Sports Injury First Aid Behavior of Martial Arts Student Club
Members
Deni Yasmara, Erna Dwi Wahyuni and Moh. Baharuddin Fatih
Faculty of Nursing Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
Keywords: First Aid, Knowledge, Martial Arts, Sports Injuries
Abstract: Introduction: The members of Universitas Airlangga’s Martial Arts Student Clubs mostly have soft-tissue
injuries. The purpose of this research was to explain the factors related to the behavior of Student Club
martial arts members in the first aid of sports injury. Method: This research used descriptive analytics with a
cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used was cluster sampling with 60 respondents. Data
collection: Data was obtained from the questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and bivariate analysis
using significance level ≤ 0.05 with Spearman’s rho test. Results: Knowledge related with attitude (p =
0.000 (p <0.05) r = 0.459). Knowledge related with subjective norm (p = 0.002 r = 0.390). Knowledge
related with perceived behavioural control (PBC) (p = 0.000 r = 0.452). Attitude related with intention (p =
0.000 r = 0.498). Subjective norm related with intention (p = 0.000 r = 0.593). PBC related with intention (p
= 0.000 r = 0.494). There was no relationship of intention and action (p = 0.117 r = 0.205). PBC related with
action (p = 0.000 r = 0.579) Discussion: The better the member’s knowledge, the more positive their
attitude. The athlete’s knowledge, and perception and motivation to take action, was derived from the
athlete’s coach.
1 BACKGROUND
Martial arts are included in the body sports body
contact group, which means sports between athletes
who face each other directly without a barrier,
causing a very high risk of injury (Usra 2012). The
risk of sports injuries occurs in all ages and athletes’
levels, with patients receiving medical care at sports
injury clinics ranging from beginner to professional
athletes. Although medical personnel can identify
the mechanisms of injury and pathoanatomic
relations or diagnoses, the consequences will differ
greatly between athletes; for example, if the athlete
is a professional these will be a great risk of loss of
income and of losing the contract and even a career
(Rolf 2007).
Sports injuries need to be treated with adequate
first aid to minimize the symptoms of severity.
According to Sumartiningsih (2012) inadequate first
handling of injuries and injury treatment can greatly
harm the athlete, due to limitations of movement
caused by the injury during exercise. Research
Hurun’in (2016) at the student club of martial arts
athletes Universitas Airlangga showed that most
athletes when injured to massage directly on areas of
soft tissue injury. The theory of planned behavior is
one theory that can analyze and predict the behavior
of martial arts athletes in the first handling of injury.
But until now the factors related to the behavior of
martial art athletes at Universitas Airlangga in the
first handling of sports injuries based on the theory
of planned behavior has been unknown and has not
been explained.
Preliminary study data through interviews about
the first handling of sports injuries was collected
from 20 martial arts athletes from student clubs of
Karate Beladiri, Shorinji Kempo, Pencak Silat, and
Taekwondo. On March 20-21, 2017, 30% of athletes
performed a direct massage on the injuries, while
25% of athletes applied a cold pack, 25% of athletes
let their injuries untreated, 15% of athletes did
massage and applied a compress, and 5% of athletes
did a dressing/bandaging to provide compression.
According to a survey conducted by McPherson &
Pickett (2010) in Canada, sports injuries on martial
arts in terms of injury.
The four martial arts reported according to the
type of injury that most often occurs; almost half are
seriously injured in Karate and required care and
follow-up. Research Hurun’in (2016) showed that in
Universitas Airlangga that martial arts athletes most
often experience sprain 26.7%, and injury fracture
236
Yasmara, D., Wahyuni, E. and Fatih, M.
Sports Injury First Aid Behavior of Martial Arts Student Club Members.
DOI: 10.5220/0008323202360243
In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 236-243
ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0
Copyright
c
 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

1.7%. The results of the preliminary study by
researchers on March 20-21, 2017, with the heads of
martial arts, i.e. Karate, Shorinji Kempo, Pencak
Silat PSHT, and Taekwondo, showed that 30% of
athletes suffered sprain injuries, 25% of athletes had
bruises, and 35% had bruises as well as sprains, and
10% of athletes had muscle cramps.
The cause of sports injury should be noted, so the
athlete can avoid the possibility of a sports injury.
The complex lateral ligament of the ankle is the
most commonly injured structure in the body.
Although sprain on the ankle is the simplest injury
that does not cause long-term disability, if it cannot
be completely resolved, it causes residual symptoms
that can last for years and become the most reported
symptoms.
The first handling of injury and adequate injury
care is a behavior undertaken to prevent athletes
from re-injury at any given time (Sumartiningsih
2012). The simplest first handling is do P.R.I.C.E.D.
(Protect, Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate) no H.A.R.M.
for soft-tissue injuries such as muscles or tendons
and ligaments. If this injury is not treated properly, it
can cause chronic disability or recurrent injuries
(Norris 2011). It is necessary to immobilize fracture
injuries and await expert handling (Kaur 2016).
According to Arovah (2010) first handling of
bruising injuries and muscle cramps require
compression, ice, and rest. Dislocation injuries
should be repositioned by experts, and after
repositioning can be fixed on the joints’ (Meeuwisse
1994; Arovah 2010).
Based on the theory of planned behavior, intent
is required to perform a behavior. Intention to
conduct a behavior can be measured through three
main predictors that influence the intention of
attitude toward behavior, which in this research are
called attitude, subjective norm, and perceived
behavioral control (Ajzen 2005). The purpose of this
study was to reveal the factor that affects the action
and directs the intention [or ‘the factors that affect
the action and direct the intention’] for the first
treatment of injury to martial artists so that the
treatment will be adequate and the risk of recurrence
injury can be prevented for maximum performance.
2 METHODS
This research used descriptive analytics design
research with a cross-sectional approach. It assesses
the relationship or correlation between independent
and dependent variables one at a time (Nursalam
2016). The independent variables were background
factors (factors of cause/support) and information
factors (knowledge), and the dependent variables
were three factors and main predictors (attitude
toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived
behavioral control) and intention in behavior of
martial arts injury handlers.
3 RESULTS
The results of the research that has been done
include the general description of the respondents’
location and the characteristics of the respondents,
and the specific data include knowledge, attitude
toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived
behavioral control, intention/action, and athlete’s
action in the first handling of sports injury. The
research was conducted at Campus C Student Center
in the martial arts divisions of Student Club,
Universitas Airlangga, consisting of Jujitsu, Kempo,
Taekwondo, PSHT, Tapak Suci and Perisai Diri,
Merpati Putih, and Karate.
Most of the martial arts athletes are active
students of Universitas Airlangga. Student Clubs
also accepts athletes who are not students of
Universitas Airlangga such as alumni, students other
than those of Universitas Airlangga, junior high
school students, high school students, and workers,
but non-university student athletes member of
Universitas Airlangga Student Club, but only has the
interest of practicing martial arts for other class
matches. The trainers are Student Club alumni who
have a lot of experience in training and martial arts.
Most of the trainers have attended the upgrading of
local and senior student club trainers, for example
athletes who are not actively competing and
becoming assistant coaches.
Every Student Club does martial arts training
twice a week. The duration of the exercise is 2-3
hours depending on the training materials to be
delivered. The frequency and duration of the
exercise can increase or increase in intensity during
game preparation. The exercise routine is twice a
week, and the preparation for the practice game goes
up to six times a week. The Student Club martial arts
training ground in the Student Center has been
provided with a mattress room with a schedule
according to the agreement of all martial arts
chairmen. When match preparation and use of the
mattress room is not scheduled, then martial arts
athletes can practice anywhere around the Student
Center building.
Each martial arts Student Club division has been
equipped with martial arts protective equipment
such as headgear, body protectors, protective foot
padding/shinguard/foot-protectors, fingers protection
(gloves), and hand-protectors. Most of the protective
equipment in the Student Club martial arts division
Sports Injury First Aid Behavior of Martial Arts Student Club Members
237

is not sufficient for the number of athletes, so there
are athletes wearing old protectors, and conditions
are not perfect.
Demographic data of members of the Student
Club martial arts division, Universitas Airlangga, as
follows: Taekwondo has the highest number of
athletes with 15 (25%); this is because Taekwondo
athletes are very active in practicing. A small
number of martial arts athletes from Perisai Diri
Student Club have very few athletes who exercise,
of the 60 athletes who are the most athlete
respondents with 38 athletes (63.4%) and most of
the 18-20 year old athletes with 34 (56.7%) who
have martial learning experience for more than 5
years since the martial art athlete of Universitas
Airlangga is a female athlete who has become an
athlete before becoming a student of Universitas
Airlangga and become a member of student club.
Table 1 shows that most martial arts athletes had
bruise sports injuries with 26 athletes (43.3%), due
to frequent physical contact both during training and
during matches. Broken bones were experienced by
martial arts athletes at Student Club Universitas
Airlangga, as many as two athletes (3.3%), when
training and competing using the protective
equipment that has been provided.
In Table 2 results show that most athletes of
Student Club of Universitas Airlangga have a good
knowledge in the first handling of sports injuries
with 25 athletes (41.7%). A small number of martial
arts athletes have poor knowledge in performing the
first treatment of sports injuries with a total of 12
athletes (20%). Then the attitude shows that most of
the martial arts athletes of Universitas Airlangga
have a negative attitude towards the habit of doing
the first handling of sports injuries, with 32 athletes
(53.3%); there were some athletes with positive
attitude towards the habit of doing the first handling
of sports injuries, totaling 28 athletes (46%).
The subjective sections of the norm indicate that
the athletes’ confidence in the other person and the
motivation derived from others in the athletes’
environment are in the moderate category with 49
athletes (81.7%), whereas a small percentage of
athletes are categorized as having confidence and
high motivation from others in the environments of
athletes, amounting to four athletes (6.7%).
PBC showed that the perception of controlling
athletes’ behavior was mostly in the moderate
category with 41 athletes (68.3%), whereas a small
percentage of athletes (3.3%), only two athletes, had
perceptions that controlled strong athlete behavior.
Intention distribution data showed that most of
the athletes’ intentions in performing the first
treatment of exercise injuries were moderate with 37
athletes (61.7%); some had weak intentions in the
first treatment of injuries (seven athletes). The
Action section shows the results that athletes’
actions in the first handling of sports injuries are
mostly in the average category with 40 athletes
(66.7%). A small number of athletes have fewer
skills or actions, with three athletes (5%), while
martial arts athletes of Student Club of Universitas
Airlangga who have good skills or actions amount to
five athletes (8.3%).
Table 1: The number of injuries experienced by martial
arts athletes.
Type of Injury
n
(%)
Sprain and strain
10
16.7
Muscle Cramp
16
26.7
Bruise
26
43.3
Dislocation
6
10
Fracture
2
3.3
Total
60
100
Table 2: Variables measurement.
Variable
n
(%)
Knowledge
Poor (<60%)
12
20
Average (60-75)%
23
38.3
Good (75-100)%
25
41.7
Attitude
Positive
28
46.7
Negative
32
53.3
Subjective Norm
Low (6-36)
7
11.7
Moderate (37-66)
49
81.7
High (67-96)
4
6.6
PBC
Weak (6-36)
17
28.3
Moderate (37-66)
41
68.3
Strong (67-96)
2
3.3
Intention
Weak (6-12)
7
11.7
Moderate (13-18)
37
61.7
Strong (19-24)
16
26.7
Action
Poor (6-12)
15
25.0
Average (13-18)
40
66.7
Good (19-24)
5
8.3
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Table 3 shows that knowledge relates to the
attitude of martial arts athletes of Universitas
Airlangga Student Club with the strength of medium
and positive relationship. Knowledge relates to the
subjective norm of martial arts athletes of
Universitas Airlangga’s University Student Club
with weak strength and positive relationship
direction. Knowledge relating to PBC of athletes in
performing the first handling of sports injuries with
positive direction indicates the more knowledge then
the higher the controls that shape the first handling
behavior of sports injuries.
Attitudes related to the intent of the athlete in
performing the first handling of sports injuries with
moderate strength in a positive direction show that
the more positive the attitudes of athletes, the
stronger their intentions. The subjective norm relates
to the intention of the athlete in performing the first
treatment of moderate strength exercise injury in a
positive direction, and the higher the subjective
norm, the stronger the athlete’s intention.
PBC is associated with the athlete’s intention in
performing the first treatment of moderate-strength
exercise injury in a positive direction. Controls have
an important role in generating intentions. The
athlete’s intentions are not related to the athlete’s
actions in the first handling of sports injuries.
PBC is related to the athlete’s actions in the first
handling of sports injuries with the strength of a
moderate relationship in the direction of a positive
relationship; the higher the athlete’s PBC, the better
will be the athlete’s actions in performing the first
handling of the sports injury.
4 DISCUSSION
Behavior with regard to the first handling of sports
injuries is the most important part of determining the
healing process of sports injuries experienced by
athletes. With adequate first handling of sports
injuries, athletes can immediately return to training
and matches with maximum performance.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that knowledge of athletes of Universitas
Airlangga Student Club is related to attitude in first
handling of sports injuries. The results of the data
show that most martial artists have good knowledge
and a positive attitude in the first handling of sports
injuries. A small percentage of athletes have good
knowledge with a negative attitude because the
athlete knows how to do the first handling of sports
injuries but keeps doing what is prohibited during
the rehabilitation process. On item 7, things to avoid
when suffering a sprain injury or strain of the
knowledge instrument, eight athletes answered ‘not
rested’, but there are other things that are also
prohibited, that is, massaging and providing heat
(balm, patch, etc.). According to Norris (2011),
massaging on the part where there is a sprain or
strain injury can cause bleeding to continue and adds
to the congestion. This causes an increase in the
duration of the healing process of a sports injury
suffered, thus causing repetitive injuries because the
injured part is forced to bear the same burden just
before the injury.
Knowledge according to Notoatmodjo (2007) is
everything that is known and believed. Attitude is a
positive or negative evaluation of certain objects,
people, institutions, events, behaviors, or interests
(Ajzen 2005). Knowledge gained from all that is
known and believed includes beliefs about behaviors
displayed with certain results, or some other
attributes such as costs or losses incurred during
behavior due to lack of facilities (Ajzen 2005).
The athlete’s correct knowledge of the first
handling of a sports injury will get a positive
outcome. Someone who believes that a behavior can
produce a positive outcome will have a positive
attitude in the first handling of a sports injury (Ajzen
2005). The better the knowledge that the athlete has
about the first handling of sports injuries, the more
the athlete will believe that this will have a positive
impact, and the athlete will be positive.
Table 3: The variable statistical test.
Correlation test between variables
(Spearman’s rho test)
p value
r
Knowledge
Attitude
0.000
0.459
Knowledge
Subjective Norm
0.002
0.390
Knowledge
PBC
0.000
0.452
Attitude
Intention
0.000
0.498
Subjective Norm
Intention
0.000
0.593
PBC
Intention
0.000
0.498
Intention
Action
0.117
0.205
PBC
Action
0.000
0.579
Sports Injury First Aid Behavior of Martial Arts Student Club Members
239

The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that the knowledge of martial arts athletes of
Universitas Airlangga Student Club is related to the
subjective norms of athletes in the first treatment of
sports injuries. The findings of data from 60 athletes
who were respondents in this study who had a good
level of knowledge with high subjective norms were
only two athletes, meaning that only two athletes
actually did what instructors or senior instructed.
The subjective norm is a factor from outside the
individual that contains a person’s perception of
whether others will agree or disagree with a
behavior (Baron & Byne 2000). Subjective norms
are determined by normative beliefs and motivation
to comply. According to Ajzen (2005) beliefs
concerning expectations of respected or influential
individuals and groups such as parents, spouses,
friends, or others depend on the behavior involved.
The behavior in the first handling of sports injuries
is the most important part of determining the healing
process of sports injuries experienced by athletes.
With adequate first handling of sports injuries,
athletes can immediately return to training and
matches with maximum performance.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that knowledge of athletes of Universitas
Airlangga Student Club is related to attitude in the
first handling of sports injuries. The results of the
data show that most martial artists have good
knowledge and a positive attitude in the first
handling of sports injuries. A small percentage of
athletes have good knowledge with a negative
attitude because the athlete knows how to do the first
handling of sports injuries but keeps doing what is
prohibited during the rehabilitation process. On item
7, things to avoid when suffering a sprain injury or
strain of the knowledge instrument, eight athletes
answered ‘not rested’, but there are other things that
are also prohibited, that is, massaging and providing
heat (balm, patch, etc.). According to Norris (2011)
massaging on the part where there is a sprain or
strain injury can cause bleeding to continue and adds
to the congestion. This causes an increase in the
duration of the healing process of a sports injury
suffered, thus causing repetitive injuries because the
injured part is forced to bear the same burden as
before the injury.
Knowledge according to Notoatmodjo (2007) is
everything that is known and believed. Attitude is a
positive or negative evaluation of certain objects,
people, institutions, events, behaviors, or interests
(Ajzen 2005). Knowledge gained from all that is
known and believed includes beliefs about behaviors
displayed with certain results, or some other
attributes such as costs or losses incurred during
behavior due to lack of facilities (Ajzen 2005).
The athlete’s correct knowledge of the first
handling of a sports injury will get a positive
outcome. Someone who believes that a behavior can
produce a positive outcome will have a positive
attitude in the first handling of a sports injury (Ajzen
2005). The better the knowledge that the athlete has
about the first handling of sports injuries, the more
the athlete will believe that this will have a positive
impact, and the athlete will be positive.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that the knowledge of martial arts athletes of
Universitas Airlangga Student Club is related to the
subjective norms of athletes in the first treatment of
sports injuries. The findings of data from 60 athletes
who were respondents in this study showed that
there were only two athletes who had a good level of
knowledge with high subjective norms, meaning that
only two athletes actually did what instructors or
senior SMEs instructed. The subjective norm is a
factor from outside the individual that contains a
person’s perception of whether others will agree or
disagree with a behavior (Baron & Byne 2000).
Subjective norms are determined by normative
beliefs and motivation to comply. According to
Ajzen (2005) beliefs concerning expectations of
respected or influential individuals and groups such
as parents, spouses, friends, or others depend on the
behavior involved.
Motivational hierarchy explains the need to be
rewarded (self-esteem needs) visible to the
individual’s need for reward, also called the “ego”
need. This need is related to the desire to possess a
positive image and receive attention, recognition,
and appreciation from others (Abraham Maslow
1948). Based on subjective norms, most athletes
have confidence in the perceptions and motivations
of the trainers or senior. This indicates that the need
for recognition that a coach or senior trainer should
be made a belief as a consequence of the behaviors
displayed, while athletes themselves have the need
to receive trainer or senior attention when
experiencing sports injuries. Negative attitudes of
athletes with strong intentions will pose a high risk
of inadequate handling of injuries, such as
repositioning dislocated joints without waiting for
experts to come up with the reasons the coach or
senior has the same experience. Positively
evaluating the perception and motivation of others
around the athlete is necessary to establish a positive
attitude of the athlete in performing the first
treatment of a sports injury. The results of
Spearman’s rho statistical analysis showed that the
subjective norm of martial arts athletes of
Universitas Airlangga is related to the intention of
the athlete in performing the first treatment of the
injury.
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240

The results of the data in Table 2 show that there
are three athletes who have high subjective norms
with strong intention strength. The subjective norm
is not only determined by the referent but also
determined by normative beliefs and motivation to
comply (Ajzen 2005). There is a belief in the
perceptions displayed by the athlete’s referrals, i.e to
trainers or senior martial arts to carry out the first
handling of sports injuries. The desire to fulfill the
perceptions that are supported by the motivation of
the coach or senior will give the athlete confidence
in the first handling of sports injuries. Athletes who
have high subjective norms and strong intention
strength due to the individual most referents who
approve individuals to perform behavior (Ajzen
2005). According to the theory of planned behavior,
a person can act on his intention or intent only if he
has control over his behavior (Ajzen 2002). This
suggests that the subjective norms that come from
the coach or senior will reinforce the intention being
used as a link to show behavior.
Most martial arts athletes have the desire to
undertake the first treatment of ideal sports injuries
according to theory, but with the belief in the
perceptions and motivations given by the trainers or
senior SMEs in the martial arts groups at Universitas
Airlangga. The greatest number of athletes who have
subjective norms are with the intention of being.
This is due to the base rate of the athletes’ intentions
by Ajzen (2005); the base rate is the level of
probability of a behavior to be performed by the
individual. Most referents who approve and support
athletes then base rate will increase and influence
the strength of intentions are becoming strong.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that PBC Universitas Airlangga Student
Club associated with the intention of athletes in
undertaking first treatment on sports injuries. The
results of the data show that only two athletes have
strong PBC with strong intention; most athletes have
PBC with moderate strength intentions. The theory
of planned behavior emphasizes not only individual
rationality and behavior but also beliefs that
behavior targets are under control when individuals
have, for example, availability of resources and
opportunities to display such behavior (Ajzen 2005).
Martial arts athletes of Universitas Airlangga
Student Club have a desire to do the first handling of
sports injuries but control such behavior as an
opportunity to perform the behaviour. The density of
the college schedule makes the rehabilitation process
not optimal and causes athletes to have the power of
moderate intention. According to Ajzen (2005), ‘a
person performs a certain behavior if the person
evaluates the behavior positively, if the individual
gets pressure from society to do the behavior, and if
the individual believes it is normal and has the
opportunity to perform the behavior, with complete
facilities and sufficient time on the sidelines.
Through teaching an athlete can improve his
behavior control and produce a strong intention to
do the first treatment of sports injuries.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that the intention of martial arts athletes of
Universitas Airlangga Student Club is not related to
athletes’ actions in the first handling of sports
injuries. According to the theory of planned
behavior, one can act on the intention or intent only
if one has control over one’s behavior (Ajzen 2000).
This theory emphasizes not only rationality and
human behavior but also beliefs that behavior targets
are under control when individuals have, for
example, availability of resources and opportunities
to perform such actions (Ajzen 2005). The results of
the data show that a small percentage of athletes
have strong intentions with good action and that
most athletes have moderate strength intentions with
moderate measures. This is because some athletes
have moderate knowledge with a negative attitude in
which the athlete’s negative attitude is also
associated with a belief in what perceptions of the
senior and athlete trainers are and the lack of
completeness of the tools and the limited time to
carry out the first handling of sports injuries. This
leads to the inadequate first handling of sports
injuries.
Martial artists intend to take action in the first
handling of sports injuries properly and correctly,
but athletes prefer to do what the coach and seniors
do. According to the theory of planned behavior,
which was proposed by Ajzen (2005), the accuracy
of intention in predicting behavior is certainly not
unconditional because it was found that the intention
does not always result in behavior. Also, PBC can
directly produce behavior without having to go
through intention.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that PBC athletes of Universitas Airlangga
Student Club associated with athletes’ actions in the
first handling of sports injuries. According to the
theory of planned behavior, one can act on the
intention or intent only if one has control over one’s
behavior (Ajzen 2000). This shows that the way a
person acts and behaves is not based on his intention
in all situations. PBC is a characteristic feature of
this theory because PBC can be linked in two ways,
ie indirectly through intermediate intentions, and the
second way is the PBC directly connected resulting
in action (Ajzen 2005). Most athletes have a
moderate PBC with considerable skill or action.
Perceived behavioral control is determined by
individual past experiences as well as individual
thoughts about the difficult or easy conduct of a
behavior (Ajzen 2005). Most athletes who have a
Sports Injury First Aid Behavior of Martial Arts Student Club Members
241

moderate PBC with sufficient action due to athletes
have resistance when first handling sports injuries;
athletes strongly agree that very crowded lecture
schedules resulting in lack of breaks and non-routine
treatment is an obstacle for athletes to carrying out
adequate care of sports injuries. Athletes also
strongly agree that there is no guide to handling
injuries in exercise and this is an obstacle to
performing the first treatment of sports injuries.
Trainers or seniors in Student Club are always
advised to do the handling of sports injuries as a role
model. If the action has not been effective, then the
coach and senior should always monitor the athlete
during the healing process of the injury and give
them a special program when training that does not
put strain on injured parts of the body. Most athletes
strongly agree that the target to be a champion is a
driver to recover from injury; athletes believe that
the training program created by trainers and senior
SMEs will enable athletes to become champions. So
there is a meaningful relationship between PBC and
action in that the strength of the relationship is in a
positive direction.
Martial arts athletes of Universitas Airlangga
Student Club have a desire to do the first handling of
sports injuries but control such behavior as an
opportunity to perform the behavior. The density of
the college schedule makes the rehabilitation process
not optimal and causes athletes to have the power of
moderate intention. According to Ajzen (2005), a
person performs a certain behavior if the person
evaluates the behavior positively plus the individual
gets pressure from the social to do the behavior, and
the individual believes normally and has the
opportunity to perform the behavior, with complete
facilities and sufficient time on the sidelines of an
athletic lecture athlete can improve his behavior
control and produce a strong intention to do the first
treatment of sports injuries.
The results Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that the intention of martial arts athletes of
Universitas Airlangga is not related to athletes’
actions in the first handling of sports injuries.
According to the theory of planned behavior, one
can act on the intention or intent only if one has
control over one’s behavior (Ajzen 2000). This
theory not only emphasizes not only rationality and
human behavior but also beliefs that behavior targets
are under control when individuals have, for
example, availability of resources and opportunities
to perform such actions (Ajzen 2005). The results of
the data show that a small percentage of athletes
have strong intentions with good action and that
most athletes have moderate strength intentions with
moderate measures. This is because some athletes
have moderate knowledge with a negative attitude in
which the athlete’s negative attitude is also
associated with a belief in what the perceptions of
the senior and athlete trainers are and the lack of
completeness of the tools and the limited time to
carry out the first handling of sports injuries. This
leads to the inadequate first handling of sports
injuries. Regarding intent, martial arts athletes
intend to take action in the first handling of sports
injuries properly and correctly but prefer to do what
the coach and seniors do. According to the theory of
planned behavior, which was proposed by Ajzen
(2005), the accuracy of intention in predicting
behavior is certainly not unconditional because it
was found that the intention does not always result
in behavior. Also, PBC can directly produce
behavior without having to go through intention.
The results of Spearman’s rho statistical analysis
showed that for martial arts athletes of Universitas
Airlangga Student Club, PBC is associated with
athletes’ actions in the first handling of sports
injuries. According to the theory of planned
behavior, one can act on the intention or intent only
if one has control over one’s behavior (Ajzen 2000).
This shows not in all situations a person acts,
behaves based on his intensity. PBC is a
characteristic feature of this theory because PBC can
be linked in two ways, i.e. indirectly through
intermediate intentions, and the second way is the
PBC directly connected resulting in action (Ajzen
2005). Most athletes have a moderate PBC with
considerable skill or action.
Perceived behavioral control is determined by
individual past experiences as well as individual
thoughts about the difficult or easy conduct of a
behavior (Ajzen 2005). Most athletes have a
moderate PBC with sufficient action due to athletes
having resistance when first handling sports injuries;
athletes strongly agree that very crowded lecture
schedules resulting in lack of breaks and non-routine
treatment is an obstacle for athletes to carrying out
adequate care of sports injuries. Athletes also
strongly agree that there is no guide to handling
injuries in exercise and this is an obstacle to
performing the first treatment of sports injuries.
Trainers or seniors in Student Club are always
advised to do the handling of sports injuries as a role
model. If the action has not been effective, then the
coach and senior should always monitor the athlete
during the healing process of the injury and give
them a special program when training that does not
put strain on injured parts of the body. Most athletes
strongly agree that the target to be a champion is a
driver to recover from injury; athletes believe that
the training program created by trainers and senior
SMEs will enable athletes to become champions. So
there is a meaningful relationship between PBC and
action in that the strength of the relationship is in a
positive direction.
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5 CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge relates to the attitude of martial arts
athletes of Universitas Airlangga Student Club with
the strength of medium and positive relationship.
Knowledge relates to subjective norm of martial arts
athletes of Universitas Universitas AirlanggaStudent
Club with weak strength and positive relationship
direction. Knowledge relating to PBC of athletes in
performing the first handling of sports injuries with
positive direction indicates both knowledge the more
and a higher degree of control that shapes the
behavior in the first handling of sports injuries.
Attitudes related to the intent of the athlete in
performing the first handling of sports injuries with
moderate strength in a positive direction show that
the more positive the attitudes of athletes, the
stronger their intentions. The subjective norm relates
to the intention of the athlete in performing the first
treatment of moderate strength exercise injury in a
positive direction, and the higher the subjective
norm, the stronger the athlete’s intention.
PBC is associated with the athlete’s intention in
performing the first treatment of moderate-strength
exercise injury in a positive direction. Controls have
an important role in generating intentions. The
athlete’s intentions are not related to the athlete’s
actions in the first handling of sports injuries.
PBC is related to the athlete’s actions in the first
handling of sports injuries with the strength of a
moderate relationship in the direction of a positive
relationship; the higher the athlete’s PBC, the better
will be the athlete’s actions in performing the first
handling of the sports injury.
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