How Can Visualization Affect Security?

Joana Muchagata and Ana Ferreira

CINTESIS - Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal

Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, Security of Mobile Visualization Design, User-adaptive Visualization,

Electronic Health Records.

Abstract: Technology like computers and especially mobile devices have changed the way people see and interact

with the world. Many of our everyday tasks are only completed using technology supported by different

platforms (desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones) so the visualization of content is presented

differently depending on the used device and type of information requested. However, even with user-

adaptive systems, which can adjust interface content according to individual’s needs and context, data

privacy can be at risk, as these techniques do not aim to protect them or even identify the presence of

vulnerabilities. The main goal of this paper is to analyse what techniques are available to adapt visualization

to users’ needs and context of each interaction with different devices and analyse which can be applied to

improve security and privacy of visualized data. Two use-cases are presented to compare traditional access

and access using visualization techniques to improve security and mitigate privacy vulnerabilities of

healthcare data. More research is needed to define and validate security visualization techniques integrated

into human mobile interactions, to better provide for the security and privacy of sensitive data.

1 INTRODUCTION

Today we live in a technological society where our

everyday tasks are completed efficiently and

effectively using computers and communication

devices (Moon and Chang, 2014). Although

technologies like desktops are still very common,

mobile devices like smartphones or tablets are very

useful to support user needs on the move (Burigat,

Chittaro and Gabrielli, 2008). These devices are

changing many industries and have transformed the

way we live and perform everyday activities.

Due to advanced operating systems, computing

and memory capability, Internet access, GPS

systems and intuitive and tactile graphical user

interfaces, the latest generation of smartphones are

progressively viewed as handheld computers

(Boulos, Wheeler, Tavares and Jones, 2011). These

improvements have made possible to include

advanced visualization techniques in most

computing application areas, such as medicine,

engineering and science. Also, the adaptation of

these techniques to mobile devices increases the

power of visualization to anytime, anywhere

(Chittaro, 2006). Visualization can make a wide

range of mobile applications more intuitive and

productive by highlighting important aspects and

hiding irrelevant details (Lapin, 2014) but to find the

best solutions and techniques is a constant challenge

(Burigat, Chittaro and Gabrielli, 2008) (Chittaro,

2006). There are various limitations, the most

obvious one being the small screen size.

But visualization is not only a matter of

information type and content. The way people

interact with interfaces can affect information

security and privacy. How can a user be searching

for information in a mobile device, within a specific

place and context, while having the guarantee that

the way that information is displayed is the most

secure and private? One very common example is

when users access personal or sensitive data (e.g.,

home banking or personal medical records) on

public busy places such as trains, airports or coffee

shops. Anyone standing behind or beside that user

can easily eavesdrop some or all information.

Further, if all required and non-required data at a

specific moment is travelling via an unsecure wire,

those can be eavesdropped by attackers listening to

public non secure Wi-Fi hotspots.

The main goal of this paper is to review and

analyse the way information is visualized depending

on a user’s context and type of device and how this

can affect security. The authors could not find

similar research work within the literature.

Muchagata, J. and Ferreira, A.

How Can Visualization Affect Security?.

DOI: 10.5220/0006695505030510

In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2018), pages 503-510

ISBN: 978-989-758-298-1

503

The next section presents the state of the art

while section 3 describes the methods used to

analyse existing visual techniques and related

security. Section 4 presents the recommendation list

of visual techniques for improved security and

section 5 describes two use-cases to validate the

obtained list. Section 6 discusses the obtained results

while section 7 concludes the paper.

2 STATE OF THE ART

A Google study on devices (Google, 2016) revealed

how, when and where people use them throughout

the day. The study took place in U.S. with a sample

of users from 18 to 49 years old and reveals that in a

regular day more than 1/4 of all users only use a

smartphone, which is almost two times as many as

those who only use a computer, and over half of

users prefer to use more than one type of device. It is

estimated that users spend 3 hours per day on

smartphones, about 2 hours on a computer and a

little more than 1 hour on a tablet. Most people use

multiple types of devices on the same day, and even

when they are using the computer they are also using

another device. The study also shows that the

preferred places to use a smartphone are at home,

work, stores, restaurants and bars, and the most used

resource is the web and after that, apps.

2.1 Choosing a Device

Content is presented to users differently depending if

the visualization is made on a desktop computer or

on a handheld device. This situation raises some

questions related with user options and visualization

results. Does the user perform the same actions on

both desktop and mobile? What type of content do

they explore, download, buy and avoid on those

devices? Is one more trusted than the other?

The majority of tasks are supported by both

platforms (desktop and mobile) but the results are

visualized differently as they may have a different

presentation and layout. Usually, in a mobile

version, information is displayed in small pieces and

interactive elements are larger for touch interactions.

In the desktop version there is also the opportunity

to access additional information (Paterno, 2014).

The reasons to choose one device over another

are related with the context of use, user

characteristics (personal preferences, goals and tasks

and emotional state), technology (device features,

type of connection, screen resolution and type of

browser), environment (location, light, noise) and

social aspects (privacy or collaboration) (Paterno,

2014). When users are on the move or when they are

looking for specific information and need a quick

answer, they prefer to use a mobile device.

Meanwhile, time consuming activities and specific

types of software are reserved to a computer. And in

some cases, users choose multiple devices because

this makes it easier to accomplish a task (Chittaro,

2006) (Paterno, 2014).

2.2 Security and Visualization

Studies in the field of security visualization are

relatively new and need more awareness. Many

times people access public Wi-Fi hotspots, often

located in populated areas such as coffee shops,

restaurants, hotels and airports, that offer little or no

security (Simmons, 2014) (Joshi, Aref, Ghafoor and

Spafford, 2001).

Several approaches have been made to help users

make the best decision possible about their security

choices. And although users can be presented with

information about the risk associated to a specific

wireless network, many times users still do not take

secure behaviours into account (Jeske, Coventry and

Briggs, 2014). One of the most common methods to

alert users about a possible event that can

compromise their protection are the security

warnings, and users may deal with them in different

situations (Bravo-Lillo, Cranor, Downs, Komanduri

and Sleeper, 2011) (Zaaba, Furnell and Dowland,

2014). However, in many times, users have

difficulties understanding the warnings as these can

have different representations depending on the

contexts and the level of severity (e.g. dialogue box,

balloons, banners and notifications). Several studies

(Bravo-Lillo, Cranor, Downs, Komanduri and

Sleeper, 2011) have concluded that many users

ignore the warnings such as when the content looks

legitimate, when they do not read or understand the

warning content/meaning (because of the technical

terminology used) or the displayed warning does not

provide enough or accurate information.

Beyond warning messages and taking the new

paradigm of accessing and sharing data

anytime/everywhere, security visualization must

adapt to all the human, technical and

physical/contextual characteristics relating to a

user’s specific request. Visualization must be

securely adapted to different scenarios such as when

a user is accessing (a) a medical record via an open

pharmacy Wi-Fi network to check for allergies to a

specific medication or (b) is at a coffee shop with

the smartphone analysing an x-ray exam.

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3 METHODS

To begin, the authors synthesize a recommendation

list of visualization techniques that were found in the

literature due to an extensive literature search. With

the description of each feature in detail, there is then

the analysis of the implications these can have on

security, both negatively and positively. This will

provide an objective recommendation list to help

users decide on which is the best visualization

technique to use at a specific request scenario and

context, providing this way the most secure

interaction with their device.

Further, this paper focuses on identifying the

importance of a user-adaptive system where

graphical interface and information visualization can

be adapted to support users showing detailed results

for a specific situation according to their individual

needs. Although the concept of user-adaptive system

could be applied in many different fields, this

investigation focus on healthcare where two use-

cases are described.

To validate the obtained list, the goal is to

compare two different scenarios of health data

request and visualization. This includes an analysis

on how the user characteristics and access context

can influence the adaptation of a graphical layout

interface, the way information is visualized and the

level of security of that action, in a specific moment.

The differences between scenarios and how

visualization would be done before and after

applying the identified visualization techniques are

shown with the help of mock-up visual interfaces.

4 SECURITY VISUALIZATION

4.1 Mobile Visualization Design

Due to mobile screen limited space, it is a challenge

to identify how much and what information should

be displayed, what the user really needs to see and

find a convenient way to present it. A significant

effort has been made to study different

representations and navigation techniques, especially

for large documents which are used in desktop

systems (Lapin, 2014). A few studies (Burigat,

Chittaro and Gabrielli, 2008) (Chittaro, 2006)

(Lapin, 2014) have shown that there are several

techniques and visualization methods suggesting an

adaptation of solutions originally designed only for

desktop. These are described next.

Restructuring of the Information Space

This technique consists in manually designing

specific web pages for each device. Automatically

reformatting is also an option. The method

transforms a multi-column layout into a one-column

layout. However, after this transformation, the

navigation structure may change significantly and it

may be difficult for users to take full advantage of

their experience.

Scrolling and Panning Techniques

With scrolling and panning the space is scrolled

horizontally and vertically and also part of the space

is panned out in any direction. The screen contains

part of the information space.

Zooming

Zooming is an effective method to scale the

information space and can be used to get several

perspectives. Objects can change size and shape or

they can appear and disappear from the visualization

space when zoomed.

Overview and Detail Approaches

This method (Figure 1) provides two simultaneous

views, one for context and one for detail. The

context view highlights part of the displayed space

in the detail, with a rectangular viewfinder.

Figure 1: An overview and detail map (Lapin, 2014).

Focus and Context Approaches

This technique displays context and detail

information simultaneously without separating the

two views and allows users to explore areas by

stretching or squeezing rectilinear focus areas. The

best example is the fish-eye view which increases

objects of the user’s focal attention and gradually

decreases the size of more distant objects (Figure 2).

How Can Visualization Affect Security?

505

Figure 2: Example of a fish-eye view (Lapin, 2014).

4.2 Security Analysis

With the previous study of different techniques and

visualization methods (subsection 4.1), in this

section we analyse the security of information taking

in consideration the characteristics of each method.

Many websites and apps are adapted and

visualized differently, with a specific design,

interface and layout characteristics, depending on

which device is used. Each of the methods has

advantages but at the same time has security

problems. The three main security characteristics:

Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA) can be

compromised in some situations.

Based on a few studies mentioned above

(Burigat, Chittaro and Gabrielli, 2008) (Chittaro,

2006) (Lapin, 2014) about techniques and

visualization methods, in Table 1 we reflect about:

(a) the advantages of using these methods for

visualization; (b) how integrity, confidentiality and

Table 1: Security analysis of visualization techniques described in (Lapin, 2014).

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availability can be compromised; and (c) how it is

possible to improve or prevent security problems.

4.3 User-adaptive Visualization

Interface and Content

User-adaptive visualization interface can be

understood as being an interface made by graphical

components (images, text and buttons) that change

and adapt its structure, behaviour and function based

on each individual’s information (Yelizarov and

Gamayunov, 2014) (Schwartze, Blumendorf and

Albayrak, 2010). Traditionally, information

visualization systems ignored user needs, abilities

and preferences and followed a one-size-fits-all

model (Steichen, Carenini and Conati, 2013). In

order to have an effectively adaptation, visualization

techniques must take into account users’

characteristics such as type of device, location,

connection, time and other security and privacy

aspects. The layout and information content must

change and adapt to those characteristics.

Schwartze et al., (Schwartze, Blumendorf and

Albayrak, 2010) also defend that the layout model

defines the spatial relationship between elements

(such as images, text and buttons) and set its width

and height depending on platform, environment and

user characteristics. In their opinion, a layout model

should be dynamic, where context sensitivity, user

preferences, device capabilities and characteristics,

environment conditions, and also unexpected

situations, require an automatic context adaptation of

graphical user interfaces at runtime.

Some examples of user-adaptive systems are

described next. Baus et al. (Baus, Kruger and

Wahlster, 2002) present a project named REAL.

This mobile pedestrian navigation system adapts the

presentation of route description according to the

actual user position, the limited technical resources

of the device and the cognitive resources of the user.

Another study about a visit to a museum described

in (Rocchi, Stock, Zancanaro, Kruppa and Kruger,

2004), focuses on an interaction with a mobile

device with the adaptation of the style and content

presentation to the context and interests of the

visitors in order to provide a coherent presentation

throughout the visit. A similar study (Graziola,

Pianesi, Zancanaro and Goren-Bar, 2005) regards

the adaptation between a mobile museum guide and

the personality and attitudes of each participant. In

this case the authors used adaptive video

presentations, in which the system dynamically

composes video presentations by adding or

removing shots to provide detailed description,

depending on actual user interests, interaction

history as well as current and previous locations.

5 USE-CASES

In order to demonstrate the application of Adaptive

Graphical Visualization Interface (AGVI)

application, two use-cases are presented where we

can compare two different situations and analyse

how the user and context characteristics can

influence the way information is visualized and the

level of security in a specific moment. The

visual/graphical interface will be dynamically

adapted to the specific needs, characteristics and

context of the user during visualization in real-time.

In addition to the visual part, the information content

available is also dependent on the characteristics

mentioned above. We will also analyse if the

techniques presented in Table 1 can be used to

improve security visualization.

The use-cases are based on two fictional EHR

apps. In Use-Case A, the user is a patient who needs

to visualize his health records at a pharmacy using a

mobile device and the app MyHealth. Use-Case B

describes a mobile app called iMedicine used by a

doctor when searching for her patients’ records.

Use-Case A

Paulo is a patient and he is at a pharmacy during

lunch time but there is a very long queue. While he

is waiting he is using his smartphone and trying to

about all his medical records, including

appointments, prescriptions, tests, lab results and

medical notes. He needs to see the last medical

prescription in the system by his doctor to check for

allergies to a specific medication (Figures 3 and 4).

Figure 3: Before using the AGVI, Paulo, the patient, is

able to see everything available about his medical records

without considering all the involved risks.

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507

Figure 4: After using the AGVI the app shows information

according with user’s context and needs with improved

visual security.

Ideally, the AGVI in place analyses Paulo’s

characteristics: device (smartphone), location

(pharmacy/public place), connection (public open

Wi-Fi) and time (lunch time). Paulo connects to the

pharmacy free Wi-Fi network so he does not need to

authenticate. This is considered as a high security

risk connection. As Paulo is in a pharmacy the

system only provides the items related with

“Medications” and “Prescriptions” (Figure 4).

If for some reason Paulo needs more information

he can access it through the icon on the upper left

corner “+info”. When he chooses the option

“Prescriptions” the system shows him the most

recent ones. At this stage, visualization techniques

from Table 1 are applied. The technique

“restructuring of the information space” (line 1 in

Table 1) can be used to adjust the information

content to the smartphone’s screen space. Also

“focus & context approaches”, more precisely the

fish-eye technique, is available (line 5 in Table 1).

This is useful if Paulo needs to see part of the

information in more detail. When using the fish-eye

technique the system uses a timer for restricting the

duration of zooming moments in contexts of high

security risk (in this case 5 seconds).

Use-Case B

Dr. Luísa is a medical doctor at Hospital de São João

in Porto. After her shift she goes to a coffee shop to

meet a friend around 4pm. Already in the place she

receives a call from a co-worker with some doubts

about a patient. Her colleague needs help to confirm

some diagnostic in an x-ray exam. Dr. Luísa has her

smartphone with her so she accesses the app with

her doctor credentials. She is using the free Wi-Fi

network from the coffee shop so it is a high security

risk connection. She signs into the app and she

searches for the patient’s exam result. Again,

without the AGVI she is able to see everything: her

profile, her patients, appointments, exams and other

info. After choosing the exams icon she can see the

list of all her patients and select the patient she needs

to see the exam (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Before using the AGVI Dr. Luísa is able to see

everything about her profile, patient’s information and

exam details.

On the other hand, with AGVI, the visualization and

related security are different. In this case Dr. Luísa

just sees two menu icons and if she chooses “exams”

option (and for security reasons) she needs to type

the patient’s name. Then it is possible to see the

exam with no other identifiable patient information

to protect their privacy (Figure 6). In this case a

visualization technique from Table 1 is also applied.

She can use the technique “overview and detail

approaches” (line 4 in Table 1) to highlight a

specific part of the exam that was mentioned by her

colleague (third image in Figure 6). At all times she

can access more detailed information by selecting

the “+info” icon.

Figure 6: After using the AGVI, the app shows

information according with user’s most common accessed

contents (e.g. appointments and exams), user’s context and

needs, together with improved visual security.

6 DISCUSSION

In this study we focus on techniques and

visualization methods and their implications on

security to help users control and decide on the best

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ways to securely interact with their device. The

authors could not find research work that provides

an analysis of visualization techniques and their

impact on security. There are some techniques

available that focus on adapting views to types of

devices, mainly screen size (section 4).

Nevertheless, these techniques can indirectly

influence the three main characteristics of security

(e.g., CIA). Table 1 presents this analysis and,

although it focuses on only five visualization

techniques, it is easy to see that each technique can

influence positively or negatively CIA. This

influence is not clear when we look at the definition

of each technique and their goals separately. As

such, the table helps to get this understanding clearer

and more obvious. It helps to reason that using a

specific technique may have other implications to

information security that, once known, can be either

avoided or used for improved security at certain

contexts. This is certainly crucial in more sensitive

environments such as healthcare and with the use of

mobile devices that allow access to information

anytime/anywhere. Still, the provided analysis is

generic and needs to be more detailed,

complemented and validated in future work.

Adaptive Graphical Visualization Interface

(AGVI) to user and content is a technique that is

more focused on context and user requirements than

the type of device used and so can be a relevant

solution to complement existing techniques. Despite

encountering a few examples of its use, the authors

could not find a clear and detailed methodology and

procedures that could help with their implementation

in practice. Still, that concept can be applied in the

healthcare domain because its heterogeneous

characteristics require versatile and adaptable

solutions to visualize sensitive data with the new

mobile paradigm. This is why the authors decided to

analyse two use-cases (one for the patient and one

for the healthcare professional) to verify how the

studied techniques together with AGVI can impact

security visualization.

In use-case A, the app can filter search options

according to the collected contextual data. Only

these options are displayed, with the possibility to

access others, if necessary. In a busy environment

with high risk security connections, this type of

technique can be adequate in preventing

confidentiality breaches. Further, applying a timer to

restrict access duration to fish-eye views (or other

zoom techniques) can be an appropriate mean to

improve both availability and confidentiality. This

type of adaptable visualization system can be used

for many similar contexts and situations. However,

other issues need to be studied and solved for this

scenario as patient sensitive information still travels

in clear over unsecure wireless networks and can be

easily eavesdropped.

Use-case B presents a similar scenario but now

with the perspective of a healthcare professional.

Different contextual, type of access, technical means

and user characteristics apply and so different visual

techniques are used to adapt to these. Again, the

differences between using and not using the AGVI

are notorious. A lot of information that is not

required for a specific context can be hidden and

requested information can be made more available

and with better quality (especially important when

viewing imaging exams).

Both use-cases show that although not many

visualization techniques are available these can still

be used to improve visualization security and be

adapted to different types of scenarios. This paper

contributes with a list of visualization techniques

and their appliance in healthcare scenarios for

improved privacy and security. However, this is just

the starting point as altering information

visualization can also affect usability. There is the

need to further test and analyse different scenarios

and thoroughly validate security as well as usability

issues involved.

Limitations. There is not much research data

available or guidelines that help in analysing

existing visualization techniques and show how

these can affect security and privacy of the

visualized data. We worked with existing techniques

we encountered in our searches. Also, due to space

and time constraints we could only show and test

these techniques in two use-cases on the healthcare

domain. It was not possible to test in real scenarios

with real users to see if the proposed adaptations

really improve privacy and security of health data.

This first step can however foment needed research

in this area as mobile secure visual studies can

comprise various multidisciplinary challenges.

7 CONCLUSIONS

Despite all the security mechanisms that can be in

place to protect applications, the way people interact

with interfaces is a crucial issue to take into

consideration as this can affect information security

and privacy. The vision of user interfaces that adapt

to individuals’ needs and preferences is not new.

However, their realization and impact on security

and, specifically, in the healthcare domain is a great

How Can Visualization Affect Security?

509

challenge, both to define and validate. This paper

presents a first step in that direction but much needs

to be done. As future work, we intend to explore and

test users’ different visualization needs and abilities

and how the system can adapt and show detailed

results for a specific situation. We also aim to

identify the importance of having a system where

visualizations can be customized and support users

according to their individual needs and roles in the

healthcare practice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Project “NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000016”

(NanoSTIMA) is financed by the North Portugal

Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020),

under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership

Agreement, and through the European Regional

Development Fund (ERDF).

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