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and others. It can cause less fat intake. Meanwhile,
Wahyuningsih (2013) stated that eating patterns for
an athlete can be fulfilled in three meals (morning,
afternoon and night) and by paying attention to the
addition of certain types of food to provide energy
during training and matches. Thus, hockey athletes in
the research have not paid attention to the quality of
food that must be chosen. Besides, they did not
consider the fat intake needs. In fact, fat is also
beneficial for athletes who need long-running
activities, such as hockey.
Intake of nutrients consumed by athletes will
produce energy and fat which are useful as building
materials and regulators in the body. This nutrient is
needed by athletes in fulfilling daily nutritional needs
that will be used in carrying out daily tasks, exercises,
and physical activities that will support athletic
physical fitness (Maulana & Sulistyarto, 2016).
Fat intake related to the menstrual cycle is equal
to a percentage of body fat, but the latter is the most
influential. It happens because the percentage of body
fat is fat deposits in the long term, while fat intake can
change. If the energy savings are too much, it will be
stored in the form of fat in the body. Food
consumption affects the percentage of body fat. Also,
the excess energy from food fat intake is easily stored
as body fat compared to excess energy from
carbohydrates (Heriyanto, 2012). Also, to convert
excess carbohydrates into body fat, it takes 23% of
the calories digested. Meanwhile, to turn excess fat
into body fat, only 3% of calories are ingested. It is
consistent with the research conducted in
Switzerland, in that of the 2000 calorie carbohydrates
consumed by one group, only 40 calories from excess
carbohydrates are converted into body fat. This is
because the body is more efficient at converting fat
into body fat, compared to turning carbohydrates into
body fat (Clark, 1996).
Fat is undoubtedly influential at the level of
secretion and balance of reproductive hormones that
regulate menstruation in the body because adipose
tissue is significant in forming, converting, and
storing reproductive hormones in regulating the
menstrual cycle. Low levels of body fat can result in
low estrogen levels associated with infertility.
Meanwhile, the amount of increased body fat will
increase the amount of estrogen in the blood so that
the menstrual cycle becomes longer. Excess body fat
can also cause blood vessel hyperplasia which is the
pressure of blood vessels by fat tissue. If this happens
to the female reproductive organs, the blood that
should flow during the menstrual process is disrupted,
resulting in longer menstruation and irregular
menstrual cycles (Rakhmawati A and Dieny FF.,
2013).
5. CONCLUSION
The majority of female hockey athletes in East
Jakarta are at risk of body fat and less fat intake. There
is a relation between body fat percentage and
menstrual cycle disorders of female hockey athletes
in East Jakarta region. There was no relation between
fat intake and menstrual cycle disruption of female
hockey athletes in East Jakarta.
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