Relationship of Demographic Characteristics, Elderly Posyandu

Membership, Organization Activities to Ability of Daily and

Instrumental Elderly Activity

Yuly Sulistyorini, Nunik Puspitasari and Windhu Purnomo

Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Elderly, Elderly Activity, Productive Elderly.

Abstract: The results of National Socio Economic Survey in 2008, 2009 and 2012 showed that the percentage of

elderly population in Indonesia has reached > 7% of the total population. The aging population structure is

one indicator of improving the quality of health and social conditions of the community (Kemenkes R.I.,

2013). A large number of elderly people must be managed to become a nation's asset rather than a state

burden. The purpose of this study was to know the relationship of demographic characteristics, participation

of posyandu elderly, organizational activity to the ability of daily activities and instrumental elderly. This

research was observational and cross sectional study. The population was elderly citizens in Surabaya City.

The samples were elderly, who aged > 60 years old, in Tambaksari Sub District. The sample number of 80

people was determined by Multi Stage Random Sampling. Data were analyzed by using spearman

correlation test. The results showed that there was correlation between demographic characteristics, elderly

posyandu membership, organization activity with ADLs and IADLs (p <0,05). ADLs includes activities in

toilet, feeding, dreesing, grooming, physical ambulation and bathing. IADLs includes ability to use

telephone, shopping, food preparation, house keeping, laundry, mode of transportation, responsibility for

own medication and ability to handle finance. The results showed that these factors can contribute to the

ability of elderly activity. Elderly are endeavored as the nation's assets. Although realizing the independence

of elderly should be supported by other factors such as health care, social support and mental readiness. The

ability of these activities will achieve the independence of elderly, healthy and productive elderly amid

increasing number of elderly in Indonesia. Factors associated with increased independence of the elderly

can assist the state in preparing and making policies to keep the elderly active and productive.

1 INTRODUCTION

The structure of Indonesia population includes in it

the state of the aging structure which is seen from

the percentage of elderly population in 2008, 2009

and 2012 that has reached > 7%. The aging

population structure is one of the indicators in the

achievement of human development globally and

nationally. This situation is related to the

improvement of health quality and social condition

of the community. An increasing number of elderly

people will also be a challenge in future

development programs (Kemenkes R.I., 2013). The

increasing population of elderly in Indonesia is

caused by the increase of life expectancy, the

decreasing of mortality rate and the number of

births, the increase of health status and the welfare

of the population (Kemenkes RI, 2014). BPS (2012)

data explained that there has been an increase in life

expectancy in Indonesia. In 2000, life expectancy in

Indonesia was 64.5 years (7.18% of the elderly

population) increased to 69.43 years in 2010 (7.56%

of the elderly population). This number increased in

2011 to 69.65 years (7.58% of the elderly

population). This makes Indonesia in the 3

position

of the world with the most elderly population. The

large number of elderly people affects the

dependency ratio in Indonesia. The result of

National Socio Economic Survey (2012) stated that

the old dependency ratio was 11.90. Dependency

ratios vary between males and females. The

dependency ratio of elderly female population was

higher than the elderly male population. Data

National Socio Economic Survey (2012) also stated

that 11% of elderly were in poor condition and low

Sulistyorini, Y., Puspitasari, N. and Purnomo, W.

Relationship of Demographic Characteristics, Elderly Posyandu Membership, Organization Activities to Ability of Daily and Instrumental Elderly Activity.

DOI: 10.5220/0007552708490852

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School (ICPS 2018), pages 849-852

ISBN: 978-989-758-348-3

849

health status. The majority of elderly (52.12%) had

health complaints in the past month. 50.22% of

elderly men has health complaints while 53.74% of

elderly women does. The percentage of elderly

population who experienced health complaints from

2005-2012 has increased. This shows that the health

status of the elderly population was still low.

The process of growing old is natural and

normal. Every human being will experience the

aging process. This aging process will result in

human changes in various aspects including

physical, mental and social aspects. Physical

changes that can occur are white hair, wrinkled skin,

thin, dry and loose, lack or loss of vision due to

refractive or cataract disorders, a lack of functioning

olfaction, taste buds are less sensitive to sweet and

salty taste, lack or loss of hearing, stiff and sore

joints and incontinence. Mental changes due to

feeling of losing someone, especially spouses or

relatives or close friends (bereavement), often aloof,

feeling of isolation to become forgetful (dementia).

The most prominent social change due to aging is

the inability to care for one self in terms of daily

activities (Activities of Daily Livings/ADLs) for

example: bathing, bowel movement, dressing,

grooming hair, eating so gradually that the person

should be assisted by a informal or formal

caregivers. While the instrumental activities

(Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings/IADLs) are

such counting money, using a telephone or

computer, using a washing machine and so forth will

decrease its ability as quality of life decreases

(Abikusno, 2013).

The existence of elderly with health problems

due to the aging process, the decline in the function

of body cells (degenerative), and decreased function

of the body's immune system emerges degenerative

diseases, malnutrition, infectious diseases, dental

and oral health problems (Kemenkes R.I., 2016).

East Java Province was the second province with the

largest number of elderly in Indonesia. The most

elderly population is found in Surabaya, the capital

of East Java Province. Posyandu (Integrated Service

Center) for elderly was one of the activities

undertaken in Surabaya City to improve their health

status and quality of life. However, not all elderly

are active in this Posyandu’s elderly activities.

Therefore, various efforts are needed to increase

knowledge and awareness of elderly so that healthy,

independent, active and productive elderly can be

realized. At least the elderly can perform various

activities that are necessary to support their daily

life. Thus, the study about the condition of elderly

and various related factors to realize the

independence of the elderly and provide information

for policy makers is crucial.

2 METHOD

This research was an observational and cross

sectional study. The population of the study is

elderly (> 60 years) in Tambaksari Village,

Tambaksari Sub-district, Surabaya City. The

samples of the study are the elderly who were

selected randomly in the Tambaksari Village,

Tambaksari District, Surabaya City. Determination

of respondents was done using Multi Stage Random

Sampling. The number of respondents in this study

was 80 people. Data were taken by interview with

questionnaire tool. The instrument used in this study

is a questionnaire developed from the measurement

of The Physical Self-Maintenance Scale to identify

the ability of daily activities of the elderly (Dowell,

2006).

Research variables used are demographic

variables (age, education level, kind of work) and

daily activities of the elderly. In the daily activity

variables, the elderly were given score in each

category. If they do activities with full help or

assistence they will get one score. If the activity is

done independently they will get maximum score.

The data obtained were analyzed using Spearman's

correlation test in order to see the relationship

between demographic characteristics of elderly and

the elderly's daily activities.

3 RESULTS

The majority of the elderly were 61-65 years old

which consist of 28 males (35%) and 58 females

(72.5%). The education level of the majority is high

school graduates as many as 23 people (28.8%) with

marital status and 48 people (60%) with widow

status. 65 people (81.3%) of elderly have worked

and the majority of them worked as trader as many

as 15 people (18,75%). 51(63.80%) of elderly were

active in Posyandu which was conducted once per

month. Similarly, there were 63 people (78.70%) of

elderly who were active in social activities such as

active in PKK (Family Welfare Development)

activities, Posyandu for <5 years children, Posyandu

for elderly, and other organization activities in

society.

The ability of elderly activity is seen based on

their ability to perform daily activities. This

ICPS 2018 - 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School

850

activity's ability is called Activities Daily Livings

(ADLs). While its supporting activities are called as

Instrumental Activity (IADLs) such as using

telephon, shopping, preparing food, house keeping,

washing clothes, using transportation, taking

medicine and arranging finance. All these activities

are either done by oneself or need for assistance

from others. Assistance from others can be a little

help to full help. Independent elderly is shown from

their ability to perform daily activities.

The result of the correlation test with α = 0.05

showed that there was a correlation between age,

education level, kind of work, and participation in

Posyandu elderly with ADLs. There was also a

relationship of age, education level, activities in

community organizations, and participation in

Eldelry Posyandu with IADLs. The relationship is

shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Correlation of demographic characteristics with

ADLs and IADLs

4 DISCUSSION

The large population of elderly in Surabaya City,

East Java Province shows that life expectancy of

society is increasing. The majority of elderly people

can perform their own daily activities. WHO (2002)

explained that the increasing number of elderly

population is necessary to realize healthy, active,

and productive elderly. Every human being will

experience the aging process. Therefore, making

elderly healthy, active and productive is a must. The

existence of elderly should not be a burden to

families, communities, and countries. Currently the

existence of elderly should be viewed as a valuable

country potential. In order for the elderly to become

the potential of the country, making qualified

elderly becomes a necessity. Many factors are

related to being able to realize healthy and quality

elderly people such as biological, psychological,

social, economic, behavioral and social services, and

health (WHO, 2002).

The coefficient value of -0.49 showed that there

is a relationship between age and ADLs with p =

0.00. This means that the elderly in the older age

group have the ability to indulge in daily activities

more independently, because the direction of the

relationship was negative. The elderly instrumental

activity has a relationship with age (p = 0.000) with

a coefficient value of -0.50. The Spearman

correlation test showed that the elderly educational

level was related to the ability of ADLs with

coefficient value of 0.30 and elderly instrumental

activity of 0.36. The type of work indicates that

there is a relationship between the type of work and

the daily activity of the elderly (ADLs) with p =

0.02. Meanwhile, the type of work showed no

relationship with elderly instrumental activity.

This demographic characteristic has a role in

shaping an independent elderly to be able to own

activity in fulfilling their needs. Independent and

prosperous elderly are influenced indirectly by their

level of knowledge and education (Cho, et al.,

2014). This shows that knowledge is very important

to provide information to the elderly about how to

live their life when at such age. One way to obtain

knowledge is from formal education. High level of

education certainly provides a wider range of

insights. So does with work, working certainly

makes them to always do physical activity or

interact in social environment. Physical activity from

work can contribute to make elderly to be more

independent. Working activities can help the elderly

to be active so that daily mobility activities are

always done (Zacher, 2015).

Table 1 shows that there is a relationship

between being active in Elderly Posyandu with

ADLs and IADLs. The strong relations are 0.26

(ADLs) and 0.31 (IADLs). This means that being

more active in Eldelry Posyandu activities will

increase elderly’s independence in doing activity,

either daily or instrumental activity. This was in

accordance with the research of Pertiwi (2013)

which stated that the elderly who are active in

Eldelry Posyandu activities need to get family

support. The family support always encourages

elderly to try to maintain health and independence in

performing daily activities. This independence will

make the elderly healthy, active and productive.

Table 1 also shows that the elderly will be able to

organize in society which is supported by the

independence of elderly in activity especially in

Activity

Demographic

Characteristics

Coefficient

ADLs

Age

Education level

Kind of work

Elderly

Posyandu

0.000

0.006

0.020

0.018

-0.49

0.30

0.20

0.26

IADLs

Age

Education level

Elderly

Posyandu

Organization

Activity

0.000

0.001

0.006

0.018

-0.50

0.36

0.31

0.26

Relationship of Demographic Characteristics, Elderly Posyandu Membership, Organization Activities to Ability of Daily and Instrumental

Elderly Activity

851

activities other than daily needs at home. Gardner

(2014) said that one's involvement in social activities

can provide a strong motivation to be useful to

others and to themselves, that is, to make the body

healthy by always being active in physical activity in

society. The ability to perform additional activities

will not be possible if the elderly are not healthy.

5 CONCLUSION

Age, education level and type of work are related to

the ability of elderly to do activity independently.

These characteristics contribute to the formation of

an independent elderly. Improved social

characteristics (level of education) and economic

characteristics (type of work) will provide the

potential to realize an independent elderly. Elderly

who actively participate in Elderly Posyandu

activities are associated with their ability to perform

daily activities. Activities in Elderly Posyandu are

very useful for elderly to remain healthy, active and

productive. Age, education level, Elderly Posyandu

membership and activities in community or

organization are connected to the ability of elderly to

perform instrumental activity.

The variables that corelated with elderly’s daily

and instrumental activities can be basic asset to

make elderly independent. In order to make the

elderly as an asset of the nation, the elderly must be

independent, healthy, active and productive.

Independence of the elderly can be realized if

supported by other factors such as health care, social

support and mental readiness. The ability of this

activity will produce the independence of elderly,

healthy and productive elderly amid increasing

number of elderly in Indonesia. Factors associated

with increasing the independence of the elderly can

be used to prepare and create policies for eldelry’s

independence. Healthy, active and productive

elderly will certainly be one of the targets in the

development activities of Indonesian society.

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