Effect of Acute Administration of Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) Oil to

Hematological Parameters in Mice

Heru Sasongko

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A

Surakarta 57126, Central Java Indonesia

Keywords: acute toxicity, eel, fish oil, hematology, omega-3

Abstract: Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) is a fish consumed as food and found in Indonesia. The eel oil is known to

contain fatty acids like omega-3. The study aims to determine the effect of acute administration of eel oil to

hematological parameters in mice. A total of 24 male Swiss Webster mice were divided into four groups.

Group I as the control was not administered by eel oil and administered aquadest instead, group II, III, and

IV were given 0.09; 0.25 and 0.74 g/ 20 g B.W, respectively, of eel oil. The oil was administered for 14

days. On day 14

, blood sample was taken from orbital sinus. The hematological parameter consisted of the

amount of erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet levels were

measured. The data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by LSD test. The result is

acute administration of eel oil at dose 0.74 g/20 g B.W has caused significant change of hematological

parameters, except for erythrocytes and platelets level. The conclusion of this study was that at a dose of

0.74 g/20 g B.W eel oil had an effect on blood hematologic changes in mice.

1 INTRODUCTION

Anguilla bicolor bicolor is a type of fish consumed

in many countries like Japan, China, Germany, and

France (Sasongko et al., 2017). This fish has not

been used optimally in Indonesia because many

people do not know about it and it is more expensive

than other types of fish. Eel oil is reported to contain

fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Baeza et al., 2014;

Kusharto et al., 2014). Eicosapentaenoic acid and

docosahexaenoic acids are part of Omega-3

polyunsaturated fatty acids (Amissi et al., 2016).

Fish contains nutrients such as proteins, fatty acids,

minerals and vitamins (Vitamins A, B3, B6, B12, E,

and D) and it is good for health (Suleria et al.,

2015).

Fish oil is known as the source of

polyunsaturated fatty oil and widely used for the

pharmaceutical purpose and food supplement

(Daiello et al., 2015; Suleria et al., 2015). Fatty

acids have been used as baby food by some health

agents. In previous study, eel oil was shown to have

an effect of decreasing total cholesterol tested on

animal models (Sasongko et al., 2017). Omega-3

polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA

have been shown to protect the cardiovascular

system, to protect the body from cancer,

inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (Amissi et

al., 2016; Simopoulos, 2002).

Despite the various benefit of eel oil, there is no

research about the safety of eel oil consumption.

Toxic effects of the eel oil might occur. This study

aimed to investigate the toxic effect of acute

administration of eel oil to the hematological

parameters in male mice.

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Materials

Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) aging between 3-4

month and weighing 100-200 gram were collected

from UNAGI business department, Universitas

Sebelas Maret. Studies were carried out using male

Swiss Webster mice (20 – 30 g). Mice were obtained

from the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sebelas

Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. All animal handling

procedures have been approved by the ethics

Sasongko, H.

Effect of Acute Administration of Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) Oil to Hematological Parameters in Mice.

DOI: 10.5220/0008238500110014

In Proceedings of the 1st Muhammadiyah International Conference on Health and Pharmaceutical Development (MICH-PhD 2018), pages 11-14

ISBN: 978-989-758-349-0

Table 1: Hematological parameters following 14 days observation exposure of eel oil in mice.

Groups

WBC

(10

xµL)

RBC

(10

xµL)

HGB

(g/

HCT

(%)

PLT

(10

xµL)

LYM

(10

xµL)

NEU

(10

xµL)

Negative control

81.83 ±

17.30

779.17 ±

87.89

12.62 ±

1.42

38.15 ±

4.37

69.13 ±

24.67

85.33 ±

4.55

14.67 ±

4.55

0.09 g/20 gB.W.

55.66 ±

20.72

665.17 ±

117.42

10.05 ±

1.68

34.42 ±

4.08

69.82 ±

13.76

66.80 ±

13.67

16.53 ±

13.67

0.25 g/20 gB.W.

66.33 ±

19.19

789.00 ±

160.74

12.40 ±

2.59

40.92 ±

8.93

59.03 ±

31.62

82.18 ±

10.40

16.82 ±

10.40

0.74 g/20 gB.W.

54.16 ±

15.06*

873.33 ±

88.37

14.53 ±

1.82*

43.13 ±

3.94*

81.07 ±

34.36

59.33 ±

29.32*

26.90 ±

5.09*

Symbols represent statistical significance. *p < 0.05, as compared to negative control group. n = 6 animals in each

group. WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; HCT: Hematocrit; PLT: Platelet; LYM:

Lymphocyte; NEU: Neutrophile.

committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas

Sebelas Maret with the number 231/II/HREC/2018.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Extraction

The method of eel extraction followed the method

undertaken by Sasongko et al., (2017).

2.2.2 Animal Experimental Design

The research using 24 male mice were divided into

four groups consisting of 6 mice per group. Group I

as control was given aquadest, group II, III, and IV

were given 0.09; 0.25, and 0.74 g/20 g B.W,

respectively, of eel oil. The oil was administered for

14 days. On day 14

, blood sample was taken from

orbital sinus. Blood sample were collected to

determine hematological parameters.

2.2.3 Measurement of Haematological

Parameters

Hematological parameters measurement including

the amount of erythrocyte (RBC), leukocyte (WBC),

hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte

(LYM), neutrophil (NEU) and platelet levels (PLT).

Measurement of hematologic parameters followed

by Guder et al. (2014); Pusterla and Higgins (2017).

2.3 Data Analysis

The data were statistically analyzed by one way

ANOVA followed by LSD test.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The administration of eel oil for 14 days did not

show mortality in test animals. The analysis of blood

parameters can be used for diagnosing the organs or

tissues function disorder. The hematological

examination may describe the function of body

organs and physiological status (Bachri et al., 2017).

It is relevant to risk evaluation as changes in the

hematological system have a higher predictive value

for human toxicity (Rodeiro et al., 2018). The result

of hematological can be seen in Table 1.

3.1 The Number of Leukocytes (WBC)

Leukocytes is involved in protecting the body as

immune system cells against infectious agents or

foreign invaders (Bachri et al., 2017). The white

blood cells along with neutrophils and lymphocytes

as their derivatives can prevent pathogens invasion

or disease-causing. The microorganisms such as

bacteria and viruses through phagocytosis process,

identifying and destroying dangerous or cancerous

cells (Walters et al., 1989).

The results shows that at dose of 0.74 g/20 gB.W

eel oil have a significant effect of decreased levels of

leukocytes (p <0.05). This is probably related to the

immunomodulatory effect on lipid-mediator

generation in leukocytes from omega‐3 fatty acids

from eel oil (Morlion et al., 1996; Vedin et al.,

2008).

MICH-PhD 2018 - 1st Muhammadiyah International Conference on Health and Pharmaceutical Development

3.2 The Number of Erythrocytes

(RBC)

The red blood cells travel in blood carrying

hemoglobin in the circulation. Their main function is

carrying waste carbon dioxide back to the lungs and

distributing oxygen to body tissues (Bachri et al.,

2017; Snyder and Sheafor, 1999). The results shows

that at dose of 0.74 g/20 gB.W eel oil is not

significant with negative control (p <0.05).

3.3 The Number of Hemoglobin (HGB)

Hemoglobin (HGB) is the protein contained in red

blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen

to the tissues. To ensure adequate tissue

oxygenation, a sufficient hemoglobin level must be

maintained (Billett, 1990). The results shows that at

dose of 0.74 g/20 gB.W eel oil have a significant

effect on increased levels of hemoglobin (p <0.05).

These results suggest that fatty acids from eel oil

share the property of gamma-globin gene

inducibility (Liakopoulou et al., 1995). Gamma-

globin to mediate high-level expression of

hemoglobin (Arcasoy et al., 1997; Pestina et al.,

2009).

3.4 The Number of Hematocrits (HCT)

The hematocrit measures the volume of red blood

cells compared to the total blood volume (red blood

cells and plasma) (Billett, 1990). The results shows

that at dose of 0.74 g/20 gB.W eel oil have a

significant effect on increased levels of hematocrit

(p <0.05). This is consistent with an increase in

amount of red blood cells from each dose of eel oil

although statistically not significantly different.

3.5 The Number of Platelet Levels

(PLT)

Platelets is the blood cells that help the body in the

blood clotting process to stop bleeding or process

coagulation via interactions with vessel endothelial

(Garraud and Cognasse, 2015). The results showed

that at dose of 0.74 g/20 gB.W eel oil had not a

significant difference with negative control (p

<0.05).

3.6 The Number of Lymphocytes

(LYM)

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is

part of the immune system. There are two main

types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. The B

cells produce antibodies that are used to attack

invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins (Pubmed,

2018). The results showed that at dose of 0.74 g/20

gB.W eel oil had a significant effect on decreasing

the levels of lymphocyte (p <0.05). This is

consistent with the decreased amount of white blood

cells from each dose of eel oil although statistically

not significantly different. This may be due to the

effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on

cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation

(Meydani et al., 1991).

3.7 The Number of Neutrophils (NEU)

Neutrophils is the most commonly found in immune

cells of human blood. These cells form a defence

after a person got an infection (Hayashi et al., 2003).

The results shows that at dose of 0.74 g/20 gB.W eel

oil have a significant effect of increased levels of

neutrophil (p <0.05). Fatty acid omega-3 dan omega-

6 differentially influence the plasma free fatty acid

profile with impact on neutrophil functions. Lipid-

based parenteral nutrition may thus exert a profound

influence on sequelae and status of

immunocompetence and inflammation (Mayer et al.,

2003).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The acute administration of eel oil can cause the

change of hematological parameters in the dose 0.74

g/20 g b.w, except for erythrocytes and platelets

level. There is significant difference on

hematological parameters of mice that treated with

eel oil compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank Universitas Sebelas

Maret for funding this research with the Hibah

Fundamental PNBP Grants scheme.

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