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be used for treatment planning and review of treat-
ment progress (McDermott, 2011). The LOTCA bat-
tery measures the basic cognitive abilities required for
daily functions including orientation, visual percep-
tion and psychomotor skills, problem solving abili-
ties and thought operations. The development of this
battery is based on information obtained from clinical
and neuropsychological experience and development
theories.
Usually, LOTCA is used in the initial stage of the
evaluation of patients, but it can be used to establish
therapeutic goals and review the cognitive status over
time (Annes G., 1996) (Zwecker M, 2002) The ori-
ginal version of LOTCA (Katz N., 1989) was deve-
loped to be used by individuals under 70 with neu-
rological dysfunction and was made up of 20 items
grouped into 4 areas: Orientation, (2 items), percep-
tion (6 items), visual-motor organization ( 7 items)
and thought operations (5 items).
Next, we will proceed to describe the characteris-
tics of the specific measurement of each one of the
aforementioned areas:
• Orientation: the tests in the area of orientation
evaluate the orientation of the individual in space
and time.
• Visual perception: tests in the area of visual per-
ception evaluate the individual’s ability to identify
images of everyday objects, objects photographed
from unusual angles, distinguish between supe-
rimposed figures and recognize spatial relations-
hips between objects.
• Spatial perception: the tests related to spatial per-
ception evaluate the ability of the individual to dif-
ferentiate between right and left, to determine the
spatial relationships between objects and himself.
• Motor praxis: the tests related to motor praxis eva-
luate the ability of individuals to imitate motor
actions, use objects and perform symbolic actions.
• Visuomotor organization: the tests related to the
visual-motor organization evaluate the ability of
the individual to copy geometric figures, repro-
duce a two-dimensional model, copy a design of a
colored block and a clean block design, reproduce
a puzzle, a complete task of a peg board and draw
a clock.
• Thought operations: thinking operations evaluate
the individual’s ability to complete tasks that in-
clude: ordering, categorizing and drawing geome-
tric sequences (Annes G., 1996).
These analyzes have been standardized for the Is-
raeli population (Annes G., 1996) (Cermak S. A.,
1995) and suitable for use in the populations of the
United States (Katz N., 1997). Regarding the evalua-
tion time, LOTCA and LOTCA-II take approximately
45 minutes, with a range that ranges between 30 and
90 minutes (Annes G., 1996) (Zwecker M, 2002).
Regarding the suitability of individuals, LOTCA
can be used with:
• Patients who have had a stroke, cardiovascular ac-
cident, stroke, stroke, cerebrovascular accident,
etc. (Bar-Haim Erez A., 2003)
• Elderly individuals with dementia (Bar-Haim
Erez A., 2003).
• Individuals with traumatic brain injuries (An-
nes G., 1996).
• Individuals with intellectual disabilities (Jang Y.,
2009) and mental illness (Josman N., 2006) can
also use it.
• An adapted version was developed for children
with learning difficulties (Josman N., 2010).
• Patients with aphasia (Jang Y., 2009).
3 ARCHITECTURE OF THE
SOLUTION
So far we have studied how technology can help diag-
nose and evaluate people with Acquired Brain Injury,
and what are the most common techniques used today.
Next, we will explain the solution we propose.
The proposed solution, briefly explained, consists
of a client-server application, in which the therapist
can create a personalized session for his patient, in-
cluding data such as his name or the patient’s own.
This session contains a test of the battery proposed
by LOTCA, belonging to the area of operations of
thought.
If we performed this test in a traditional way, the
therapist would provide the patient with a set of cards
containing different geometrical shapes with different
colors, and the patient should group them according
to the pattern provided by the therapist.
To carry out this task, our solution proposes a dis-
tributed application, in which the patient will work on
a touch screen solving the test, while the therapist ob-
serves the results in real time on another screen that
will act as a monitor. In this test, the patient will be
shown a set of cards with geometrical figures of dif-
ferent colors.
There are six different types of figures, and each
of them is represented in three different colors, there
being a total of eighteen different cards. The patient
must group these cards according to the parameters
Digital LOTCA - How to Evaluate Acquired Brain Injury using Technology
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