Proposal of an iTV Splash Screen Targeted to Seniors

Telmo Silva

1,2

, Martinho Mota

1,2

, Carlos Silva

1,2

, Hilma Caravau

1,2

, Pedro Almeida

1,2

and Liliana Reis

1,2

Department of Communication and Arts, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193,

Aveiro, Portugal

CIC.DIGITAL/Digimedia, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Keywords: Seniors, Active Ageing, +TV4E, iTV, Splash Screen, Health, Quality of Life, Social Services, Public

Services, Time Orientation, Time Perception, Isolation.

Abstract: Population around the world is getting older every year so it is progressively getting more important to find

ways to use modern technology to promote active ageing and the general well-being of seniors. In this paper,

contextualized in the +TV4E project, a splash screen for an interactive television application is proposed,

which serves to contextualize the users by providing information regarding weather, time, date and season, as

well as contact information for the nearest pharmacy and taxi. This paper describes the splash screen and its

components as well as the field tests carried out to validate its utility.

1 INTRODUCTION

The natural ageing process and the increment of

individuals’ longevity are stressing almost every

country regarding their socio-demographic structure.

Due to these phenomena and in conjunction with the

accelerated population growth, it is expected that by

2050 there will be twice the number of people aged

60 and above, which translates into a growth from

962 million to 2.1 billion individuals worldwide. This

growth will occur mainly in developing regions,

mostly Asia. The inversion of the age pyramid,

translated into the increment of older individuals in

relation to younger ones, is majorly underlined by

demographical aspects, social and financial, such as

changes in the fertility and mortality rates and

migration.

Public systems of health care, pensions, and social

services will be stressed by this ageing population

since it will lower every country support ratio, which

designates the numbers of workers per retiree. In the

specific case of Europe, it is expected that this ratio

will drop from 3.3 to 2 until 2050 (United Nations,

2015, 2017).

It has not yet been defined the age associated with

the concept of elderly, though it has been related to

the average life expectancy. The World Health

Organization considers, for developed countries, an

individual as an elder if he has more than 65 years old

(World Health Organization, 2016).

Getting older is not only to reach a new age; it

consists in a different way to experience the

environment around us and in limitations of various

kinds. These limitations will affect people in various

ways depending on the individual physical changes,

which have an emotional impact on individuals since

it will affect daily life. The changes take different

forms and do not necessarily involve the individual’s

intellectual capacity, but involve aspects such as

hearing, eyesight, and fine motor skills. As a natural

and idiosyncratic phenomenon, it affects different

inter and intra individual characteristics that, when

associated with the elder's informative needs and the

concept of active ageing, can be aspects to consider

to integrate these individuals into modern societies

(Kalache and Gatti, 2002).

The concept of active ageing was adopted by the

World Health Organization to identify aspects which

shape the way population and individuals get older.

For Kalache & Gatti (2002) it is designated as a

process to optimize health opportunities which start

becoming crucial as physical, cognitive and social

losses start being perceived on the senior. In such

manner, it conveys aspects of physical, social and

mental wellbeing which are required for good quality

of life levels which in turn relate with the objectives

of the splash screen for iTV applications that will be

148

Silva, T., Mota, M., Silva, C., Caravau, H., Almeida, P. and Reis, L.

Proposal of an iTV Splash Screen Targeted to Seniors.

DOI: 10.5220/0006732701480155

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2018), pages 148-155

ISBN: 978-989-758-299-8

discussed in this paper (Kalache and Gatti, 2002). The

splash screen, used as starting screen of a TV

application, aims to orient elder individuals on a time

frame, providing information about the weather, time,

date and season, and to offer important services, such

as the nearest taxi and pharmacy, by displaying their

name and contact information.

There are three fundamental components

associated with ageing: biological, psychological and

social. In the context of this study, the psychological

component is taken into consideration since time

orientation is one key aspect that reinforces it

(Crockett et al., 2009). Time orientation helps to

establish proper responses to an event since it allows

individuals to evaluate them according to a defined

time frame (Crockett et al., 2009), thus it is essential

to seniors considering they are affected by time

disorientation and misperception. According to

Iwamoto & Hoshiyama (2012), there are two

different clinical concepts of time recognition:

perception and orientation. Perception changes are,

reportedly, related to age and dementia, while

orientation, commonly tested under the context of a

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), is

correlated with a state of dementia (Iwamoto and

Hoshiyama, 2012).

In order for technologies and digital interfaces to

be accessible to senior’s literacy needs it is required

for them to be developed acknowledging and

understanding the consumption habits seniors have

had through their entire lifespan and taking into

account their digital literacy, as well as their sensory,

physical and cognitive constraints (Silva et al., 2016).

Because most of them are unaware of how to use

much of the modern Information and Communication

Technologies (ICT), due to their own constraints and

the technologies level of complexity, the majority of

seniors tend to be affected by the phenomenon of

info-exclusion. In order to overcome this

phenomenon, amongst other premises, comes the

+TV4E project, which uses the television, a common

medium, to deliver information about public and

social services to the elderly. Being the nearest

technology Portuguese elderly spend more than 21

hours per week in front of their TV sets (Silva et al.,

2016) it is seen as an imperative medium to distribute

information. According to Silva et al.(2016), it can be

helpful by providing remote assistance features,

providing healthcare and medical information and/or

distributing information about public and social

services.

In line with this the +TV4E project is being

developed, a Portuguese action-research project

headed by the University of Aveiro, that proposes an

iTV platform that delivers personalized informative

contents, through video spots, about social and public

information for Portuguese seniors. The global aim of

this project is to promote the info-inclusion of

Portuguese older people with informative content in

this field, through video spots injected during the

linear TV broadcasting. When new information is

available, the regular TV broadcast is locally paused

and resumed after the presentation of the informative

video.

Globally the developed prototype is composed by

three main features/components: (1) splash screen;

(2) video spots injected during the linear TV

broadcast and (3) a video library, where the videos

generated on the last five days, categorized as seen

and unseen, are aggregated (Silva et al., 2016; C.

Silva et al., 2017;).

The splash screen, under analysis in this study,

corresponds to an important component of the

+TV4E project, which serves as an initial screen

presented to the user when the platform is launched.

The main objective of this feature focuses on

orientating the user concerning essential areas of

daily life, like season, open pharmacy and TAXI

service.

The current paper will first approach the context

of seniority, with a focus in Portugal, scrutinizing

about their demography as well as their cognitive and

information needs. This theoretical framework opens

the door to the user tests about the splash screen under

study, where the methodology used and the results are

analyzed. The final remarks comprise a discussion

about the results as well as prospects about how

similar systems may be useful in a nearby future.

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In order to adequately develop new technologies that

address the senior populace needs and limitations, it

is vital to first understand this target demographic.

With this goal, the following section will address the

current state of the senior population in Portugal, the

cognitive problems that naturally appear with old age,

the isolation that currently afflicts this group, as well

as their information needs.

2.1 Seniors in Portugal

Looking at Portugal it is possible to observe that it

follows the global trend concerning the rapid increase

of the elderly population. By 2080 it is predicted that

there will be an inversion of the ageing pyramid

(Carrilho, 2015), which means that there will be more

Proposal of an iTV Splash Screen Targeted to Seniors

149

seniors than children. Data from the Portuguese

National Institute of Statistics reveals that in 2012

there were 2,032,606 senior citizens (at least 65 years

old) and predictions foresee that this number will

increase to 3,343,987 by the end of 2060

(PORDATA, 2016). These predictions are a result of

many factors, namely higher life expectancy, lower

fertility rates and emigration. Given these trends, it is

paramount that, looking into the future, society

evolves in such way that can accommodate these

imminent changes and guarantee the quality of life of

seniors.

2.2 Senior’s Cognitive Problems

There is strong indication that it is possible to resort

to modern technologies, such as the internet, to

promote active ageing and thus slowing the ageing

process altogether. However, these newer

technologies require some degree of digital literacy to

be utilized, therefore when developing technologies

for the elderly it is required to consider the cognitive

problems associated with ageing.

Getting older causes a decline of intelligence,

which translates in difficulties in solving day-to-day

problems, this is being greatly influenced by various

factors namely beliefs, the physical and social

context, motivations or emotions (Figueiredo, 2007).

Although there is not a consensus regarding the

motives that lead to the decay of mental skills

associated with ageing, there are three cognitive

aspects that seem to be related to the decline of

cognitive functions. These are the reduction of

information processing speed, the loss of memory and

the decreases in visual and auditory acuity. Memory

loss can become notably crippling, especially in

diseases like Alzheimer’s, since short-term memory

is fundamental when performing tasks, retaining

information, making decisions or solving problems

(Figueiredo, 2007).

Considering all these limitations, it is essential

that when creating technology for this age group

researchers are careful to avoid complex systems that

dissuade the users and instead build them accordingly

to these constraints (Stojmenova et al., 2013a).

2.3 Isolation of Seniors

Humans are at their core social beings, therefore

social relationships are a vital part of an individual’s

mental and physical well-being. Seniors tend to

become isolated from the outside world due to a loss

of social support (Rönnberg, 1998).

The term “isolation” can be sometimes mixed up

with the term “loneliness”, however, these are two

different concepts. On one hand, isolation can be

referred as a “separation from social or familial

contact, community involvement, or access to

services” (AgeUK, 2011). On the other hand,

loneliness comes from the individual’s own

perception of lacking all these things. Thus, it is

indeed possible for a senior to be isolated but not be

lonely if, for example, he is living by himself and not

having much social contact, without any feelings of

loneliness. However, one can also be isolated while

not being lonely if the individual lives among others,

for instance in a senior home, but this physical

proximity with others is not enough to satisfy their

companionship needs.

Social isolation translates in low amounts of

contact with others and it has become a big problem

for many older adults. The ageing process comes with

a natural loss of cognitive and motor abilities which

in turn impair one’s ability to socialize. In the end, all

this leads to the aggravation of the individual's health

and can lead to a higher mortality risk (Age Uk,

2011).

Cognitive degradation paired with sensory

limitations, notably hearing loss, in seniors plays a

big role in promoting their own isolation, mostly

because they become obstacles to the people around

them. Conditions such dementia can be especially

hard to deal with, making it very hard to communicate

with the senior.

The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

divides the concept of isolation into four key

elements: feeling lack of companionship, feeling left

out, feeling isolated from others and feeling in tune

with people (Demakakos, 2006). While it might not

yet be possible to use technological solutions to solve

all these issues, the +TV4E project aims to target the

feeling of being left out, by providing relevant news

content, thus contextualizing the senior in current

society events and avoiding that he feels ‘out of the

loop’.

2.4 Senior’s Information Needs

As referred before, the +TV4E project comes as a

proposal to suppress seniors’ information needs that

naturally come with old age. The main goal of the

project is to deliver high-value information to the

seniors via an iTV application.

Information is essential for individuals to

participate actively in today’s society since it enables

the individual to make informed decision (Silva,

Caravau and Campelo, 2017), it also enables him to

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150

maintain his autonomy and independence, thus

improving his overall quality of life (Kalache and

Gatti, 2002). Portugal is one of the countries in

Europe with the best levels of availability, usability,

and ease when it comes to information regarding

public and social services (Barroso and Vasconcelos,

2016). The ability to access this information is

directly related to individual’s quality of life, as well

as to the quality of life of those who are close and or

dependent on them. However, seniors are at a clear

disadvantage when it comes to accessing the available

information because it is centralized in online

platforms, which seniors still are not used to.

In short, providing a way to convey pertinent

information to the senior population can positively

contribute to an active ageing and promote

independence from their caretakers.

2.5 Similar Projects

Alongside +TV4E, there are other projects with

similar objectives which focus on gerontechnology

that improve the quality of life of the senior

population. The TITI project (Barrigão Gonçalves

and Cristina Santos, 2013) proposes a solution to

integrate the elderly into the information society,

helping them to acquire the necessary digital and

informational literacy, in order to make it easier for

people who are geography distant to stay in touch. In

the scope of iTV it is also important to highlight three

projects, Med-Reminder which notifies users to

remind them to take their medication and allows users

to make emergency phone calls to medical

professionals (Stojmenova et al., 2013b); VitalMind

(Miotto, Lessiter and Freeman, 2009) that has the

objective of promoting physical and cognitive

activity in senior, to slow their ageing and improving

their well-being; and iNeighbourTV (Abreu, Almeida

and Silva, 2013) a project with similar objectives to

the previous examples, but with the added

functionality of allowing the users to create social

networks between friends and neighbours.

3 INFORMATIVE SPLASH

CONCEPT

All components in this platform were developed

taking the target public needs into consideration.

Age-related changes at a biological, physical and

psychological level reflect, among other aspects, on

particular needs that were taken into account when

developing the splash screen included in the +TV4E

prototype. Design guidelines were followed to

conceive the visual aspect of this component (T.

Silva, Reis, et al., 2017) and essential information

was integrated in order to orientate the users about

their position in time and space. It should be noted

that, in this phase, the followed line of action

considered individuals that did not present

pathological deviations as they do not integrate this

platform’s target audience.

The splash screen works as an introduction screen

before starting the linear television broadcast and it is

the first layer of informative content shown to the user

in the +TV4E platform (Silva et al., 2016). It can be

divided into six components: (1) weather

information; (2) time display; (3) a greeting message

integrated with the date and the season; (4) contact of

the nearest taxi service; (5) name and contact of the

nearest pharmacy; (6) contextual background image.

Currently this screen appears every time the set-

top box (STB) is booted (the STBs are running the

application of the +TV4E project) or in case it is

already connected it is displayed when the television

is turned on. This solution was achieved by

implementing an HDMI listener in the android

application which is running on the STB. When the

television is turned off or on, the JAVA application

running on the set-top box listens to these events and,

using a web socket connection, notifies the iTV

application (a web application), to display the splash

screen to the user for a total of 30 seconds. This

behaviour can be seen in more detail in the following

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Figure 1: Splash screen behaviour in context of use.

At the time of the tests described in this paper the

duration of the splash screen was set to 30 seconds.

This value was determined considering the amount of

information on display in order to give time for

seniors to perceive the information. Previously this

time was set to 10 seconds, but preliminary tests,

carried out with a small group of seniors, showed it

was not sufficient.

Proposal of an iTV Splash Screen Targeted to Seniors

151

To gather data for the splash screen, two different

web services (API) and JavaScript methods were used

as shown on Figure 2.

Figure 2: Splash Screen Used Services.

The data is gathered by providing these

webservices with the STB coordinates. On the case of

google API a radius of 10km was also set to retrieve

the nearest open pharmacy.

A simple layout was designed keeping in mind

seniors visual impairments, therefore the chosen font

was Tiresias, created specifically to be used in the

context of seniority (Abbott, 2007). The contextual

background images are used to visually represent the

aspect of the current weather and where chosen in

order not to affect text legibility. To reinforce this

criterion a layer of black colour with opacity was also

applied.

The following section describes the process used

to test the splash screen validity.

4 USER TESTS

To better understand the usefulness and usability of

the high-fidelity prototype developed that contains

the splash screen, field tests were carried out with

some participants in their natural context (home

environment) over five weeks, as well as tests

implemented under controlled conditions. This last

category of tests, which are reported in the present

article, is characterized by the high degree of

experimentation and observation, which allowed to

perceive the participants’ reaction in their first

moment of interaction with the splash screen.

The tests described further, developed under

precise conditions, aimed to analyze the utility and

usability of the +TV4E project high-fidelity prototype

components, most importantly the splash screen.

These tests were conducted by two members of the

+TV4E research team, the responsible researcher, and

an observer, and took place between September 20

and 27

4.1 Methodology

To begin, the study was explained to the participants,

going over the objectives and aspects related to the

data being collected, giving to the participants

freedom to request additional information and to quit

the study at any time. Following this procedure, an

information sheet was given to each participant.

Afterwards, everyone gave their approval to

participate in the study by signing a and dating an

informed consent.

The performed test consisted of the following

phases: (1) application of a sociodemographic

questionnaire for sample characterization and TV

consumption habits analysis; (2) a list of tasks,

described in the task script, to be completed by the

participants, with verbal orientation of one of the

researcher and the completion of an evaluation grid

by a second researcher (observer); (3) application of

the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire

(PSSUQ) to assess the usability of the system by the

researcher; (4) application of a questionnaire defined

to assess the usefulness that the +TV4E platform

represents to the participant; (5) administration of a

final questionnaire with the objective of gathering all

the participants’ opinions concerning the video

recommendation system.

This study sample was selected by convenience

(Carmo and Ferreira, 2008), amongst seniors who

attend an adult day care centre, located in Aveiro

region. For the sample selection, the inclusion criteria

considered were, having an age over 60 years;

watching television regularly; knowing how to read

and providing an informed consent. Exclusion criteria

were all the other conditions or circumstances which,

in the opinion of the researchers, could compromise

the subject's ability to take part in the study.

The total sample was composed of 11 seniors:

seven females (63,6%) and four males (36,4%), with

an average age of 84,4 years (SD=7,3). Concerning

their education level, the majority of the sample had

completed the 4

grade (previously the mandatory

education in Portugal) (54,5%), followed by 18,2%

who knew how to read and write (n=2), one

individual with the 9

educational grade (9,1%) and

one participant with higher education (9,1%). On

average, each individual watched 3,3 hours of TV per

day and 54,5% have paid TV services. The most-

watched programs categories are: news (n=11),

entertainment (n=8), and soap operas/TV series

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152

(n=6). Only two participants (18,2%) reported that

they needed some help from another person when

watching television.

Along with the global tests it was possible to

analyze data related specifically to the splash screen

area. After the splash screen appearance, it was

requested for the participant to “Check the current

temperature and the pharmacy”. Being the splash

screen displayed for 30 seconds it is expected that the

user locates the information on the screen and

respond to the request, within the given time frame.

Also, in the final questionnaire, it was assessed

the usefulness of the splash screen feature through a

closed-ended and an open-ended question. “Do you

consider useful the daily information available on the

splash screen (time, the day of the week and day of

the month, season, weather, pharmacy and taxi

contact)?” was the applied question. If the participant

refers that the splash screen is not useful, he should

mention what he/she think that should be improved.

4.2 Results

During the execution of the task of checking the

current temperature and pharmacy info, around

54,5% of the sample accomplished it with success.

Only two participants (18,2%) made mistakes during

the execution of the task. One of the participants who

failed understood the requested task but did not find

on time the requested information. The remaining

27,3% accomplished the task, but with some help of

the researchers. In Table 1 (that depicts the results of

the test) this 27,3% were considered as failure.

Table 1: Results of the Splash Screen Task in the evaluation

of performance (n=11).

n %

Success 6 54,5

Failure 5 45,5

Number of errors

Execution time in seconds

(average)

16,8 x

In the final questionnaire, all the seniors referred

that the splash screen is a very useful feature because

often they did not know basic elements of time

orientation, as for example the day of the week and

month. Despite this overall positive evaluation the

results seems to indicate that the information on the

splash was not clearly understood.

5 FINAL REMARKS

Considering seniors television consumption habits,

an iTV application can be considered as a prime

medium to deliver information to seniors and help to

promote active ageing. However, there are some

limitations respecting the experience and ease on

which seniors, from different age groups, interact

with iTV applications. Trying to overcome these

limitations the +TV4E project iTV interfaces have

been developed within sessions of participatory

design in order to deliver the best user experience to

their target audience.

5.1 Splash screen potential

The preliminary tests carried out with the target

audience revealed that the splash screen has potential

when it comes to contextualizing the senior

population regarding basic environmental

information. The success rate of usage of the splash

screen related task was slightly higher than the failure

rate, which points out that some work still has to be

done concerning the layout of information on the

screen and the amount of time it is shown to the

viewer. The display time of the splash screen was not

yet completely tuned, therefore in further studies it is

required to fully assess what is the most adequate

display time that allows the user to take in all the

information displayed (time, weather, season, taxi

and pharmacy services).

Another facet yet to be tested is the potential of

splash screen to promote levels of information of

seniors. This topic refers, for example, to the way

messages are presented to the senior, and the way a

personalized greeting can be implemented

considering some specific characteristic of the user in

front of the TV, in order for an emotional bond to be

developed.

5.2 Future work

In order too fully validate the potential of the splash

screen it is important to run tests with a larger sample

and in a home environment since this will be the

setting where most of our target demographic will use

the system. Despite being a small step for the +TV4E

project, the splash screen proved to be very important

helping to reach the final goal of creating a platform

that conveys information to the Portuguese seniors

improving their overall well-being. The research team

looks forward to fine tune this component of the

+TV4E project thus improving the quality of the

overall solution.

Proposal of an iTV Splash Screen Targeted to Seniors

153

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research leading to this work has received

funding from Project 3599 – Promover a Produção

Científica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e a

Constituição de Redes Temáticas (3599-PPCDT) and

European Commission Funding FEDER (through

FCT: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia I.P.

under grant agreement no. PTDC/IVC-

COM/3206/2014).

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