The Influence of Jasmine Essential Oil Through Foot Submersion

and Inhalation Method in Elderly Sleep Quality and Quantity

Happy Restu Widayati

, Retno Indarwati

and Erna Dwi Wahyuni

RSU Haji Surabaya, Manyar Kertoadi Street, Surabaya, Indonesia

Faculty of Nursing Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Jasmine Essential Oil, Foot Submersion Method, Inhalation Method, Sleep Quality, Sleep Quantity, The

Elderly.

Abstract: The elderly undergo the circardian function alteration, with the result that they get disruption of the sleep

and wake- up regulation. Jasmine essential oil is used as one of the non-pharmacological interventions for

insomnia. The aim of this research is to know the difference of Jasmine essential oil through foot

submersion and inhalation method in the elderly sleep quality and quantity. The used research design was

quasy experiment. The number of 21 respondents was obtained with the design of total sampling. Then, the

respondents were divided into three groups foot submersion, inhalation, and control group. The data

collections of the elderly sleep quality and quantity used PSQI questionnaire. The dependent variables were

the elderly sleep quality and quantity; the independent variable was the use of Jasmine essential oil in foot

submersion and inhalation method. The obtained data were analyzed with chi-square test, significance level

p=0,05. The result of statistical test using Chi-square test is p=1,00 which means there is no difference of

Jasmine essential oil given through foot submersion and inhalation method for the elderly sleep quality and

quantity. For the other researchers, they can research about the role of peer group in the guidance of the

elderly’s psychology as an effort to fulfill the sleep need.

1 BACKGROUND

In elder, the ability of organs and systems within the

body decrease, with the result that function

deterioration is occured (Santoso & Andar 2009).

One of the main disruptions in elderly is insomnia

which is defined with inability to get sleep inspite of

having will to sleep (Beare & Micey, 2006).

According to the gaining of initial data in UPT

PSLU Pasuruan, the number of 25 elders got

disturbance of sleep quality and quantity.

In 2009, elder in Indonesia numbered 20.547.541

(U.S Census Bureau International Data Base, 2009

dalam KPPA, without year). Having 11,4% of elder

among the societies, East Java included in 5

province with the greatest number of elders in

Indonesia (BPS SUSENAS, 2007 in KPPA, without

year).

Sleep disturbance in elder belonged to 50% of

65-year-old people or elder who live in their own

house and 66% people living in long-term care

facilitation. Collecting initial data in UPT PSLU

Pasuruan was obtained total of 62% (25 from 40

elders who were interviewed) with disturbance of

sleep quality and quantity, twenty-one elders (52%)

with long sleep latency, and 47% (19 elders) owning

sleep fragmentation or night awakening. Elder with

sleep quantity less than 6 hours was 60% (24 elders).

Internal factors leading sleep pattern disruption

are psychological stress, nerve development, and

health; moreover, external factors predisposing sleep

pattern disturbance are environmental change and

social function (Widiarti, et al., 2011).

The advantage of sleep is to restore the body

function until optimum functional level (Beare &

Micey, 2006). Person with inadequate sleep can get

effect as forgetfulness, confusion, disorientation,

mood influence, neurocognitive function, and

homeostasis (Fismer & Pilkington, 2012).

One of the non-pharmacological interventions

for sleep disturbance is the use of essential-oil aroma

(Cuellar, et al., 2007). Essential oil of aromacare has

main effect through skin and sense of smell

(inhalation) (Johannessen, 2013). Essential oil can

be used through foot submersion and inhalation

(Fismer & Pilkington, 2012).

Widayati, H., Indarwati, R. and Wahyuni, E.

The Inﬂuence of Jasmine Essential Oil Through Foot Submersion and Inhalation Method in Elderly Sleep Quality and Quantity.

DOI: 10.5220/0008322902150219

In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 215-219

ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0

215

The application of essential oil in foot

submersion with warm water can decrease core body

temperature (Liao, et al., 2013). Warm sensation in

the skin can activate anterior preoptic hypotalamic,

the key of sleep regulation (Liao, et al., 2013).

Essential oil used through skin can enter the pores,

and it will be distributed to whole the body vessels

(Tahir 2009 in Nuryanah, 2010).

Jasmine has benefit for insomnia (Smith, 2011).

Jasmine essential oil affects in alfa and delta wave

biorhythm; therefore, it causes calmness, harmony,

and sleep sensation (Pitman, 2004).

In the implementation of giving Jasmine

essential oil to gain the elder sleep quality and

quantity, Roy’s adaptation theory was used in this

theoretical approach. This theory guides individual

to maintain and enhance adaptive behaviour, as well

as to change from ineffective to effective behaviour

(Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004). These aims can be

achieved with nurse’s effort to change, manipulate,

or block the stress producing stimulus in patient. The

nursing intervention helps client get more effective

coping with reducing strees (Basavanthappa, 2007).

2 METHODS

This study was held on December 10

- 23

2014 in

UPT PSLU Pasuruan. Research design used quasy

experiment with pre-post test design. In this

research, the number of 21 elders was divided into

three groups—intervention group of foot

submersion, inhalation intervention group, and

control group. Group distribution used matching

based on age classification according to WHO—

elderly (60-74 years old) and old (75-90 years old).

Pretest and posttest data in those groups were elder

sleep quality and quantity. This population was all of

the elders with insomnia in the number of 21 elders.

Quantity of sample was 21 people. Total

sampling was used in sampling technique. Inclusion

criteria were sixty to ninety years old, SPMSQ value

at 0-2 (normal mental function), cooperative

manner, and the willingness to sign for informed

consent. Elder having medical hystory of asma and

using other types of essential oil for handling

insomnia came as exclusion criteria.

Dependent variables were elder sleep quality and

quantity; likewise, independent variables were the

using of jasmine essential oil through foot

submersion method and inhalation method. Research

instruments applied PSQI questionnaire (The

Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index) for measuring sleep

quality and pattern in adult, sleep quantity

observation sheet, and standard of operational

procedure of giving jasmine essential oil through

foot submersion and inhalation.

Every group had been giving intervention of

giving jasmine essential oil through foot submersion

or inhalation for 10 days. The intervention was

implemented with coming to every dormitory of

respondents at 5-7 PM.

The posttest result of foot submersion and

inhalation group was analyzed with statistical test of

Chi-square to identify the difference jasmine

essential-oil influence between through foot

submersion and inhalation on elder sleep quality

and quantity. Significant level in this study was 5%

(α = 0,05). If only there were p<0,05, H

was

accepted. However, p≥0,05 meant that H

was

rejected.

3 RESULTS

The statistic result of post intervention using Chi-

square was p=0,100 with significant level of 0,05, by

that H

was rejected. This described that there was

no difference of influence on sleep quantity of elder

given with jasmine essential oil between through

foot-submersion and inhalation method.

From Chi-square statistic test of post

intervention, the result showed p=0,100 with

significant level of 0,05 which meant 0,100>0,05;

accordingly, H

was rejected. In mean, there was no

difference of influence on sleep quality of elder

given with jasmine essential oil between through

Table 1: Identification of The Difference of Jasmine

Essential Oil Influence Between Through Foot

Submersion and Inhalation.

Identification of The

Difference of Jasmine

Essential Oil Influence

Between Through Foot

Submersion and Inhalation

Chi-square

Statistic Test

result of Post

Intervention

The Difference of Jasmine

Essential Oil Influence

Through Foot Submersion

on elder sleep quantity

p=0,100

The Difference of Jasmine

Essential Oil Influence

Through Foot Submersion

on elder sleep quality

p=0,100

INC 2018 - The 9th International Nursing Conference: Nurses at The Forefront Transforming Care, Science and Research

216

foot-submersion and inhalation method.

4 DISCUSSION

After comparing the influence of both the groups

with using Chi-square, p value was 1,00 indicating

that there was no difference of influence on sleep

quantity of elder given with jasmine essential oil

between through foot-submersion and inhalation

method.

In the same test for another dependen variable,

Chi-square statistic test demonstrated p=1,00, so that

there was no difference of influence on sleep

quanlity of elder given with jasmine essential oil

between through foot-submersion and inhalation

method.

Investigation purposed to know elder’s sleep

quality in each respondents within both the groups

got information that respondent lacking sleep

quantity also suffered lack of sleep quality. This case

was caused as sleep quantity was involved in the

component of PSQI score count.

Elder’s circardian rhytm underwent both aging

process and sleep circle disturbance. Sleep pattern

disturbance in elder is caused by internal factors

(illness and pshycological stress) as well as external

factors—environmental alteration and social

function. Elder’s brain alteration due to aging

process induces excitation and inhibition within

nerve system. The inhibition function is decrease

along with aging process. Frontal cortex also affects

sleep regulation device; hence, aging process can

lead the alteration of sleep and awakening. The

change of sleep and awakening in elder can be

triggered by brain alteration involving cell death

except frontal cortex, blood flow reduction, and

neurotansmitter mechanism alteration as well as

synaptic (Widiarti, et al., 2011).

Aging process promotes elder to get sleep

disturbance. Sleep deferment, sleep latency, can

affect circardian circle alteration in elder (Widiarti,

et al., 2011). The research conducted by Pressman

and Fry (1988) and Lankford (1994) showed that

first NREM sleep level increased in elder. In this

stage, elder was often awakened by sound, touch, or

light. First NREM sleep level disruption was able to

induce sleep fragmentation. Elder suffered reduction

of total and depth in the third and fourth sleep level.

Nonetheless, this condition was almost not seen in

the fourth NREM sleep level. The alteration could

affect elder’s sleep efficiency (Widiarti, et al., 2011).

From the statistic test, the result showed that

there was no difference of influence on sleep quality

and quantity of elder given with jasmine essential oil

between through foot-submersion and inhalation

method.

Sleep need fulfillment, which included quantity

and quality of sleep, was affected by some factors

(environment, physical condition, disease, and aging

process). Regarding Sister Calista Roy’s adaptation

theory, that everyone is integrated with whole of his

pshycology, social component, and constant

interaction with his circle. Thus, suppose that

someone can interact and achieve stimulus with

adaptive coping, there will appear adaptive

behaviour and its reverse.

Age factor would influence the success of the

giving of jasmine essential oil in elevating elder’s

sleep quality and quantity, for the simple reason that

the elder someone was, the less the biological

function, as circardian rhytm function, was.

5 CONCLUSIONS

There was no difference of influence of jasmine

essential oil given between through foot submersion

and inhalation method in elevating elder’s sleep

quantity and quality.

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