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and Neglect, child sexual violence is sexual contact
between children and adults who use children as
sexual satisfaction. Sexual violence in children
involves children up to the age of 18, including
exhibitionism, peeping, fondling, seducing, oral sex,
and sexual intercourse (Paramastri Ira et al., 2011).
Following the Royal Commission into
Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, we
define child sexual abuse as: …any act that exposes
a child to, or involves a child in, sexual processes
beyond his or her understanding or contrary to
accepted standards. Sexually abusive behaviours can
include the fondling of genitals, masturbation, oral
sex, vaginal or anal penetration by a penis, finger or
any other object, fondling of breasts, voyeurism,
exhibitionism and exposing the child to or involving
the child in pornography (Palmer & Feldman, 2017).
In comparison, the cases of sexual violence
and denials in children in the United States of
America (USA) in 1999 result in 1,100 children
under the age of 14 died. In Indonesia, such cases of
sexual violence are still seen as a domestic or family
matter that others not need to know (Paramastri Ira
et al., 2011). This view in reality negatively affects
the investiation on the case for the benefit of law
enforcement as well as the medical and
psychological treatment of the child.
According to Komisi Nasional Perlindungan
Anak Indonesia (National Commission for Child
Protection Indonesia), from 2015 to April 2016,
there were 312 cases of child abuse, in which 51%
(150 cases) included sexual violence. Data from
Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI) shows
the fluctuative number of child victims of sexual
violence (rape, obscenity, sodomy or pedophilia, and
so forth) from 2011 to 2016 (Andari, 2017). The
figures clearly require follow-up in the context of
the state policy.
The relationship between the accused and the
complainant was coded into 5 categories: (1) parent
(i.e., biological father, step-father, common-law
father, foster father, biological mother, common-law
mother), (2) other relative (i.e., biological brother,
common-law brother, step-brother, foster brother,
half-brother, brother-in-law, biological grandfather,
step-grandfather, biological cousin, biological uncle,
common-law uncle, step-uncle), (3) family
connection (i.e., family friend, neighbor, mother’s
boyfriend who was not living in the child’s home,
boarder in home, parent of childhood friend,
employer, babysitter), (4) community connection
(i.e., priest/minister, counselor, big brother,
psychologist/psychiatrist, doctor/dentist,
teacher/principal, guard, coach), or (5) stranger
(Giroux, Chong, Coburn, & Connolly, 2018).
The increasing number of child sexual abuse
cases not only affects the life of children themselves,
but also affects the state development. The Minister
for Women Empowerment and Child Protection,
Yohana Yembise, says children are an asset to
national development and should be fully protected
(Elshinta.com, 2016) Thus, to handle cases child
sexual abuse, six ministries are involved including
the Coordinating Ministry for Human Development
and Culture, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of
Social Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the
Ministry of Home Affairs, and the Ministry of
Justice and Human Rights (Noviyanti, 2016).
Existing social problems, for example, child sexual
abuse in fact associated with increased risk for
sexually transmitted diseases including HIV.
Evidence linking violence against women and HIV
has grown, including on the cycle of violence and
the links between violence against children and
women (Sommarin, Kilbane, Mercy, Moloney-Kitts,
& Ligiero, 2014).
In the study of social development, there is
evidence of the negative economic impact for the
country from the cases of sexual violence against
children. The present study provides an estimate of
the U.S. economic impact of child sexual abuse.
Costs of it were measured from the societal
perspective and include health care costs,
productivity losses, child welfare costs,
violence/crime costs, special education costs, and
suicide death costs (Letourneau, Brown, Fang,
Hassan, & Mercy, 2018). In India, child sexual
abuse is a serious and widespread problem in India.
The factor of child sexual abuse comes from socio-
culture and family (Carson et al., 2013). It also
happened in Australia. Few studies have attempted
to quantify the economic and social costs associated
with child maltreatment including also child sexual
abuse (Mccarthy et al., 2016).
In the context of legislation policy, child
protection is regulated in Law Number 23 of 2002
regarding Child Protection. The presence of this law
is actually not the first to attend but has been
preceded by some legal products such as Law
Number 4 of 1979 on Child Welfare and Law
Number 39 of 1999 on Human Rights. However, in
the practice, the mentioned law products regulate
only certain matters concerning children, and in
particular, have not regulated all aspects related to
child protection. The whole aspect of child
protection seems to be a central point in
consideration of the presence of the law. The
Formulative Policy on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence Against Children as the Guarantee Implementation of Child Rights Protection in
Indonesia
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