The Relationship of Self Care with Elderly Well Being

A Systematic Review

Muhammad Luthfi, Tintin Sukartini, Ferry Efendi

Faculty of Nursing Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Elderly, Mental Health and Self Care.

Abstract: Inability to manage an everyday activity independently is a common reason for self-care, with self-care

activities can support the health of the elderly to improve self-esteem, life satisfaction, and prevent depression.

Elderly people living in the community tend to experience self-sufficiency, and need more help in daily life.

The independence of a person in the overall health measure is about the way individuals perform physical and

social tasks, as well as maintaining normal daily self-care, such as bathing, dressing, BAK / CHAPTER,

moving from a chair, maintaining a continual and eating. The key words used were elderly, mental health and

self-care. Journal articles search were done electronically using multiple databases, namely: Science Direct

and Scopus. Limitation year used was 6 years (2012 -2017). From the results obtained fifteen literatures

selected of journal articles from 1979 journal articles found. Twelve studies raised in this study is inequality

technique (heterogenesis), but self-care can support the health of the elderly to improve self-esteem, life

satisfaction, and prevent depression. To improve self-esteem, life satisfaction, and prevent depression, some

researchers showed a positive correlation, as evidenced by the result of self-care agency relationship between

high self-care agency and interrelated factors encourage self-care, namely: (1) attitude and behavior of

members family, (2) characteristics and attitude of the client, and (3) attitude / behavior of staff.

1 BACKGROUND

The aging process is a gradual process of gradual

disappearance of the network's ability to repair itself

/ replace itself and maintain its normal structure and

function. Humans slowly regressed organ structures

and structures. This condition clearly shows that

aging process is a combination of various interrelated

factors that can affect the independence and health of

the elderly. Entering old age means a setback, such as

physical decline characterized by loosening of skin,

whitening hair, tooth loss, poor hearing, worsening

vision, slow movements, and unprofessional posture

(Wahyudi Nugroho, 2008).

Tanaka (2013) says aging is not a disease or

disability, although there are many elderly who

experience disability. Many elderly are limited in

activities or daily mobility. In fact, more than 60% of

the elderly with functional impairment due to health

problems at age 65 and above (Freedman and Berk,

1988; Clark, 1993). Physical weakness makes elderly

tend to become socially isolated and functional

decline that can lead to mental health problems.

Some general principles concerning the effects of

aging on various organ systems in the elderly,

dependence stem from physical, emotional, social or

mental changes. The change in age-related

dependence is influenced by a decrease in activity

levels (Freedman and Berk, 1988). Functional

independence or mobility of the elderly affects the

mental status of the elderly, and functional

independence has a significant relationship with

mobility (Tanaka, 2013).

2 METHODS

A literature Journal articles search were done

electronically using multiple databases, namely:

Science Direct and Scopus. Limitation year used was

6 years (2012 -2017). From the results obtained

twelve literatures selected of journal articles from

1979 journal articles found, the article’s inclusion

criteria were: (1) elderly, (2) mental health and (3)

self-care.

The parameters used to determine elderly for self-

care was by using Health-Related Quality of Life

Luthﬁ, M., Sukartini, T. and Efendi, F.

The Relationship of Self Care with Elderly Well Being.

DOI: 10.5220/0008328005270531

In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 527-531

ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0

527

(HRQOL), The Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale

(ESCAS), Self-as-Care Inventory (SCI), General

Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale, Self-Care Agency Scale,

MentaHealth Inventory (MHI-5), Barthel Index. This

research has been approved by the Commission of

Health Research Ethics Faculty of Airlangga

University No. 607-KEPK.

3 RESULTS

Kim, 2017 suggests 60 respondents with covenience

sampling for Health-Related Quality Of Life

(HRQOL) shows a positive correlation with daily life

activities (ADL).

After 6 months of intervention, quality of life,

average health knowledge, self-concept, self-care

ability, and all self-care agencies have significant

differences from baseline to post-intervention (Sun,

2017). Self care agency in elderly patients shows

significant positive correlation with behavior, then

self care behavior is higher when self care agency is

high. The result of regression analysis, clarity of

strength of self care agency is 77%, indicating that

self care agency is a variable that strongly influence

for self care behavior. (Kim, 2016)

It was found that most respondents (124, 88.6%)

always consume a variety of daily protein sources. An

understanding of self-care and self-efficacy practices

is needed to improve health care in developing

countries (irwan, 2016)

Karagozoglu, 2012, obtained statistical results,

there is a weak negative correlation between fatigue

with energy level, a weak positive correlation

between self-care agency with energy level, weak

negative correlation between self-care agency with

fatigue level.

The results show that three interrelated factors

encourage self care, namely: (1) attitudes and

behaviors of family members, (2) characteristics and

attitudes of clients, and (3) attitudes / behavior of

staff. Therefore, to promote independent self-care of

the elderly, cooperation between staff, family

caregivers and the elderly (Chang, 2013)

Chan, 2015 undertook measurements of reported

health conditions regarding disease knowledge, and

biomarkers (HbA1c, blood pressure, peak expiratory

flow, lipid panel, albumin, and creatinine). SCOPE is

also designed to provide information on chronic

diseases and the utilization of health facilities in the

community with the elderly.

Elderly who receive informal care can reduce the

risk depression by 42% and an increase of one hour

of formal treatment increased MHI-5 by 1.8 points on

a scale of 0-100. Individuals who did not receive

formal care had an average estimate of MHI-5 44, 9,

while

Individuals who received formal care had an

average MHI-5 52.6. If we standardize the MHI-5

score, it is found that one additional hour of formal

treatment will increase MHI-5 by 0.09 standard

deviation (Barnay, 2016)

Ouden, 2012, made adjustments for confusion,

walking speed and shorter time to carry out standing

seat tests with higher probability of being

independent in daily life activities (ADLs). And no

associations were found for grip strength, physical

performance score, standing balance and physical

activity in the elderly

Matsui, 2014, attributes the independence of the

elderly daily with the power of significantly related

subscribers in the right hands of both sexes, and the

more significant, related strength in both hands in

women and in the left hand in men. The correlation

index varies by sex, side and age group, especially in

men in their 70s, and in women aged less than 70

years and women in their 80s.

Standard Mance Perfor- presented to men and

women aged 60-94 shows the level of fitness

associated with staying physically independent until

the end of his life. The reliability and validity of

indicators for standards ranges between 0.79 and 0.97

(Rikli, 2012)

In the exploratory factor analysis, high factor

loading for toiletries, makeup, toilets and transfers to

and from seats (loading factor) Maintaining

continuity and breastfeeding correlated less with

other items and total scale.One extraction factor

accounted for 61% of total variance.Consistency

internal tested by Cronbach's alpha (a) Cronbach's

coefficient is 0.838 The result shows good internal

consistency results for Katz ADL that supports its

reliability If the continuity of the item has been

removed, Cronbach's alpha will be 0.884, if the item

has been removed, the Cronbach alpha will be 0.845

Thirty-six patients were interviewed twice in one

week period by the same interviewer There was no

difference between the two two assessments

(interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 1,000, 95%

CI 1,000-1,000) .The stability of the retest of Katz

ADL was perfect The inter-rater reliability is also

good, reflected from the ICC 0.999 (95% CI 0.999-

1000) .Nursing r the home population has decreased

the value of Katz ADL compared with patients living

at home Patients with dementia also had lower Katz

INC 2018 - The 9th International Nursing Conference: Nurses at The Forefront Transforming Care, Science and Research

528

Table 1: The characteristic of journal.

No Title

Design Sample

Variable

Instrument Analysis Result

1 Health-Related

Quality-of-Life

and Diabetes

Self-Care

Activity in

Elderly Patients

with Diabetes in

Korea (Kim,

2017)

Design:

Cross Sectional

Sample: 60

Sampling:

covenience

Variable:

1. Quality of

Life

2. Self-Care

Elderly

1.Instrument:

Korean version of

the ADL

questionnaire (K-

ADL)

2.Short Geriatric

Depression Scale

(SGDS)

Questionnaire

3.Summary of

Diabetes Self

Care Activities

(SDSA)

Questionnaire

4. Short-Form

Health Survey

(SF-36

Independent

t-tests,

Pearson

correlations,

and stepwise

multiple

regression

The average Total Health-Related

Quality of Life (HRQOL) score

was 74.77, and HRQOL showed a

positive correlation with daily life

activity (ADL), and Summary of

Diabetes Self-Care Activities

(SDSA). There is a negative

correlation between HRQOL and

Short Geriatric Depression Scale

(SGDS). The lower the SGDS

score, the SDSA score, and the

male sex associated with HRQOL

are higher

2 Quality of life

and self-care in

elderly patients

with

cardiovascular

diseases: The

effect of a

Traditional

Chinese

Medicine health

educational

intervention

(Sun, 2017)

Design:

Quasi-

experimental

Sample: 48

control: 50

Variable:

1. Quality of

Life

2. Self-Care

Elderly

1. the Short Form

Health Survey

(SF-36)

2. The Exercise of

Self-Care Agency

Scale (ESCAS)

Independent

t-test

After 6 months of intervention,

quality of life, mean health

knowledge, self-concept, self-care

ability, and all self-care agencies

had significant differences from

baseline to post intervention in the

intervention group significantly

increased (p <0.05)

3 The Effects of

Elderly Diabetic

Patients’ Self-

Care Agency on

their Self-Care

Behavior (Kim,

2016)

Design:

Cross Sectional

Sampel: 222

Variable:

1. Diabetes

2. Self Care

Elderly

1. Self-as-Care

Inventory (SCI)

2. self-care

behavior scale

t-test, one-

way

ANOVA,

Scheffe’s

test, dan

Pearson’s

correlation

Self care agency in elderly

patients with diabetes mellitus

showed a significant positive

correlation with self care behavior

(r = 0.82, p <.001). That is, self

care behavior is higher when the

self-care agency is high.

According to regression analysis,

the clarity of self care agency's

strength is 77% (p <.001),

indicating that self care agency is

a variable that has strong

influence for self care behavior.

4 Self-care

practices and

health-seeking

behavior among

older persons in

a developing

country:

Theories-based

research (Irwan,

2016)

Design:

Cross Sectional

Sampel: 140

Variable:

1 Self Care

2 Health

Seeking

Behaviour

3 Elderly

1. Health

Promoting

Lifestyle Profile

II (HPLP)

questionnaire

2. Rapid

Estimate of Adult

Literacy in

Medicine Short

Form (REALM-

SF)

3. General Self-

Efficacy (GSE)

scale

Fisher's

exact tests

and x

tests,

Spearman's

rank order

correlation,

logistic

regression

analysis

It was found that most

respondents (124, 88.6%) always

consume a variety of daily protein

sources. However, many

participants never limit the

consumption of sugar (55, 39.3%)

or salt (40, 28.6%), and more than

half of respondents (96,68,6%) do

not do Monthly Health Check-

Ups (MHC ) regularly. An

understanding of self-care and

self-efficacy practices is needed

to improve health care in

develo

countries

The Relationship of Self Care with Elderly Well Being

529

ADL scores compared with untreated patients (Arik,

2015

4 DISCUSSION

Summary of research conducted review; shows a

positive effect on the physical changes that occur in

the elderly will certainly affect the independence of

the elderly. Independence is freedom to act,

independent of others, unaffected by others and free

to govern oneself or the activities of an individual or

group of health or disease. Independence in the

elderly is very important to take care of itself to meet

basic human needs.

The existence of functional dependence increases

with age for example in elderly. Thus, today, the

assessment of functional independence is a priority of

health services worldwide. However, by not being

independent of the elderly leads to mental disorders.

These results indicate a decrease in functional

independence affecting mental disorders in the

elderly, threatening self-care skills. Other studies

have shown that the relationship between functional

independence and mental disorder is characterized by

reciprocity, ie functional dependence can trigger

mental disorders.

The awareness of the elderly with independence

in maintaining life, health and welfare. Independence

in the elderly depends on the ability of functional

status in performing daily activities.

Self-care is a personal act that every individual

undertakes to sustain life, health, and well-being, and

consistently fulfills personal health. There are three

types of self-care: universal, developmental, and

divergence of health,

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that aged people who experience

the aging process can influence the function

kemandiriaan evidenced menurunya self-care on the

elderly, so if not resolved can lead to mental health in

the elderly. And there are eight dimensions or

requirements that human must fulfill for self-care that

is maintenance of adequate air supply, maintenance

of adequate water supply, adequate provision of food

supplies, provision of treatments associated with

elimination and excretion, maintaining balance

between activity and rest, maintenance balance

between loneliness and social relationships,

prevention of life hazards, human functions, and

human well-being and desire to be normal.

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