis-

play crime’s location over a map. Media Evidence

can help eliminating spamming. Incentives (Mon-

etary, Entertainment and etc) is a way to motivate

crowd.Assurance of user anonymity publicly may en-

courage users to report. On the other hand, system

can store credentials of the user to ensure its credi-

bility and most importantly reduce textual input and

restrict it to predeﬁned range.

Following section discusses the crowdsourced ap-

plications and research in the transportation sector.

2.2 Crowdsourcing Applications in

Transportation

Crowdsourced systems uses citizens input and smart-

phones to collect transportation data, manage trafﬁc

situations and exploit that information to make de-

cisions and plan infrastructure changes (Mostashari

et al., 2011). In the last few years, most of the

research and development of Intelligent Transporta-

tion System has shifted from sophisticated expensive

equipped framework to crowdsourced systems. It is a

cost efﬁcient solution with great potential due to tech-

nology advancement. Transportation management is

linked to geographically distributed data and high mo-

bility so a crowdsourced solution is match made in

heaven.

CrowdITS is a mobile application to report and

notify trafﬁc congestion, accidents, construction and

breakdown. This system does not use the exter-

nal sensors and equipment which makes it affordable

(Misra et al., 2014). Another crowdsourced system

is proposed to report road hazards along GPS co-

ordinates and media evidence for Nairobi, Kenya to

meet the development challenges and solve infras-

tructure problems. Media evidence is crossed check

by Amazon Mechanical Turk to eliminate spam (San-

tani et al., 2015). Another Mobile Application uses

GPS sensor, accelerometer, GSM radio and micro-

phones to collect data of trafﬁc and road conditions

such as potholes, bumps, braking, and honking. It

is an experimental project deployed in Banglore, In-

dia and has delivered promising results(Mohan et al.,

2008).

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks and Vehicular Named

Data Networking solutions can be used to send trafﬁc

information to other vehicles and collected informa-

tion can be used to reroute dynamically in order to

save time. System was testing in Portland and pro-

duced good results (Leontiadis et al., 2011). Cloud

Crowdsourced System to Report Trafﬁc Violations

317

computing can provide storage and computing facil-

ities to process big data collected through the crowd

for trafﬁc model construction and congestion predic-

tion(Nourdine Aliane, 2011). We would like to men-

tion about a public sector app Public Eye: BTP Of-

ﬁcial App Smart Mobile Application for managing

Trafﬁc Violations that describes work similar to what

we have proposed but it lacks the location tracking

facility for trafﬁc violations.To the best of our knowl-

edge most of the research did not cover the utilization

of crowdsourced model to report trafﬁc violation us-

ing handheld smartphones.

Table 1: Comparison between existing approaches to report

trafﬁc violations.

No Existing

Approach

Pros Cons

1 Manual

Violations

Identiﬁ-

cation by

Trafﬁc

Wardens

Useful in

absence of

technology.

Prone to

bribe and

harassment

Lack of

evidence

Prone to

Human error

2 CCTV

and e-

Ticketing

Systems

Efﬁcient

Effective

Accurate

Expensive

Equipment

Unmonitored

areas

3 RFID

Sensors

and RFID

Tag Based

Solution

Sophisticated

Technique

Less prone

to Error

Accurate.

Easy Main-

tenance of

record due

to RFID.

Expensive

Equipment

Cost on

either Gov-

ernment or

Consumer

Maintenance

budget cost

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

This section gives an overview of the proposed sys-

tem and need of such systems. Table 1 compares the

existing solutions for trafﬁc management and control.

It concludes that sophisticated systems generate bet-

ter results in monitoring trafﬁc situations and viola-

tions. In countries with appalling law and order situ-

ation, employing expensive equipment is not feasible

due to theft possibility.The role of general public is

very crucial for the development of sustainable soci-

ety. A crowdsourced system to counter the problem

is not only cost-efﬁcient but also beneﬁcial for devel-

opment of well-grounded society.The proposed sys-

tem enables general public to report trafﬁc violations

along media evidence and its location. Mobile Ap-

plication enables users to report trafﬁc violations. On

the other hand, Web Application is available for the

administration. It allows admin to ﬁlter spam, review

reports, view details of vehicles and vehicle registered

owner, total number of violations reported and reward

points/score in case of valid reports. The admin can

view all reports on Google Maps (type of violation,

area, timings or combination of all three). The graphs

generated gives results such as number of violations

in a speciﬁc area, number of violations in a speciﬁc

period of time and number of speciﬁc violations in a

certain time. These and other customized cubes can

help concerned departments to make decision regard-

ing infrastructure and trafﬁc surveillance.

3.1 System Workﬂow and Architecture

Web Application can be hosted on existing data cen-

ters of public sector entities. Mobile Application can

be installed on the android smartphones. It launches

camera to record video. Reporter can choose to report

immediately or save it for later. Mobile application

uses background service to collect GPS coordinates

of trafﬁc violations location while recording video.

User can add the license plate number and choose vi-

olation type from predeﬁned list.User requires Wi-Fi

connection to submit report otherwise it is stored lo-

cally on SQLite database and sent along timestamp

when connected to Wi-Fi.It will avoid the cost of mo-

bile data. User transmit video to server in multime-

dia encrypted form and remaining ﬁelds of report (li-

cense plate number, trafﬁc violation type, GPS coor-

dinates, and timestamp and user credentials) in JSON

(JavaScript Object Notation) format.Video ﬁles are

stored on server in directory instead of database to

avoid increasing size of database.Data is delivered to

the restful service which inserts it in central database

via hibernate query. Web application interacts via

Ajax calls to restful services for manipulation of the

database. Admin view of the web application gives

the status of reports on Google Maps with color coded

markers. Admin can review the reports. First Stage

Admin will block the spammer. Admin can validate

if the violation meets the legal criteria. If yes, then

the ticket along with the screenshot of the report and

time will be sent to the registered contact details of

the vehicle and valid reports point will be given to the

reporter. System Architecture can be seen in Figure 2.

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318

Figure 2: Architecture of Proposed System.

4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND

IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

This section discusses the detail of systems compo-

nents their features and implementation details.

4.1 Mobile Application

Mobile Application is developed for Android Oper-

ating System. Basic requirement to run the proposed

application on the smartphones are i)Android OS Ver-

sion 2.3 (Gingerbread and above) ii) Wi-Fi iii) GPS

Sensor iii) Camera with minimum 2MP. The proposed

implementation has enrich UI which works on ma-

jor screen sizes such as LDPI, MDPI, HDPI, XHDPI,

XXHDPI, XXXHDPI. It also allows login via Face-

book which uses Graph API and Facebook SDK to

request public ﬁelds such as name, gender, user_id

and fullname of a particular user as shown in Fig-

ure 3a. After logging into the system, video recording

for trafﬁc violation screen appear as shown in the Fig-

ure 3b. User can also view the already recorded but

not reported violations along with history of reports

status.

• GPS Coordinates: : These are integral part of

the system. It gives exact location of the trafﬁc

violation. In case of a valid report, location can

be sent with the ticket to the violator.

• Video Evidence: Video Evidence is captured via

the camera in the application. It has VGA set-

tings with standard dimensions of 640x480 pixels.

It is stored in mp4 format with H.264 encoding

which is a block-oriented, motion-compensation

based video compression standard. Video size

limit of 15MB is enforced. Video is encrypted

using AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding which makes it

transmission safe and ensures end to end security.

(a) Login/Register (b) RoadCop Cam-

era

turing

(d) Reporting Traf-

ﬁc Violations

Figure 3: Mobile Application.

• Type of Violations: Scope of the research is lim-

ited to i) Red Light Violation ii) Reckless Driving

iii) Illegal Parking iv) Hit and Run v) Illegal Lane

Change.

• Reward Points: Valid report is rewarded with

points. These points, in this study, are just like

scores but later can be used to offer some incen-

tives(monetary, entertainment or fuel) This can el-

evate the interest of reporter.

4.2 Web Application

Web application and webservices are deployed on

apache tomcat with hibernate support and JBoss data

services. Hibernate layer communicates with the cen-

tral database. It receives and sends data via restful

services on client side by jQueryAjax. JQueryAjax

then uses HTML5 markups and bootstrap to show and

format data. Layered Architecture can be seen in Fig-

ure 5. Web Application is developed for the Admin-

istration. It gives details of total violations reported

and total number of users registered with the system.

Administrators can perform ﬁrst and second stage ﬁl-

tering. Figure 4 shows web application view.

Crowdsourced System to Report Trafﬁc Violations

319

• View Violation Map: It gives the view of the re-

ports with color coded markers on Google Maps

which can be viewed by different dimensions such

as by area, timing and type of violations. It helps

in understanding the trends of violations by area.

Place on Google Map with maximum markers is

most vulnerable area.

• Eliminate and Block Spammers: There are two

levels of Administration Staff. First Stage Admin

will ﬁlter spam reports and block spammers.

• Review Reports and cross validate against the

registered Vehicles: Second Level Admin are the

Trafﬁc Law Expert who can review ham reports

based on trafﬁc rules and regulations while sys-

tem ensure reporters anonymity. Data is fetched

against the license plate number from the regis-

tered vehicles database for ticketing once report

is validated by trafﬁc expert and reporter is re-

warded.

Central database contains tables user, report,reward

and vehicles. User has credentials and password

which is encrypted by MD5 encryption algorithm to

ensure privacy. Reported violations are stored in re-

port table, reward table has status of reported viola-

tions also rewardpoints and registered vehicles can be

fetched from vehicles table.

Figure 4: Map of Reported Violations.

4.3 Statistics for Decision Making

Crowdsourcing is a technique of information re-

trieval. Usually the data collected by the crowd in

this stage can later be used for different statistical

analysis. Statistics such as number of violations by

cities/area, number of violations by time (Date, Day,

Month and Year) and type of violations on differ-

ent parameters. Visual representation in the form

of graphs can give very promising trends that can

be used by transportation management department as

well as infrastructure planners. API used for visual

representation is an open source JavaScriptAPI called

Chart.js. It is used to generate client side visual aid

such as pie charts, histograms and barcharts. Data

sciences have changed the prospect of data collection

and analysis. Utilization of intelligent systems trained

on collected data can help overcome similar events in

the future to avoid mishaps or management failures.

Figure 5: Layered Architecture of Bi Modular System.

Table 2: Evaluation criteria of proposed system.

No Evaluation

Criteria

Description

1 Usability User-friendly and easy to

use Design

2 Advantage for

Authorities

(LEA,GOVT

ofﬁcials)

Helps in locating violators

3 Citizen In-

volvement

Involving Citizens in pro-

cess law enforcement

4 Linkage and

Trust

Associating Trustworthy or-

ganization

5 Skills and

Resources

Required

What Kind of Skill set re-

quired for the usage of Ap-

plication

6 Transparency Ensuring privacy control of

user

5 FUNCTIONAL TESTING AND

CHALLENGES

In order to test the proposed system and evaluate it on

parameters shown in the Table 2; system is deployed

on a windows server. Mobile Application is provided

to 50 volunteers for testing and requested to report

a trafﬁc violation at least once over the period of four

weeks. More than 53 reports are collected. Volunteers

are selected from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Admin

evaluated the reports in the ﬁrst stage and removed

total 15 reports (12 videos spams and 3 license plate

numbers spams) and blocked spammers. Total 35 re-

ports are sent for expert’s review known as the ﬁnal

stage evaluation. The experts marked 23 reports in-

valid and rewarded 12 reports. The experts reviewed

and evaluated reports with the help of regional trans-

portation department.

VEHITS 2018 - 4th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems

320

Evaluation criteria of system mention in table 2.

A small survey was conducted among the volunteers

of functional testing to evaluate the system. It was

close ended questionnaire to get feedback regarding

usability and skills set required for app usage. Due

to the easy design, understanding the purpose of the

system was not a problem. 85% of the participants un-

derstood the main functionality of application. Users

did not feel the need of tutorials. Citizen involve-

ment can be increased by collaboration with the of-

ﬁcial authorities. More than 76% of the people think

association of the application with concerned author-

ities can increase the frequency of reporting. Users

trust the system with frequent responses and actions

against violator. 60% of the users think that the appli-

cation gave them a sense of responsibility and contri-

bution towards law enforcement. Challenges faced in

the process of functional testing are of following four

types:

5.1 Design Challenges

Crowdsourced systems are for the people with min-

imum technological skills. Few of the major design

decisions are to reduce textual inputs and use affor-

dances icons.

5.2 Legal Challenges

For consideration of an evidence it must possess four

characteristics.i) Materiality ii) Relevance, iii) Au-

thenticity, and iv) Competence. In the proposed sys-

tem, one of the major challenges is to ensure authen-

ticity while keeping the reporter anonymous. The re-

ports authenticity is ensured by the GPS coordinates.

It is impossible for a reporter to change the GPS coor-

dinates values. Media Evidence can ensure both au-

thenticity and competence. During the research and

development phase, Trafﬁc Police Department recom-

mended to ensure that evidence is captured through

app. Uploading a video can give user/reporter a

chance to edit it.

5.3 Adaptability Challenges

Crimes reporting crowdsourced systems are for the

public to contribute in collecting geographically dis-

tributed data. Such systems could support modern

ideas of open government. Popular crowdsourced ap-

plications, like social media are trendy and user con-

tribution in such systems are presumed to strengthen

their social standing. On the contrary, crowdsourced

applications by governments raise different concerns.

Anonymity: Insurance of reporter’s anonymity

Relevance: Will justice be served if reported?

Ensuring privacy while keeping authenticity of data

is a major challenge which can be solved by conceal-

ing the source of report on public view but keeping it

in the record. To increase the awareness and accep-

tance of such systems some measures are discussed

in Table 3. Adaption of the system by authorities

has been another major challenge because associa-

tion with authorities can make system reliable. On

the other hand, authorities are not easily convinced to

adopt new technology.(Cvijikj et al., 2015) Authori-

ties expect quality of contribution which is ensured

by media evidence. (Quinn and Bederson, 2011) Ac-

ceptance can also be achieved with the help of aca-

demic stakeholders and through capacity building of

government’s IT professionals.

5.4 Vehicle Registration Challenges

Complete Evaluation of such a system is not conve-

nient due to many reasons, particularly in Pakistan.

Vehicles are registered once and registrations are usu-

ally not transferred to new owners.Computerized reg-

istration of vehicles is the priority of interior ministry

and trafﬁc police department. Process is at ﬁnal stages

in Punjab and KPK. Motor Transport Management

Information System is the online vehicle veriﬁcation

system which is functional in Punjab, KPK, Sindh and

Islamabad.

6 CONCLUSION

Research and development of proposed system con-

cluded that such systems can be very useful towards

the development of intelligent transportation systems

and information retrieval for decision making. It gives

a technique for collection of trafﬁc violation reports

from general public to increase awareness of trafﬁc

laws and awake the sense of responsibility in drivers.

It can help in publishing a real time map of violations

by area and time period. Functional testing gives in-

teresting inferences. It shows how people would pre-

fer such systems if they are associated with a trustwor-

thy organization such as Trafﬁc Police or Communi-

cation and Works Departments. This system is novel

approach and opens many doors for future research.

If the proposed system is correctly and efﬁciently im-

plemented then it can not only produce better results

than manual capturing of violators but also help in

collection of data which can be useful in the future.

Crowdsourced System to Report Trafﬁc Violations

321

Table 3: Measures to increase adaptability of trafﬁc viola-

tions reporting crowdsourced system.

No Measures Description

1 Incentives Reward for Users to mo-

tivate the participation also

shows seriousness of author-

ities.

2 Provision

of Valid

Information

Discard spams and public

availability of valid reports.

3 Frequent

Informa-

tion Update/

Quick Re-

sponse

Regular updated informa-

tion can increase interest

of public. Action on re-

ports and update regarding it

can increase trust and ensure

adaptability.

4 Association

of Trust-

worthy

Organization

Association of Government

entity can help build trust.

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