Waist-Hip Ratio of Boys and Girls based on Mother's Occupational

Status at SMPN 22 Surabaya

Rosida Clivara Sari Anjani¹ & Myrtati D. Artaria²

¹ Forensic Science Program, Post Graduate School, Universitas Airlangga, 4-6 Airlangga Rd., 60286 Surabaya, Indonesia

² Faculty Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga, 4-6 Airlangga Rd., 60286 Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Boys, Early Adolescents, Girls, Mother’s Occupational Status, Waist-hip Ratio

Abstract This research is to analyse the waist-hip ratio of boys and girls in early adolescence (10-13-year-old). The

Waist-hip Ratio can be measured from the size of waist circumference and hip circumference. The

measurement also considering the mother’s occupational status that can be categorized into two groups: those

who are working mothers and housewives. The formulation of the problem in this research is “how are the

children’s Waist-hip Ratio based on the mother’s occupational status”. The research samples were 13 years

old students from 7

grade (12.4-13.3) at SMPN 22 Surabaya with the total of 200 children. It consists of 50

boys and 50 girls from working mothers group as well as 50 boys and 50 girls from housewives group. The

measurement was done anthropometrically on waist circumference and hip circumference, which then was

used to determine the waist-hip ratio within the sample that later would be categorised into small, normal,

and large type. The result of this research showed the majority sample of boys and girls both from working

mothers and housewives possess the highest percentage in the small type category with 64% boys from

working mothers and 74% boys from housewives. For the girls, 92% were from working mothers and 98%

from housewives. However, the large type did not appear in the girls’ sample. In addition, the highest

percentage also appeared on the girls who had not yet experienced menstruation at the age of 13

are 78%

from working mother group and 82% from housewives group.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the globalization era, a mother could have various

occupation as options, not only to become a

housewife but also to choose working outside from

home, develop her career and have her own personal

income. Mother’s occupational status is divided into

two, working mother and housewife. However, taking

care of the family, particularly the children, still

becomes the main priority. Children’s growth is a

continuous process starting in the womb until

adolescents. There are two factors that influence the

children’s growth, genetics and environmental factor.

The supporting environment creates the optimization

of the genetic potentials within the children

(Soetjiningsih, 1995).

The girls’ puberty experience an increase in the

length of extremity, an increase in the amount of fat,

faster growth in the genital area and biological

maturity. One of the factors which influence is the

environment. Generally, in early adolescents, the

influence of environment factor is greater compared

to the genetic factor. The environmental factors

consist of physical, biological, and social which

support each other (Abdoerrachman et al, 1988).

Waist-hip Ratio is served as the best indicator in

classifying children’s nutritional status (AUC = 0,91;

95% CI 0,86-0,96) (Vieira et al. 2018). The analysis

results of Waist-hip Ratio are more sensitive

compared to the BMI as the early warning of the

health risks (Ashwell & Hsieh 2005). Waist-hip Ratio

is the measurement of waist circumference and hip

circumference that become a simple, easy, and

accurate index in screening the obesity for children

and early adolescents (Yan, 2007). It is because the

measure of waist circumference considered as the

point of abdominal obesity (P.F. et al. 2011). Obesity

is a disease which often happened to the children in

their periods of growth (Onis, 2010).

The purpose analysis of Waist-hip Ratio is to

observe nutritional status and obesity. The

measurement of waist and hip circumference is to

observe fat distribution. Children with fat

Anjani, R. and Artaria, M.

Waist-Hip Ratio of Boys and Girls based on Mother’s Occupational Status at SMPN 22 Surabaya.

DOI: 10.5220/0007545604890492

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School (ICPS 2018), pages 489-492

ISBN: 978-989-758-348-3

489

accumulated in the waist are easier to experience

health problems related to the obesity (Kadir, 2015).

Obesity criteria can be grouped based on

anthropometric and laboratory. The determination

used for anthropometric are Body Mass Index (BMI),

Waist Circumference, Waist-Hip Ratio, Brocca

index, skinfold calliper, and underwater weight

(Kadir, 2015).

Mother’s occupational status, i.e. working

mothers and housewives, are the subject variables

chosen. Mother’s responsibility at home to take care

of the family will have some influence. According to

Anjani (2016), there is a significant difference in

boys’ growth in the size of the abdominal

circumference.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

This research was done with cross-sectional method

(one-time observation). The character of this research

was analytical research done by analyzing the

research subject variables. The data was primary data

with the sample of students in SMPN 22 Surabaya at

the age of 13

. The data resource was came from the

researcher anthropometric measurement

questionnaire. Anthropometry is a body measurement

study observed the dimensions of bone, muscle, and

adipose tissue (fat). In Greek “Anthropo” means

“human” and “metron” means “measurement” which

developed first by a German anatomist, Johan

Sigismund Elsholtz in 1654 (Kolar and Salter, 1997)

in Artaria, 2008).

The conducted measurement consisted of waist

and hip circumference, which have normal value in

the ratio of 0.90 (0.91-9.98) (Yan, 2007). To measure

Waist-hip ratio (WHR), the waist circumference was

measured circularly through the lowest ribs and iliac

towards the hip circumference which was measured

around the trochanter mayor (Huxley et al, 2010).

Figure 1: Waist-hip Ratio (WHR) Measurement

3 RESULTS

Anthropometric Measurement Data

Boys

Table 1: The Anthropometric Size of Boys from Working

Mothers

Minim

Maxi

mum

Mean

Std.

Deviatio

Waist

Circumference

531

981

747.14

129.116

Hip

Circumference

653

1067

838.94

105.847

Table 2: The Anthropometric Size of Boys from

Housewives

Minim

Maxi

mum

Mean

Std.

Deviatio

Waist

Circumference

530

1062

708.00

134.067

Hip

Circumference

653

1110

831.12

113.673

Table 1 and Table 2 shows that the mean of waist

circumference of boys from housewife mother is

678.66 and 679.26 from working mothers. The mean

size of boys’ hip circumference from working

mothers is 819.26 and 843.06 from housewife

mothers.

Girls

Table 3: The Anthropometric Size of Girls from Working

Mothers

Minim

Maxi

mum

Mean

Std.

Deviation

Waist

Circumference

547

1004

679.26

88.864

Hip

Circumference

695

1065

819.26

83.235

ICPS 2018 - 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School

490

Table 4: The Anthropometric Size of Girls from

Housewives

Minim

Maxi

mum

Mean

Std.

Deviatio

Waist

Circumference

283

847

678.66

98.222

Hip

Circumference

659

1018

843.06

87.580

Table 5: Menstruation Status of Girls from Working

Mothers

Frequency

Per

cent

Valid

Have

experienced

menstruation

22.0

Have not yet

experienced

menstruation

78.0

Total

100.0

Table 6: Menstruation Status of Girls from Housewives

Frequency

Per

cent

Valid

Have experienced

menstruation

18.0

Have not yet

experienced

menstruation

82.0

Total

100.0

Table 3 and Table 4 shows the means of the girl’s

waist circumference size from housewife mothers is

678.66 and 679.26 from working mothers. While the

mean size of the girl’s hip circumference from

housewife mothers is 843.06 and 819.26 from

working mothers.

Based on the menstruation status in table 5 and 6,

there is a high percentage in the category of girls who

have not experience menstruation yet. The girls from

working mothers are 78% in this category, while from

the housewife mothers are 82%. The girls from

working mothers who have already experienced

menstruation is greater compared to the girls from a

housewife mothers.

Based on the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Test, the normality test of all variables is normally

distributed. The decision making is based on the

variable value that was <0.05.

4 DISCUSSION

Table 7: Waist-hip Ratio Value of the Boys

Boys from Working

Mother

Boys from

Housewives

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percent

age

Valid

Small

64.0

74.0

Norm

30.0

22.0

Large

6.0

4.0

Total

100.0

Table 9 shows the value of Waist-hip Ratio of the

boys from working mothers have the highest

percentage in small type category which is 64%,

while the lowest percentage is in the large type

category for 6%. The Waist-hip Ratio value of boys

from housewife mothers have the highest percentage

in the small type category around 74% and the lowest

is in the large category for 4%.

Tabel 8: Waist-hip Ratio Value of the Girls

Girls from Working

Mothers

Girls from

Housewife Mothers

Frequency

Percentag

Frequency

Percenta

Valid

Small

92.0

98.0

Norm

8.0

2.0

Total

100.0

The Waist-hip Ratio value of the girls in table 10

shows that the highest percentage from the working

mother is on the small type category with a 92% and

a 8% in normal type category. The highest percentage

of Waist-hip Ratio value of the girls from housewife

mothers is in the small type category with 98% and

2% for the normal type. Therefore, the small type

served as the highest percentage but the large type did

not appear in this sample.

The results from this research were the value of

Waist-hip Ratio in the boys and girls from working

mothers and housewives had the highest percentage

in small type category. However, the large type did

not appear in the girls’ sample.

According to Anjani (2016), there is a significant

difference in the boys’ growth in the size of the

abdominal circumference. There are genetic factors

and environmental factors that are very influential in

growth and development. Environmental factors are

determinants of genetic/innate potential which could

Waist-Hip Ratio of Boys and Girls based on Mother’s Occupational Status at SMPN 22 Surabaya

491

be optimal or not. Because of the significant

difference in the size of boy’s abdominal

circumference, therefore it showed that there are

genetic factors which are influenced by

environmental factors.

The research from Yunieswati (2014) found that

boys had the highest percentage of body fat in normal

and high category for around 37.5%, with the average

on the high category, while most of the girls had

56.4% body fat with the normal average. Moreover,

in Newanda (2011), children from a high level of

economic status generally had bigger size compared

to the children from a low level of economic status

both for the girls and boys. a similar research also

explained that there was no correlation between the

status of the mother’s occupation with the pre-school

children’s growth which was conducted in

Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (early childhood

education programs) GMIM Bukit Hermon and

Idhata Malalayang Kindergarten (Taju & Babakal

2015). There is also an estimation that 35 million of

children around the world would experience obesity

and this amount will be two times higher in 2020

(Onis, 2010).

5 CONCLUSION

This research showed that the value of Waist-hip

Ratio in small type category served as the highest

percentage in all sample. The percentage of the small

type category in each sample was 64% of the boys

from working mothers, 74% of the boys from

housewives, 92% of the girls from working mothers,

and 98% of the girls from a housewives. However, for

the girls, the value of Waist-hip Ratio did not appear

in the large type. The highest percentage also

appeared on the girls who have not experienced

menstruation yet at the age of 13

which were 78%

from working mothers and 82% from housewife

mothers.

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