The Effectiveness of Carica papaya L. Sap and Piper betle L.

in Control of Mosquito Larvae Aides Aegypti Growth

Nuh Huda and Nur Chabibah

Nursing Department STIKES Hang Tuah Surabaya, Jl. Gadung No.1, Surabaya Indonesia

Keywords: Carica papaya L. Sap, Piper betle L., Aides Aegypti Larvae Growth.

Abstract: Natural insecticides can be used to infect Aides Aegypti larvae. Natural insecticides have advantage of

containing compounds that are not harmful for human and do not cause resistance, e.g. Carica papaya L. sap

and Piper betle L. The research purpose was to analyze the effectiveness of Carica papaya L. sap and Piper

betle L. against Aides aegypti larvae death. The research was done at Entomology Laboratory of East Java

Health Department. Instar III larvae Aides Aegypti put in tube 250 mL, each tube was contains 25 larvae. 1

gram of Carica papaya L. sap and Piper betle L. powder put in each tube, abate as much as 0.01 gram put in

tube another as positive control and last tube only contain Aides Aegypti larvae as negative control. Then

counted and observed the number of Aides aegypti larvae death every days. Research design was using true

experiment with randomized post-test only control design. Data were analysed by using one sample

Kolmogorov Smirnov Test. The results showed that Piper betle L. and Carica papaya L. sap can use to control

Aides Aegypti larvae’s growth.

1 BACKGROUND

Several diseases are associated to the mosquito–

human interaction (El-sheikh, Al-fifi, & Alabboud,

2016), e.g. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DBD).

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever is infectious diseases

caused by dengue virus with clinical manifestations

of fever, muscle pain or joint pain accompanied by

leukopenia, rash, lymphadenopathy,

thrombocytopenia and haemorrhagic dieses (Aru,

2009). Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever symptoms are

sudden fever, lasting 2 – 7 days, redness, headache,

back and stomach (Sucipto, 2011). Dengue

eradication efforts can be done by breaking the spread

of vector Aides Aegypti larvae using insecticides

(Wahyuni, 2015).

Aides Aegypti mosquito is the main vector of

haemorrhagic fever transmission (Marques &

Kaplan, 2015). Aides Aegypti proliferates in

temporary containers and around house such as

drums, jars, tanks, flower vase, bottles, tin cans, etc

(Subramaniam, Kovendan, Murugan, & Walton,

2012). Aides Aegypti uses human blood and clean

water storage for life cycle and breeding process

(Marques & Kaplan, 2015). Eradication of Aides

Aegypti mosquitoes is very difficult, Aides aegypti

mosquito eggs can survive in latent periods without

water for several months in the environment

(Halstead, 2008). In the rainy season Aides Aegypti

mosquito in optimal condition for seedling and larval

development (Rajasekaran & Duraikannan, 2012).

Larval stage from Aedes aegypti mosquito is

attractive target for pesticides because they breed and

easy to kill in the water (Jacob, 2016).

Boundless use of conventional pesticides in the

water source is harm to people and their environment.

Repellents such as vaporizers, diethytoluimide, and

herbs are widely used in the country to combat Aides

Aegypti mosquito. These repellents are harmful to

human health, and their use should be avoided and

discouraged. Although symptoms disappear shortly

after withdrawal, those who do not suffer acute

toxicity symptoms and continue to use these

repellents for long run may suffer neurotoxic and

immunotoxin hazard (Jacob, 2016). In Indonesia,

during This time the larvae of Aides Aegypti only

has one exterminator is themepos 1% (abate)

(Wahyuni, 2015). In the long time exposure of single

type insecticide will cause resistance, resurgence of

pest species, environmental pollution, toxic hazards

to humans and other non-target organism (Sarwar,

2009).

610

Huda, N. and Chabibah, N.

The Effectiveness of Carica papaya L. Sap and Piper betle L. in Control of Mosquito Larvae Aides Aegypti Growth.

DOI: 10.5220/0008329606100614

In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 610-614

ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0

Resistance Phenomena cause occurrence of

dengue haemorrhagic fever because larvae is

resistance to themepos 1% (abate) will continue to

grow into adult mosquitoes that will transmit dengue

virus to humans. This is also increase incidence of

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (Wahyuni, 2015).

Based on data from East Java Provincial Health

Office until June 2013, there were 11,207 dengue

incidence with Incident Rate (IR) 29.25 and CFR

0.88% (99 people). In Surabaya the incidence rate is

1.504 cases with CFR 0.4% (6 persons) (East Java

Provincial Health Office, 2013). Based on date from

Surabaya health department; in 2013 there are 2.207

cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever, in 2014, dengue

haemorrhagic fewer fell dramatically to 816 case, in

2015 also decreased to 640 cases, but in 2016

experienced a significant increase up to 938 case

(Surabaya health Department, 2013).

Increasing dengue haemorrhagic fever case

requires needed appropriate solution such as natural

Insecticide. The use of herbal product from plants is

one of the main alternative to control the growth of

Aides Aegypti mosquito (Wulandari, 2012). Plants

are rich sources for alternative agents to control of

Aides Aegypti mosquitoes, because they have

bioactive chemicals, specific target-insects and eco-

friendly, less toxic, delay the development of

resistance and are easily biodegradable(Jacob, 2016).

Major emphasis on the use of natural plant based

product as larvacides because the constitute a rich

source of bioactive chemical (Wahyuni, 2015). The

advantage of natural insecticide can eradicate Aides

Aegypti larvae, not to cause resistance and harmless

for humans, as like as Carica Papaya L. sap and Piper

betle L. powder.

Carica papaya L., is species from the genus

Carica and the plant family is Caricaceae. The extract

of seed and leaf have were investigated larvasidal to

Aedes Aegypti (Wahyuni, 2015). Carica Papaya L.

sap including protease enzymes (protein

decomposition) (Wahyuni, 2015). Carica Papaya L.

sap easily decomposes in nature, has good heat

resistance, can damage and break down larvae skin

protein, destroys amino acid that necessary to

development of larvae Aides Aegypti for their growth

(Wulandari, 2012). Piper betle L. contains Saponins

and Flavonoids. Saponins and Flavonoids can

decrease the surface tension of the mucous membrane

tractus of the larval digestive through the lipid

destruction system in the digestive tract region so that

the tract wall becomes corrosive (destroyed) in the

larvae (Devi & Bora, 2017). Based on the background

above, the purpose of the research was to determine

the effectiveness of Carica papaya L. and Piper betle

L. extract to control the growth of Aides Aegypti

larvae.

2 METHODS

2.1 Study Design

Methodology or the research uses true experiment.

This research was conducted at the Entomology

Laboratory of Health Service of East Java, addressed

at Jl. Ahmad Yani No. 118 Surabaya. This research

use tube with size 200 mL, scales, Aedes Aegypti

larvae instar III, temepos (abate) powder, Carica

Papaya L. sap, and Piper betle L. powder.

2.2 Study Population, Sampling, and

Procedure

Sampling Technique using non probability sampling

with purposive sampling approach. The dependent

variable was Aides Aegypti larvae and independent

variable are variable are Carica Papaya L. sap, Piper

betle L. powder, and abate. Research instrument was

an obvervation sheet to find out the number of Aides

Aegypti larvae that died from being treated by using

Carica papaya L. sap and Piper betle L. powder.

Aides Aegypti larva obtained from the

Entomology Laboratory of Health Service of East

Java. The inclution criteria of Aides Aegypti larvae

were larva in healthy condition, can move agile and

reach Instar III, can adapt to room temperature 26-

C. Piper betle L. powder obtained from t Piper

betle L. leaf that dried after washing clean. Dried

Piper betle L. leaf ground using mortal and sifted by

using sieve 10/20 mesh. Carica papaya L. sap powder

obtained from Carica Papaya L. fruit taked sap then

dried by oven. Dried Carica Papaya L. Sap ground

using mortal and sifted by using sieve 10/20 mesh.

2.3 Intervention

Each tube was filled with 100 mL of clean water. 25

Aides Aegypti larvae are added to the tube. After

adapt (approximately 10 minutes) the powder is

added according to the respective group. The 1st

group was negative control, without added anything.

The 2sd group Carica papaya L. sap added 1 gram,

the 3th group added 1 g Piper betle L. powder and the

4th group added abate powder 0,01 mg.

The Effectiveness of Carica papaya L. Sap and Piper betle L. in Control of Mosquito Larvae Aides Aegypti Growth

611

2.4 Data Analysis

The data analysed by using Kolmogorov–Smirnov

Test.

3 RESULTS

Based on the results observations and calculations on

larvae mortality and Bioassay test there was no death

in control larvae, that the observed data on the whole

group can be used for research. The data larvae

mortality can be seen Table 1.

The result about normality test base on One

Sample – Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test. From the

table know that all variant data are normal

distribution, the distribution has no variance for this

variable, and can use One – sample Kolmogorov –

Smirnov – Test, seen from the sign value of 0.05

(table 2).

The Differences of Samples After Treated to

Know Multiple Comparison by One Sample –

Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test presented that there is

difference significant, as we know that the value is

under 0.05 level, from the mean different colom have

star, so it mean have difference (table 3).

The Effectiveness of Carica papaya L. sap and

Piper Betle L in Control of Mosquito Larvae Aides

Aegypti Growth showed that in subset one, three

groups Carica papaya L. sap, Piper betle L., and

abate had not significant differences. Giving Carica

papaya L. sap, Piper betle L., and abate has same

effect to mosquito Aides aegypti larvae. But if

compare with control there are has significant

differences (table 4).

4 DISCUSSION

This study was designed to provide an overview the

effectiveness of Carica Papaya L. sap and Piper betle

L. with Aides Aegypti larvae deaths. According to

table 1 and figure 1, the average larvae mortality rate

after 1 day observation was 10 larvae (with

percentage of death category 40%), and time of 2

days was 23 (with 92% mortality percentage).

Percentage results at 2 days observation time can be

interpreted that with 92% percentage category

included in tolerant category (tolerant because of

larvae death are 80-98%).

Tube 2 is the tube which added by Carica papaya

L. sap. Aides aegypti larvae on tube 2 movement after

being given a lively Carica Papaya L.sap dust, swam

to take food at the bottom of the container and rise to

the surface. Water on a tube that is fed with brownish

yellow and turbid. This occurs in the bottom deposit

of the container derived from Carica papaya L. sap

dust. Death of Aides Aegypti larvae is caused by

Carica papaya L.,sap exposure. Carica Papaya L. sap

contains papain, a proteolytic enzyme that can

decompose larvae skin protein. The enzyme has good

heat resistance. Carica Papaya L. sap compounds

enter through the larvae skin membrane, the number

of compounds entering Carica papaya L. sap causes

damage to skin cells. The destruction of skin cell

membranes causes loss of skin membrane

permeability so that other free-toxic compounds enter

the body of the larvae. The large number of toxic

compounds that enter causes the protein in the larval

skin membrane to be damaged so that the skin as a

protective body is disrupted, and causing death.

From the other research “extract of papaya leaf

and seeds are effective in killing mosquito larvae

Aides Aegypti, indicated by the percentage of larval

mortality, the observation to 48 h, the highest larval

mortality in LC50: 54 ppm and LC90 : 111 ppm”

(Wahyuni, 2015).

In other than, in tube 3, The larvae were very

active to eat but up to 60 minutes observation did not

show significant mortality. But after 24 hours or 1 day

there are 15 larvae that experience death (60%), and

after 2 days 25 larvae were death (100%). Aides

Aegypti larvae deaths were observed because they

have been exposed by Piper betle L.

Piper betle L. contains natural toxic such as

saponin, flavonoid and triterpenoid. Saponin is a

compound that has the activity of binding sterol free

in the digestive system, so with the decrease in the

number of free sterols will affect the process of skin

turnover in insects (Devi & Bora, 2017). Saponin is a

toxin have properties polar, soluble in water, caused

haemolysis in the blood vessels of Aides Aegypti

larva when enter in the body, inhibit metamorphosis

process and formation of the larval skin thus resulting

the death of Aides Aegypti larva. Saponins can also

decrease the activity of protease enzymes in the

digestive tract and interfere with food absorption. If

in the process of food absorption is disturbed then the

nutrients obtained only slightly so that cause

death(Hidayati, 2013).

Saponins have a bitter taste and can cause

irritation to the stomach. The saponins compound

enters the gastrointestinal tract of the larvae due to the

active phase larvae for feeding. The inherited

saponins entering the gastrointestinal tract of the

larvae, especially can inhibit the absorption of

digestive enzymes and cause larval cell damage to the

INC 2018 - The 9th International Nursing Conference: Nurses at The Forefront Transforming Care, Science and Research

612

digestive system to become corrosive.

Flavonoids from Piper betle L. attack work

system as stomach poison so Aides Aegypti larva

fail to recognize food stimulus, so for over time

larva will death caused by starvation. Triterpenoid

or triterpenes is acute toxic compound when

applied topically and/ or incorporated into water. It

is cause reduced feeding and increased mortality.

Water colour on the tube added Piper betle L. green

and there are many piles of betel leaf powder. To

facilitate the observation, the water is filtered and

lighted using a flashlight. Aides Aegypti larvae

movement after being given betel leaf powder is the

movement of larvae began quickly because of

stress after exposure Piper betle L., then the

movement began to slow down as more and more

toxic compounds are ingested and into the body of

the larvae. Movement slow larvae when given a

touch and rolled his body showed the larvae begin

to experience the stage of paralysis to eventually

cause death. Movement slow larvae when given a

touch and rolled his body showed the larvae begin

to experience the stage of paralysis to eventually

cause death.

According to Table 2, the result was presented

about normality test by using One Sample –

Table 1: The data of number Aides Aegypti larval deaths after treatment.

Times Control Carica papaya L. Piper betle L. Abate

0 25 25 25 25

1 25 15 10 0

2 25 2 0 0

3 25 0 0 0

4 25 0 0 0

5 25 0 0 0

Tabel 2: Normality test base on one sample Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test.

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

4 4 4 4 4 3

Normal

arameter2

Mean 25.00 12,50 6.75 6.25 6.25 8.33

Std.

Deviation .000

10.408 12.203 12.500 12.500 14.434

Most

Extreme

Differences

Absolute .155 .401 .441 .441 .385

Positive .155 .401 .441 .441 .385

Negative -.155 -.290 -.309 -.309 -.282

Kolmo

orov

–

Smirnov Z .310 .803 .883 .883 .667

(

2-tailed

)

1.000 .539 .417 .417 .766

Tabel 3: The Differences of samples after treated to know multiple comparison by one Sample – Kolmogorov – Smirnov

Test.

Y tuke

HSD

95% Confidence Interval

(

)

(J)X

Mean Difference

(

I-J

)

Std. Error Sign. Lower

Boun

Upper Bound

C C.P 18.000* 5.229 .013 3.36 32.64

P.B 18.000* 5.229 .013 3.36 32.64

A 20.833* 5.229 .004 6.20 35.47

C.P C -18.000* 5.229 .013 -32.64 -3.36

P.B .000 5.229 1.000 -14.64 14.64

A 2.833 5.229 .948 -11.80 17.47

P.B C -18.000* 5.229 .013 -32.64 -3.36

C.P .000 5.229 1.000 -14.64 14.64

A 2.833 5.229 .948 -11.80 17.47

A C -20.833* 5.229 .004 -35.47 -6.20

C.P -2.833 5.229 .948 -17.47 11.80

P.B -2.833 5.229 .948 -17.47 11.80

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

The Effectiveness of Carica papaya L. Sap and Piper betle L. in Control of Mosquito Larvae Aides Aegypti Growth

613

Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test. From the table 2, all

variant data are normal distribution seen from the

sign value of 0.05. The difference significant from

3 sample (Carica papaya L. sap, Piper betle L., and

Abate) is significant. The value is under 0.05 level

and the mean different colom have star, so it’s mean

have difference.

According to Table 1 Piper battle L. more

effective to reduce Aides Aegypti larvae but base

on Table 4, in subset one, three groups Carica

papaya L. sap, Piper betle L., and abate had not

significant differences. Giving Carica papaya L.

sap, Piper betle L., and abate has same effect to

mosquito Aides Aegypti larvae. But if compare

with control there are has significant differences.

From the table 4 using abate, Carica papaya L. sap

and Piper betle L. effective to reduce Aides aegypti

larvae. But using abate in the long time exposure is

dangerous for the human and environment, so

Carica papaya L. sap and Piper betle L. can use as

an alternative material to reduce Aides Aegypti

larvae, with harmless and eco-friendly.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results obtained that Carica Papaya

L., sap and Piper Betle L., can be used to minimize

the growth of Aides Aegypti larvae. Piper betle L.,

is more effective than Carica Papaya L. sap to

reduce larvae Aides Aegypti. Within 2 days the

number of Aides Aegypti larvae that died caused by

Piper Bitle L. powder more than Carica Papaya L.

sap. For further research it is necessary to research

the effectiveness of dosage of Piper betle L.,

powder.

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