The Application of the Tiangong-2 Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer

Data in the Ecological Environment Evaluation: A Case Study of

Kunming

Kang Liu

1,2, *

, Bangyong Qin

1,2

and Shengyang Li

1,2

Key Laboratory of Space Utilization;

Technology and Engineering Center for space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 100094, Beijing, China.

Email: liukang@csu.ac.cn

Keywords: Tiangong-2; Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer data; Ecological environment evaluation

Abstract: As a new type of remote sensing data source, the Tiangong-2 image data have several advantages and can

be applied in various fields, of which one application is the ecological environment evaluation. In this study,

the ecological environment status in Kunming, a major city of “The belt and Road Initiative”, is performed

using data provided by the wide-band imaging spectrometer on Tiangong-2. The ecological environment

evaluation system is established based on The Criterion for Ecosystem Status Evaluation, in which the

vegetation coverage index, soil index and slope are used as the evaluation indicator. The ecological

environment status in Kunming is evaluated and classified into four grades including excellent, good,

medium and poor based on the “3S Technology”. The result shows that the ecological environment in

Kunming is good, of which 62.75% is excellent or good grade and distributed in the area with high

vegetation coverage, 30.84% is medium grade and distributed in the mountainous areas or the Dian Lake,

and 6.40% is poor grade and distributed in the north of Dian Lake or other built areas. Strengthening the

ecological protection and restoration of Dian Lake and its surrounding areas will help to improve the overall

ecological environment quality of Kunming.

1 INTRODUCTION

Tiangong-2 was launched in September 15, 2016,

carrying three earth observation loads, of which one

is the wide-band imaging spectrometer (MWI)

(Yang et al., 2017; Wen, 2016). So far a lot of

ground observation data have been obtained by

MWI. The data be used to monitor large-scale,

medium and large objects in ocean, land, and air. It

can be applied in various fields, such as land and

resources, agriculture and forestry applications,

hydrology and water resources, marine and coastal

research, etc. One important application of these

data in the field of ecological environment is the

ecological environment evaluation.

The ecological environment is the basis of all

living beings and human existence, providing

material support and ecological services for human

society (Zhao et al., 2013). The quality of ecological

environment is closely related to the sustainable

development of social economy (Chen, 2012; Zhao

et al., 2009) With the city development, the

contradiction between economic development and

ecological environment quality will be highlighted.

For example, the degradation of forest and grassland

is serious, soil erosion is aggravated, natural

disasters occur frequently, pollution is aggravated,

and the ecological environment is deteriorating (He

et al.,

2017; Deng et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Song

and

Xue, 2016). Considering the above situation,

ecological environment evaluation is very important.

The ecological environment evaluation is a

quantitative description and evaluation of the

advantages and disadvantages of the ecological

environment, which more accurately reflect the

status of the ecological environment and expose the

main environmental problems. It provides scientific

basis for the ecological protection and restoration

measures, the formulation of ecological environment

planning and the countermeasures of environment

management and control (Zhao et al., 2013; Cheng

et al., 2012). Ecological environment evaluation is of

great significance to the effective management and

sustainable development of regional ecological

Liu, K., Qin, B. and Li, S.

The Application of the Tiangong-2 Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer Data in the Ecological Environment Evaluation - A Case Study of Kunming.

In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Environment and Geoscience (IWEG 2018), pages 469-476

ISBN: 978-989-758-342-1

469

environment (He et al., 2017; Wang and Zhao,

2016)There are many methods of ecological

environment evaluation, which can be divided into

qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Quantitative

evaluation includes vulnerability calculation

method, distance calculation method, ecological

footprint method and comprehensive index method

(Guo and

Li, 2007; Rees, 1992; Bi and Hong, 2001). At

present, the comprehensive index method is widely

used and it refers to the reasonable evaluation of the

research area by selecting the appropriate evaluation

index and evaluation model. There are great

differences in the selection of the index system or

the weight distribution of the same index in the

understanding of the ecological environment or the

purpose of the study, which leads to differences in

the evaluation results of the same ecological

environment. As a result, different evaluations

cannot be directly compared. Adopting standardized

method, such as Technical Criterion for Ecosystem

Status Evaluation (HJ192-2015), can enhance the

comparability between results from various

researches. HJ192-2015 uses the comprehensive

index (Ecological index, EI) to describe the overall

state of the regional ecological environment. It

provides for the evaluation index system of

ecological environment status and the calculation

method of each index, which is suitable for

evaluating the status and changes of the ecological

environment of the county, provincial and ecological

areas. However, the indexes are difficult to obtain

and the data acquisition cycle is long. Besides, the

data sources are mostly obtained based on the

administrative area, which is difficult to meet the

requirements of the timeliness and refinement of the

evaluation unit. GIS and RS technology are used to

evaluate the ecological environment condition, to

process the remote sensing image data of the

evaluation area and extract the index data of the

evaluation, greatly saving the time and energy of the

data collection and management, improving the

timeliness of the evaluation results, increasing the

visibility of the results, and providing technical

support for the ecological environment evaluation.

Many researchers use remote sensing data to

evaluate ecological environment. For example,

researches are carried out on ecological environment

evaluation in the Quanzhou Bay area, Kunming

Chenggong District, Yanhe watershed and Longkou,

respectively (He et al.,

2017; Li et al., 2016; Wang

and

Zhao, 2016; Gan et al., 2016). With the growing

maturity of remote sensing (RS), the EI index can be

relatively easy to obtain and the result can be well

visualized (Song and

Xue, 2016; Li et al., 2007;

Gupta et al., 2012; Yan, 2017).

In this paper, Tiangong-2 MWI image, as a new

domestic remote sensing data source, is used for the

ecological environment evaluation in Kunming.

Referring to Technical Criterion for Ecosystem

Status Evaluation (HJ192-2015) (Rees,

1992), and

combining the characteristics of Kunming's eco-

environment, the evaluation factors are extracted

with RS and EI is calculated to evaluate of the

ecological environment condition in Kunming. This

paper quantitatively analyses and evaluates the

ecological environment in Kunming, which can

provide the basis for the scientific ecological

protection and restoration of this city, as well as

promote the "The Belt and Road Initiative"

ecological construction.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area

Kunming (102°10 'E~103°40' E, 24°23 'N~26°22'

N) is located in the central area of the lake basin

group in the central Yunnan Province, which is in

the central part of Yungui Plateau in Southwest

China. Kunming is south to Dian Lake and is

surrounded by mountains on three sides. It is

dominated by Plateau hilly landforms (

Tang, 2017;

Yang

et al., 2001).

Kunming is a frontier and portal of China facing

Southeastern Asia, Southern Asia, the Middle East,

southern Europe and Africa. As an important city

along the Belt and Road, Kunming has a unique

geographical advantage, connecting to the coastal

areas through Guizhou Province on the East, to India

and Pakistan through Myanmar on the west, to the

Central Plains of the China through Sichuan

Province and Chongqing on the north, and to

Thailand and Cambodia through Vietnam and Laos

on the south.

Kunming is dominated by low north latitude

subtropical-plateau monsoon climate, with the

average annual temperature of 14.7 Celsius degree

and the average annual precipitation of 1011.2mm

(Zhao

et al., 2013). It has jurisdiction over 7

municipal districts, 1 county-level city, 3 counties

and 3 autonomous counties. Its permanent

population is 6.728 million. There are three main

lakes, which is the Dian Lake, the Yangzonghai

Lake and the Qingshuihai Lake. Kunming’s

vegetation type is the Evergreen broad-leaved forest

IWEG 2018 - International Workshop on Environment and Geoscience

470

in the Northern Subtropical Zone and it has

significant characteristics of biodiversity (Zhao

et al.,

2013).

2.2 Data Source and Data Preprocessing

In this paper, a new generation of domestic remote

sensing image data, Tiangong-2 Wide-band Imaging

Spectrometer (MWI) images, are used as the data

source. As a new generation of wide band remote

sensor, the Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer on

Tiangong-2 has a wide FOV (Field of View) and

combination of image and spectrum. It integrates

visible and near infrared, short wavelength infrared

and thermal infrared spectrums in one instrument.

Detailed data descriptions are listed below in Table

In this study, MWI images and ASTER GDEM

(90m) are selected as data source. The remote

sensing image of Kunming in March 22,

2017(Figure 1, data source: Space application data

promoting service platform for china Manned Space

Engineering, http://www.msadc.cn/) is selected as

the data source and the vegetation coverage index

and soil index are extracted. The slop is extracted

using ASTER GDEM (90m) data (Data

source:NASA).

2.3 Evaluation Method

In this study, the Technical Criterion for Ecosystem

Status Evaluation (HJ192-2015) is taken as a

reference (Rees,

1992). In accordance with the

principle of representativeness, simplicity and

applicability, as the basic elements of vegetation,

soil and topography, the data of vegetation coverage,

bare soil vegetation index (GRABS) (

Yang et al.,

2001) proposed by Yang Cunjian et al. and slop are

selected as the key factors. After the normalization

of these factors, the EI(Ecological Index, 0~100)was

obtained through weight calculation. Finally,

according to the EI, the ecological environment of

Kunming was evaluated and analyzed.

Firstly, the FLAASH atmospheric correction for

Tiangong-2 MWI is performed with the help of

ENVI and the image is cut using the vector

boundary of Kunming.

Table 1: Data index of Tiangong-2 MWI.

Index Visible Near Infrared Short Wavelength Infrared Thermal Infrared

spectral range(μm) 0.4~1.0 1~1.7 8~10

numbers of channels 14 2 2

Channel range(μm)

V1:0.970~0.990

V2:0.930~0.950

V3:0.895~0.915

V4:0.845~0.885

V5:0.810~0.830

V6:0.740~0.760

V7:0.6775~0.6875

V8:0.655~0.675

V9:0.610~0.630

V10:0.555~0.575

V11:0.510~0.530

V12:0.480~0.500

V13:0.433~0.453

V14:0.403~0.423

S1:1.23～1.25

S2:1.63～1.65

T1:8.125～8.825

T2:8.925～9.275

spatial resolution(m) 100 200 400

swath(km) 300 300 300

The Application of the Tiangong-2 Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer Data in the Ecological Environment Evaluation - A Case Study of

Kunming

471

Figure 1: True color synthetic image of Tiangong-2

MWI(RGB=band8/10/12).

Then, benefiting from the IDL Language

Programming System, this paper summaries an

approach for Tiangong-2 MWI data processing and

application in light of the ENVI remote sensing

software, which provides a band match instrument

to the calculation of VC and NDVI indexes.

The vegetation coverage (VC) was calculated

with NDVI:

min

max min

NDVI NDVI

−

(1)

NDVI

−

(2)

NDVI is the normalized difference vegetation

index (NDVI). NDVI

max

and NDVI

min

is the

maximum and minimum NDVI value of the region,

respectively. V4 and V8 is band 4 and band 8 of

visible near infrared of Tiangong-2 MWI,

respectively.

The bare soil vegetation index is calculated as:

0.09178 5.58959GRABS VI BI=− ×+

(3)

VI, BI are the green index and soil brightness

index of tasseled cap transformation respectively,

which are calculated with the help of Tasseled Cap

tools of ENVI5.1.

Based on ASTER GDEM (90m), the splicing

and projection are firstly carried out, and the

samples are resampled as 100m, which is consistent

with the data of MWI. Then, the slop information is

extracted with the help of the Topographic Modeling

tool of the ENVI5.1.

The EI is calculated through weight and the

weights of different factors are determined by

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The evaluation

matrix is constructed by using the 1-9 scale method,

and the weight values of the indexes are calculated

and the consistency of matrix is checked with

MATLAB.

Table 2: Judgment matrix.

Sv Ss St weight

Sv 1 4 6 0.7

Ss 1/4 1 2 0.2

St 1/6 1/2 1 0.1

Consistency test results show that λmax=3.0092 ,

C.I.=0.0046 , C.R.=0.0088 <0.1, which has

satisfactory consistency.

123vst

EI W S W S W S=×+×+×

(4)

, S

and S

are the vegetation coverage factor,

soil factor and topographical factor, respectively. W

and W

are corresponding weight coefficients

which are set as 0.7, 0.2 and 0.1.

Finally, the EI index results are divided into 4

grades by Natural Breaks with ArcGIS10.0, and the

visual display of pixel level is carried out(

Zhang,

2014).

3 RESULTS

3.1 Ecological Environment Evaluation

in Kunming

Using the RS method, the vegetation factor

(vegetation coverage index), soil factor (bare soil

index) and topographic factor (slope) were obtained,

as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Results of evaluation factor (a. vegetation factor

b. soil factor c. topographic factor).

Figure 2-a is the result map of vegetation factor.

The higher vegetation coverage is, the better the

quality of eco-environment is. The dark color areas

IWEG 2018 - International Workshop on Environment and Geoscience

472

stand for woodland, where the vegetation coverage

is high. The light color area in southwestern

Kunming is Dian Lake. The light color area to the

northeast of Dian Lake is the construction zone，in

which the vegetation coverage is low. In the

northern light color area, the vegetation coverage is

also very low due to snow cover.

Figure 2-b is the result map of soil factor. This

index is a linear combination of the greenness index

and the soil brightness index. It reflects the soil nude

condition well. The higher the degree of soil

exposure is, the

greater the risk of erosion and

degradation would be and the worse the quality of

the ecological environment is. The dark color areas

of the map are water areas with no vegetation. The

darker of the other area means higher the soil

exposure and worse the quality of the ecological

environment.

Figure 2-c is the result map of the topographical

factor. The greater the slop is, the higher the risk of

landslide and debris flow would be. The index can

reflect the ecological risk in the study area to a

certain extent. The dark color area in the northern

part of the map is mountainous, where the slop is

large, and the light color area in the south is water

area, town and so on, where the slop is very small.

Figure 3 is a result map of the ecological

environment evaluation of Kunming, which is

weight calculated with the normalized vegetation

coverage factor, soil factor and topographical factor.

The ecological environment status of the study area

is divided into four grades: excellent, good, medium

and poor. The total area of the excellent grade is

5600 km

, which is 26.62% of the whole area. These

areas are widely distributed in Kunming with high

vegetation coverage. The areas with good ecological

environment are distributed in areas with lower

vegetation coverage or lower slop, whose total area

is 7600.58km

, accounting for 36.13% of Kunming.

The region with medium ecological environment

covers an area of 6487.02km

, which contributes to

30.84% of Kunming, mainly distributed to Dian

Lake and the northern mountainous region with a

relatively low vegetation coverage and high slop. It

has a fragile ecological environment and is

vulnerable to the rain erosion. The ecologically poor

region is mainly distributed in the downtown

northeast to the Dian Lake and other human

dominant areas with its total area of 1347.03 km

which is 6.4% of Kunming.

Figure 3: The results of ecological environment evaluation

in Kunming

Table 3: Statistics of ecological environment evaluation

results

Level Area/km

Percentage/%

Excellent 5600.58 26.62

Good 7600.58 36.13

Medium 6487.02 30.84

Poor 1347.03 6.41

3.2 Ecological Environment Evaluation

in Various Counties and Cities of

Kunming

There are 14 districts / counties in Kunming. The

ecological environment status of 14 districts /

counties is statistically analyzed, and the results of

ecological environment evaluation of each district /

county are obtained (Figure 4). The regions with an

excellent ecological environment, whose area is

1671.1km

, accounting for 29.83% of Kunming, are

mainly distributed in Luquan Autonomous County

for Yi and Miao Nationality. The regions with good

ecological environment are mainly distributed in

Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County and

Xundian Hui Autonomous County, whose area are

1692.26 km

and 1524.78 km

, accounting for 22.26%

and 20.06% respectively. The regions with medium

ecological environment are located in Xundian Hui

and Yi Autonomous County and Dongchuan District,

with the area of 1226.71 km

and 1048.32 km

accounting for 18.91% and 16.16% respectively.

The Application of the Tiangong-2 Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer Data in the Ecological Environment Evaluation - A Case Study of

Kunming

473

The regions with poor ecological environment are

mainly distributed in Guandu district and other

central urban areas.

Figure 4: Evaluation results of ecological environment in

various districts / counties of Kunming.

Figure 5: Percentage accumulation chart of ecological

environment in various districts / counties of Kunming.

Each district / county was calculated to get the

percentage accumulation chart of the ecological

environment status (Figure 5). The district / county

ecological environment is good as a whole, the

numbers of district/county with more than 60%

excellent and good ecological environment area is 9.

They are Fumin County, Luquan Yi and Miao

Autonomous County peace counties, Panlong

District, Yiliang County, Wuhua District, Jinning

District, Xundian Hui and Yi Chongming County

Autonomous County and the proportion were

79.47%, 79.39%, 73.06%, 70.88%, 67.65%, 65.82%,

64.70%, 63.13% and 61.46%, respectively. The

ecological environment status of Xishan District,

Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Guandu District,

Chenggong county and Dongchuan area is relatively

poor, and the ratio of excellent and good is less than

60%. Among them, the ecological environment in

Guandu and Chenggong is more severe, and the

regions with poor ecological status account for

30.85% and 21.36% . Guandu and Chenggong

District, as the downtown area of Kunming, have

large population density, large proportion of urban

construction land, and great difficulty in ecological

environment control. Therefore, the ecological

environment of the two area is less than the

surrounding area / county, ignoring the effect of the

different ecological function zoning on the results.

With the "The Belt and Road Initiative"

development, bring some pressure to the ecological

construction. At the same time of economic

development and urban construction, we need to

strengthen the control of ecological environment,

increase the rate of urban greening, strengthen the

management of water bodies, and continue to

maintain a good level of ecological environment.

4 DISCUSSION

Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory is the first real

laboratory in China (

Wen,

2016

). A number of

cutting-edge science and technology development

strategy of high science and application tasks was

undertaken in Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory,

including a number of scientific experiments and

testes, as well as validation system of new

technologies(Wen,

2016

). Tiangong-2 Space

Laboratory has carried out a number of new space

applied load equipment and more than ten

applications and experiments, which are related to

earth observation and space science, space

astronomy, microgravity basic physics, microgravity

fluid physics, space materials science, space life

science, space environment, space physics,

etc.(

Yang

et al., 2017

). There are three instruments

for the study of earth observation and space science,

including Wide-band imaging spectrometer, Three-

dimensional imaging microwave altimeter and

Multi-band ultraviolet edge imaging

spectrometer(

Qin

et al., 2017;

Kong

et al., 2017

). The

Wide-band Imaging Spectrometer data is the first

combination of visible and near infrared, shortwave

infrared ， thermal infrared and polarization push-

scan imaging system on the single instrument in the

world for the first time, and it can achieve the

observation of the ocean, land and atmosphere(

Wen,

2016;

Yang

et al., 2017;

Qin

et al., 2017

). Besides, it

has characteristics of wide swath (300km), high time

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

area / km

poor

medium

good

excellent

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Wuhua

Panlong

Guandu

Xishan

Chenggong

Jinning

Dongchuan

Anning

Fumin

Songming

Yiliang

Shilin

Xundian

Luquan

poor medium good excellent

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474

resolution (the same area can be covered once in 2-3

days) and high spectral resolution (18 bands; VNI:

14 bands with the range of 0.4~1.0μm; SWI: 2 bands

with the range of 1~1.7μm; INF: 2 bands with the

range of 8~10μm). In comparison, Landsat 8 OLI, as

a common data source in the field of ecological

environment, has a swath of 185km and 11 bands,

and its revisit interval is 16 days. The wide-band

imaging spectrometer is an important innovation,

and the sensed images have been used as data source

in some researches about the monitoring of coastal

areas (

Liu et al., 2017). Its data need to be explored

and verified in the other fields, such as ecological

environment, lake monitoring, agroforestry, etc. It is

the first time for the Wide-band imaging

spectrometer data to be used in the ecological

environment evaluation and its application potential

of the new type of domestic load in the ecological

environment is explored.

In this study, three elements of vegetation, soil

and terrain were selected to evaluate the ecological

environment, and the characteristics of the study

area and the availability of data were taken into

consideration in the selection of the indexes. The

purpose of this paper is to verify the application

potential of the new domestic remote sensing data in

the field of ecological environment. It is the first

time to extract the vegetation index and soil index

by using the data of the wide-band images and the

extraction results are in good agreement with the

actual situation. The follow-up study should study

the theory and method of ecological environment

evaluation and improve the evaluation system. In

addition. Tiangong-2 has high temporal resolution,

which can be used for simultaneous observation and

evaluation of ecological environment, and

monitoring of ecological environment changes.

5 CONCLUSIONS

(1) The ecological environment status of Kunming is

good. The regions, with excellent or good ecological

environment grade account for 63.29% of the total

area of Kunming. The Dian Lake region and the

mountainous regions with steep slope cover 31.06%

of Kunming, whose ecological environment grade is

medium. Regions north to the Dian Lake and other

areas’ environment status is worse, accounting for

5.65% of the total area in Kunming. It is helpful to

improve the overall ecological environment quality

of Kunming by strengthening ecological protection

and restoration of the Dian Lake and its surrounding

areas.

(2) The distribution of ecological environment

status in each district / county is different. Fumin

County and Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous

County ecological environmental status is relatively

good, whose ecological environment excellent of

good area ratio are 79.47% and 79.39% respectively.

The ecological environment quality of Chenggong

area is the worst, of which more than 60% is under

poor (21.36%) or medium (41.27%) ecological

environment status. The protection of the ecological

environment in the central cities should be

strengthened to further balance the ecological

environment status distribution of different districts/

counties.

(3) This study ， the ecological environment

evaluation of Kunming, will not only provide the

decision for Kunming’s "The Belt and Road

Initiative" ecological construction, but also help for

the official scientific protection and restoration of

ecological environment. The image of Tiangong-2

MWI has the advantages of high cutting width,

spectral resolution and time resolution, which has

great potential for applications in the evaluation of

macro ecological environment.

(4) In the follow-up study, the evaluation index

system of ecological environment will be improved

by adding the indicators of biological abundance,

pollution load index and environmental restriction

index. Besides, the dynamic evaluation model will

be set up to realize the dynamic monitoring and

evaluation of the ecological environment in the key

areas by combining the remote sensing image data

of multi time phase.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to China Manned Space Engineering for

providing space science and application data

products.

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