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Edentulous in individuals observed in this
research occurred in antemortem. According to the
literature study, the situation appears on socket that
has been covered (remodeling process on alveolar
bone had occurred). Tooth loss could happen
because of periodontal disease, trauma, and caries.
This situation could provide a hint for identification
by matching antemortem data that suitable with
characteristic of edentulous mandibular bones,
where the teeth of the individual had been lost
during his/her lifetime. However, edentulous could
also appear on postmortem because the socket was
still uncovered. Several factors that could be
consideration are tooth loss before the death or
missing teeth when skeletal discovered.
In such cases to fix the identity of the unknown
human skeletal remains, ante-mortem medical
records are to be compared in the usual practice of
forensic investigations (Lodha et al., 2016).
Another antemortem transformation occurred
where bone remodeling emerges as recovery form
surgical procedure such as trephination and
remodeling the space in alveolar when tooth loss or
during the extraction process. Resorption usually
takes several months after the tooth loss. When loss
occurred on entire tooth with complete resorption
form alveolar space, individual was considered
experienced edentulous (Christensen et al., 2014).
Radiographic comparisons fall into two broad
categories; dental and medical. Having annual dental
examinations becoming the standard of care, the
likelihood of an individual having antemortem
dental radiographs is quite high. Additionally, the
mineral composition of teeth makes them extremely
resilient to postmortem damage, decomposition,
temperature extremes, and fire destruction. Thus,
both antemortem and post-mortem dental
information are likely to be available for comparison
(Hurst et al., 2013).
Gadro (1999) reported the essential tooth
antemortem data as comparison with postmortem
situation of a dead body such as dental x-rays, tooth
mold, and dental record (Indriati, 2010).
Postmortem damage could be identified because
the light appears from the object, thus it differs from
the living bone (Burns, 2013).
In postmortem damage, outer surface of the bone
has been covered with liquid decay, dirt, and
different color from its inner surface. It is important
to distinguish between perimortem and postmortem
because perimortem involves greater amount of
forensic involvement. Perimortem trauma could
result from a murder act, while postmortem damage
could be caused by animal excavation or reckless
excavator (Burns, 2013).
Antemortem trauma is a transformation
happened before an individual's death. The main
proof of an antemortem trauma is an ostogenic
reaction (the creation of new bones) because the
reaction happened naturally when the individual
live. Osteogenic reaction mainly takes form in
recovery process of response to infection. Fracture
recovery could be demonstrated by the tip of a round
fracture or callus formation, whereas infection
response could be proven by proliferative or lytic
lesions. The presence of antemortem trauma in an
unidentified framework serves as information that
can be useful in the identification process
(Christensen et al., 2014).
Generally, tooth condition provides only limited
information about antemortem of people who have
died. Although dental development can be affected
by systemic pathological conditions (Sucking et al.,
1987), manifestation in the teeth is usually limited to
make a statement that a person experiences an acute
stress event during growth. On contrary, mouth
disease such as dental damage, alveloar bone
recession, traumatic alteration, usually did not
display a helpful circumstances in developing
biological profile of a dead individual (Byres, 2010).
Postmortem damage refers to bone taphonomy
alteration occurred after the dead and is not related
to the death event. In several cases, postmortem
damage is likely related to the death events such as
mutilation or situation demonstrated by murderer
after a murder. Postmortem damage could be
differentiated from perimortem trauma according to
its color. The edge of perimortem fracture was
colored by bleeding, decomposition liquid, soil, or
other substance. The damaged edge of the bone tip
because of postmortem will appear lighter than the
surrounding area for being exposed much longer to
the environment (Christensen et al., 2014).
A wide range of variables has been recognized as
influence to the rate the rate of bone healing. These
can be classified into intrinsic, extrinsic, and
biomechanical factors and include age, fracture type,
location, severity, treatment, as well as other factors
(Boyd & Donna, 2018).
Bone remodeling (time period: years) is once the
broken bone which is stabilized by the bony callus,
osteoclasts and osteoblast take over the long-term
maintenance of the rebuilt Haversian systems. The
bony callus becomes smoother and denser but
remains visible in spite of remodeling. (Bones of a
very young child will remodel completely) (Burns,
2013).
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