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from contaminants and residues that are harmful to
consumers, certain bacterial resistance and
environmental issues (Akhadiarto, 2010). Feed
additives in poultry consist of vitamins, minerals,
antibiotics, and other factors such as growth hormone
used to improve poultry performance and improve the
nutrition of local raw materials used.
Khusnan (2012) states that feed additives have the
purpose of improving efficiency in breeding, by
accelerating the increase in body weight or increasing
livestock production so that maintenance costs can be
suppressed and profits can be obtained maximally.
Small doses of antibiotics in the diet to spur the
growth of livestock were used more than half a
century ago. The facts show that antibiotics in very
small doses can accelerate the growth of livestock,
thus causing leeway in obtaining antibiotics for use in
the field of livestock.
Some antibiotics that are widely used as AGP,
among others, include tetracyclin, penicillin,
macrolide, lincomysin and virginiamycin.
The activity of AGP as a growth promoter is
affected by antibiotic effects. There are several
theories that explain the mechanism of action of AGP.
These include antibiotics can help increase the
absorption of nutrients by making the wall barrier of
the small intestine become thin. Antibiotics can
reduce the production of toxins from the bacterial
gastrointestinal tract and reduce the incidence of
subclinical gastrointestinal infections (Feihgner and
Dashkevics, 1987 in Noor and Poeloengan, 2005).
The risk is of residual antibiotics becoming toxic to
consumers, as antibiotics can create resistant
microorganisms in the human body or livestock
especially pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella,
Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens
(Sarwono, Yudiarti, and Suprijatna, 2012).
Escherichia coli belongs to gram negative
bacteria, facultative anaerob, rod-shaped, not spore-
forming, not acid-resistant and size 2-3 x 0.6 μm
(Gordon and Jordan, 1982). These bacteria live in the
animal's digestive tract. Physiological tests show a
positive reaction to indol and methyl red, negative to
Vogues-Proskauer, and do not use citrate as the only
carbon source (Krieg and Holt, 1984).
Innovation needs to be implemented in order to
find solutions to the problem and that is by providing
natural ingredients in the feed that can replace the
function of AGP. According to Bagalkotkar,
Sagineedu, Saad, and Stanslas (2006) in meniran
leaves there are various kinds of secondary
metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans,
tannins, and saponins. Almost all parts of the meniran
plant are medicinal.
Meniran plants (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) grow in
tropical regions such as Indonesia. These plants are
often found growing wild in forests, in fields, and in
places where the soil is moist, sandy, by the river, on
the beach, and they even grow wild around the yard
of the house. Meniran can grow at an altitude of up to
1,000 meters above sea level (Ekasari, 2011).
Meniran herbal extract contains alkaloids, flavonoin,
saponin, steroid, tannin, and phenolic compounds
(Rivai, Septika, and Boestari, 2013).
The results suggest that meniran has
immunomodulatory activity that plays a role in
making the immune system more active in
performing its functions, strengthens the body's
immune system (immunostimulator) or suppresses
the immune system's excessive reaction
(immunosuppressant).
With the addition of meniran extract it is expected
to increase egg quality, thus reducing the production
cost in laying hens. Through business analysis with
total cost parameters, revenue, profit and loss, Benefit
Cost Ratio, will be analyzed regardingwhether the
provision of meniran extract on laying chicken feed
is more profitable or not. This study aims to
determine the financial analysis of infected chicken
farms (Escherichia coli) using meniran extract as a
substitute for Antibiotic Growth Promoter on the
quality of egg laying hens.
2 MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Materials
The type of chicken used in this study was 50 egg
laying hens ISA-BROWN 20 weeks old with a
battery cage system length x wide x height front, rear
height = 40 cm x 40 cm x 37 cm, 30 cm.
Egg quality checking tools used: Egg yolk
separator used to separate egg yolks and egg whites,
yolk color Roche branded fans with 1-15 precision as
yolk color index (yolk index), glass as base with the
width of 20 cm and the length of 15 cm is used as the
base for measuring the egg white diameter, egg yolk
and its thickness, the sliding term is used to measure
the diameter of egg whites and egg yolk, the
spherometer is used to measure the thickness of the
egg white and the yolk, made of stainless steel, digital
scales Nakami weighing scales with gram scale with
a maximum limit of 5000 g to calculate egg weight.
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