Analysis of Labor Absorption
Province of South Sumatera
Leo Budiriansyah, Nurlina Tarmizi and Bambang Bemby Soebyakto
Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
Keyword: Labor Force, domestic investment, foreign investment
Abstract: This study aims to find out how is the level of employment and the influence of economic growth,
investment (domestic investment and foreign investment), and provincial minimum wage affect it in the
province of South Sumatra. The analytical tool used is Multiple Linear Regression with data obtained is
secondary data that is economic growth, domestic invesment, foreign investment, provincial minimum
wage, and number of labor in South Sumatera Province during period 2006-2015. The results showed that
the absorption of labor force in South Sumatra during the period 2006-2015 has a fluctuated value. More
than 50 percent of the workforce is absorbed in the agricultural sector. The rest is mostly absorbed by the
trade and services sectors. Based on the regression result, it is found that economic growth, domestic
invesment, foreign investment have a significant and positive effect on employment, while provincial
minimum wage also has significant influence but has negative relation to employment in South Sumatera
Province.
1 INTRODUCTION
Theoretically there is a link between economic
development, economic growth and the level of
employment. If economic growth increases, it
means that there is an increase in the production
capacity of goods and services in a region, so that
theoretically this increase indicates an expansion in
production activities which then increases
employment in various economic sectors. Thus the
wheels of the economy will continue to roll so as to
achieve the goals of economic development itself.
(Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2001) states that
national output (as a representation of economic
growth) is a function of physical capital, labor and
technological progress achieved. An important
factor that influences the procurement of physical
capital is investment, in the sense that high
economic growth is expected to have a positive
impact on employment rates. The relationship
between economic growth and theoretical
employment is also demonstrated through Okun's
Law. (Mankiw, 2007) Okun's law is a negative
relationship between unemployment and GDP,
which refers to a decline in unemployment of one
percent associated with additional growth in GDP
which is close to two percent. In other words,
Okun's Law illustrates that if GDP increases by two
percent, there will be an increase in employment
which then decreases the unemployment rate by one
percent.
South Sumatra Province is one of the provinces
in Indonesia that has fluctuated in its economic
growth rate. Table 1.1 below illustrates the
development of the South Sumatra Province GRDP
from 2012-2015.
300
Budiriansyah, L., Tarmizi, N. and Bemby Soebyakto, B.
Analysis of Labor Absorption Province of South Sumatera.
DOI: 10.5220/0008439603000308
In Proceedings of the 4th Sriwijaya Economics, Accounting, and Business Conference (SEABC 2018), pages 300-308
ISBN: 978-989-758-387-2
Copyright
c
 2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

Table 1: Development of GDP in South Sumatra Province 2010-2015 period (in million Rupiah)
South Sumatra
PDRB Period
Period
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
GRDP based
on constant
2010 prices
232.175.048
206.360.699
220.459.198
232.175.048
243.093.768
254.022.862
% Growth
5,31
6,36
6,83
5,31
4,70
4,50
Source: Processed from "Province of South Sumatra in Figures 2016" (BPS)
Following Figure 1 shows a graph of economic growth and employment in South Sumatra.
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2016
Figure1: Chart of Economic Growth and Absorption of South Sumatra Labor Year 2012–2015
From the picture above, it can be seen that
economic growth and employment of the Province
of South Sumatra have not run the same trend.
During 2012-2015 economic growth tended to
decline while the absorption of labor experienced a
fluctuating growth.
Employment problems in South Sumatra
Province are not much different from labor issues in
Indonesia in general. Whether it concerns the
unemployment rate which is still relatively high, and
the level of labor productivity that is still not
optimal. One of the biggest challenges is creating
jobs or businesses that are feasible for the workforce
that must be anticipated from an early age before
there is an increase due to changes in the age
structure of the population. The challenge includes
two aspects at once, namely the creation of new
employment opportunities for the workforce who
have not yet worked, and the increase in work
productivity for those who have worked so that they
can obtain adequate employee benefits to live decent
lives (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2016).
The problem of employment and unemployment
is a serious problem that must be observed by the
government. The main factor in the size of the
unemployment rate is limited employment. This
problem will undoubtedly put heavy pressure on the
economy as well as adverse social impacts such as
crime and so on. One of the government's strategic
steps to create new jobs to reduce unemployment in
South Sumatra Province is that the government must
raise investment funds from local governments, the
central government, the public and foreign
investment by improving the business climate and
cutting down licensing bureaucracies. It is expected
that the increase in investment through PMA and
PMDN will stimulate the growth of the production
sector which will then increase economic growth
which of course also impacts on the increase in
employment due to the creation of new jobs.
The following table reveals the percentage of the
number of workers employed based on the business
field in South Sumatra 2012-2015.
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301

Table 2: Percentage of Number of Workers by Business Field South Sumatra Province 2012-1015
Business field
2012
2013
2014
2015
Primary Sector
- Agriculture
56,37
54,86
53,37
54,74
- Mining
1,38
1,49
1,02
1,56
Secondary Sector
- Industry
5,58
4,48
5,05
4,7
- Electricity, Water and Gas
0,19
0,19
0,17
0,17
- Building
4,01
3,82
4,32
4,54
Tertiary Sector
- trade
14,59
15,46
11,96
16,82
- Transportation / Communication
3,43
3,63
5,65
3,64
- finance
2,03
2,24
1,72
1,61
- Services
12,63
13,44
9,76
12,22
Total
%
100
100
100
100
N
3.532.932
3.524.883
3.692.806
3.695.866
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2016
Table 1.8 above reveals that the absorption of
labor in South Sumatra during 2012-2015 was most
prevalent in the agricultural business field. More
than half of the total workforce in South Sumatra
works in the agricultural sector. The next biggest
contribution to labor absorption is in the trade
business sector and services (including hotel and
restaurant businesses). The smallest business sector
absorbing labor is the electricity, water and gas
sector.
Based on the theory of labor demand and supply,
one of the factors that determines the absorption rate
of work is the prevailing wage level. Wage rates in
Indonesia are regulated in the minimum wage
policy. Minimum wage policy is a wage system that
has been widely applied in several countries, which
basically can be seen from two sides. First, the
minimum wage is a protection tool for workers to
maintain that the value of wages received does not
decrease in meeting their daily needs. Second, as a
protection tool for companies to maintain worker
productivity (Simanjuntak, 2001).
The Provincial Minimum Wage tends to continue
to increase every year due to changes in components
which are the Minimum Wage setting factor. In
theory, this certainly affects the demand and supply
of labor so that it will have an impact on the amount
of employment in the Province of South Sumatra.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical basis
2.1.1 Theory of Labor
(Ehrenberg and Smith, 2012) labor is a person
who is over 16 years old and is being employed by a
company.
Manpower is a population in working age (aged
15-64 years) or the total number of residents in a
country who can produce goods and services if the
demand for their workforce, and if they want to
participate in these activities (Subri, 2003).
2.1.2 Labor Supply and Demand
The demand for labor is related to the amount of
labor needed by the company or the instant of a
certain staff. Usually the demand for labor will be
influenced by the level of wages and changes in
other factors that affect demand for production
(Afrida, 2003).
The supply of labor is a function of wages, so the
amount of labor offered will be affected by the level
of wages. The supply of labor is influenced by
someone's decision whether he wants to work or not.
This decision depends also on a person's behavior to
use his time, whether used for work, or used for
other activities that are relaxed (unproductive but
consumptive), or a combination of both. If it is
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associated with the level of wages, then the decision
to work someone will also be influenced by the high
and low income of someone. That is, if the labor
income is relatively high enough, then the workforce
tends to reduce the time allocated for work
(Sumarsono, 2009).
2.1.3 Employment Opportunities and
Absorption of Labor
Job opportunities contain the notion that the
amount of willingness of the production business to
employ labor is needed in the production process,
which can mean jobs or opportunities available to
work that exist from one moment of economic
activity. Job opportunities can be created if there is a
demand for labor in the labor market, so that in other
words employment opportunities also show demand
for labor.
The growth of employment opportunities will
certainly be accompanied by an increase in the level
of employment. (Simanjuntak, 2001), employment is
a population that works absorbed and spread across
various sectors
2.1.4 Theory of Economic Growth
Economic growth (economic growth) is closely
linked to the increase in the production of goods and
services, which among others is measured by the
amount called gross domestic product (GDP) at the
national level and gross regional domestic product
(GRDP) for regions, both provinces and districts /
cities. (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2016) calls
economic growth a growth in real production, both
in sector and in totality. Called real production
growth because prices are used in assessing a
production from year to year using prices in a given
year so that price changes (inflation) do not affect
the value of production
2.1.5 Wage
The provision of wages for labor in a production
activity is basically a reward or remuneration from
producers to workers for their achievements that
have been donated in production activities. The
wages given depend (Sulistiawati, 2012): (a) The
cost of minimum living necessities for workers and
their families; (b) Binding Laws concerning
minimum wages for workers; (c) Marginal
productivity of labor; (d) Pressure that can be given
by trade unions and employers' unions; (e) Different
types of work.
2.1.6 Minimum wage
The minimum wage policy in Indonesia is
determined by the government to ensure the welfare
of workers. Many events have occurred in Indonesia
about workers' conflicts with employers. Workers
who force employers to raise wages while employers
who object to rising wages, the government applies
the drinking wage policy. Determination of
minimum wages in accordance with Minister of
Manpower Regulation No. 1 of 1999 article 1
paragraph 1.
(Sumarsono, 2009), there are three components
of minimum wages: (a) Minimum Physical Needs
(KFM); (b) Consumer Price Index; and (c) Regional
economic growth. In the 2012 Minister of
Manpower Regulation No. 13, the factors considered
in determining minimum wages are: (a) Value of
Decent Life Needs (KHL); (b) Macro productivity
(comparison of the number of Gross Regional
Domestic Products (GRDP) with the number of
workers in the same period); (c) Economic Growth
(GRDP Value); (d) Labor market conditions
(comparison of the number of employment
opportunities with the number of job seekers in a
particular area in the same period); (e) Conditions
for businesses that are not (marginal), indicated by
the development of the existence of a number of
marginal businesses in a particular area in the same
period. 23 Determination of minimum wages is
calculated based on Minimum Physical Needs
(KFM), Then changes in calculations occur based on
Minimum Life Needs (KHM).
2.1.7 Investation
Investment can be interpreted as spending or
spending on investments and production equipment
to increase the ability to produce goods and services
available in the economy (Sukirno, 2010). Machines
are driven by labor or resources and materials
managed by humans. (Samuelson, 2005), investment
involves adding capital stocks or inventory items
within one year.
Investment is essentially the beginning of
economic development activities. Investments can
be made by private sector, government or
cooperation between the government and the private
sector. Investment is a way that can be done by the
government to increase economic growth and for the
long term can increase the living standards of its
people (Mankiw, 2007).
Based on its origin, investment can be divided
into two types, namely:
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1. Domestic Investment or Domestic Investment
(PMDN).
According to Regulation Number 27 of 2007
concerning Investment, what is meant by domestic
capital is part of the wealth of the people of
Indonesia, including rights and objects, both state-
owned and national or private, which are domiciled
in Indonesia, which set aside / provided to run a
business.
2. Foreign Investment or Foreign Investment
(PMA)
Foreign investment is capital owned by a
foreign country, an individual from a foreign
country, a foreign business entity, a foreign legal
entity, and / or an Indonesian legal entity which is
partly or wholly owned by a foreign party. Foreign
investment is an investment activity to do business
in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia carried
out by foreign investors, both those who use foreign
capital fully and share with domestic investors.
2.2 Previous Research
(Chusna, 2013) reviewing the influence of the
growth rate of the industrial sector, investment, and
wages on the absorption of industrial sector labor in
the Central Java province in 1980-2011. This study
was analyzed using multiple linear regression
analysis. The conclusion of this study shows that
industrial sector growth shows a declining trend
while investment, wages and labor absorption in the
industrial sector shows an increasing trend, the
growth rate of the industrial sector does not affect
the absorption of industrial sector employment,
while investment and wages affect absorption
industrial sector workforce in Central Java.
(Darman, 2013) examines the effect of economic
growth on the unemployment rate: Okun's Legal
analysis. This study uses time series data from 1990-
2013. The method used is the difference version of
Okun's law Okun gain coefficient and analysis of
ordinary least squares (OLS) to obtain regression
coefficients. The results of the study indicate that
Okun's law applies in Indonesia, where the Okun
coefficient is negative. The unemployment rate tends
to increase along with the achievement of GDP
growth.
(Dimas and Woyanti, 2009), conducted research
on employment absorption in DKI Jakarta in 1990-
2004. The analysis technique used is multiple linear
regression. The results indicate that GDP growth had
a positive effect on employment in Jakarta, while the
variable wage and investment negatively affect
employment. These negative effects caused by a
more focused investment coming to the capital-
intensive business than labor-intensive, so that
investment does not increase employment.
(Sobita and Suparta, 2014) conducted research
on economic growth and employment in Lampung.
the period 2008-2012. The data analysis method
used is quantitative data analysis (statistics) using
panel data analysis. These results indicate that the
independent variable and the real GRDP Capital
prices in agriculture significantly positive effect on
employment. The increase in real GDP and capital in
agriculture will increase employment. Meanwhile
the real wage variable significantly has a negative
effect on employment. Increase in real wages will
reduce employment.
(Sulistiawati, 2012) conducted a study on the
effect of minimum wages on employment and social
welfare in the province in Indonesia 2006-2010. The
analytical method used is the path analysis model.
These results indicate that the minimum wage
increase will reduce the use of labor with low
productivity that is generally absorbed in the
primary sector, the sector that absorbs most of the
manpower. Second, the absorption of labor has a
positive but not significant effect on social welfare.
The influence of employment on social welfare has
path coefficient of 0.08 with a significance
probability value (Sig) of 0.332. The results of this
study showed that the increase in employment did
not cause an increase in social welfare in the
provinces in Indonesia because: (1). The minimum
wages received by workers is lower than the
minimum basic needs, (2) the minimum wage
earned by a lower level of tax revenue.
(Mahalli, 2008) examining employment
opportunities and economic growth in the city of
Medan. The analysis tool used is the elasticity
calculation formula. Using the concept of elasticity
found the results of that labor elasticity coefficient
of 0.207% (Inelastic), means that for every 1% of
economic growth led to employment opportunities
open to 0.207%. While the most sensitive sectors for
employment in financial services with employment
elasticity coefficient of 1,023% (elastic). On the
demand side, the average education level of workers
is occupied by Diploma III (40.67%). Followed by
postgraduate level of 30.67% and secondary school
(25.33%) until 2010
(Arida, Zakiah and Julaini, 2015) conducted
research on the analysis of labor demand and supply
in the agricultural sector in Aceh Province. Analysis
of the data used in this study using an econometric
model with multiple single equation is the method of
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ordinary least squares (OLS) or the method of least
squares. The results of the analysis of labor supply
shows that the variable of labor in the agricultural
sector and rural employment has a positive effect
and significant effect on labor supply, while the
variable quality of the population have a positive
effect but not significant to labor supply.
3 RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Types and Data Sources
The type of data used in this study is
secondary data released by the Central Sumatra
Provincial Statistics Agency (BPS). Data collected is
data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)
at constant prices, PMA and PMDN investment data
in South Sumatra, data on South Sumatra provincial
minimum wage development, and data on the
number of people working in the economic sectors
of South Sumatra Province. The data studied are
data for the period 2006-2015. Data collection
methods used through the library approach (Library
Research), which is done by getting secondary data
derived from the data of the relevant agencies.
3.2. Data analysis technique
3.2.1 Multiple Regression
The analytical tool used in this study is multiple
regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Square
(OLS) method or the least squares method through
SPSS 23 software.
For an analysis of the employment of South
Sumatra, the models formed are as follows:
Information:
PTkP = Manpower Absorption
PE = Economic Growth
PMDNP = Domestic Investment
PMAP = Foreign Investment
UMP = Provincial Minimum Wage
β0 = Constants
β1 - β4 = Regression coefficient
e = error term (confounding variable)
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Determination Coefficient
4.1.1 Regression Estimation Results
The following are the estimation results obtained
through regression calculations.
Table 3: Summary of Regression Output
REGRESSION RESULTS
VALUE
R square
0,936
Konstanta (α)
2.999.917,543
Koefisien Regression 1 (β1)
0,732
Koefisien Regression 2 (β2)
0,717
Koefisien Regression 3 (β3)
0,723
Koefisien Regression 4 (β4)
-0,628
Standard error
129.706,101
Durbin Watson (DW)
2,459
F – count
18,201
T –count variabel:
- Economic growth
3,077
- Domestic investment
3,325
- Foreign Investment
2,876
- Provincial minimum wage
-3,129
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From the table above, it is found that the
coefficient of determination (R2 / R square) is 0.936.
This means that the independent variable is
influenced by the dependent variable of 93.6 percent
while the other 6.4 percent is determined by other
variables which are outside the regression model.
Based on the regression coefficient value (β1
value) it can be concluded that the increase in labor
absorption by 1% is driven by an increase in
economic growth of 0.732%. While based on the
regression coefficient value (β2 value) states that the
increase in employment by 1% is driven by an
increase in domestic investment by 0.717%. Then
based on the regression coefficient value (β3 value)
it can be concluded that the increase in employment
is 1% driven by an increase in FDI of 0.723%.
Furthermore, based on the regression coefficient
value (β4 value) it can be concluded that the increase
in employment is 1% driven by a decrease in
provincial minimum wages of 0.628%.
Based on the constant value, standard error, and
regression coefficient obtained in the table above,
the regression equation formed is as follows.
The regression coefficient value is positive for
the variable economic growth, PMDN, and PMA
shows a unidirectional relationship, which means
that the increase in these variables will cause an
increase in employment or vice versa. The
regression coefficient is negative for the minimum
wage variable, indicating the opposite relationship,
that is, if the minimum wage increases, it will tend
to reduce the amount of employment or vice versa.
This regression model has also gone through a
series of classic assumption tests, namely the test for
normality, multicollinearity, heterocedasticity, and
autocorrelation. The classic assumption test results
show the regression model does not show any
classical assumption deviations.
4.2 Test Statistics
4.2.1 Test F (Simultaneous)
The calculated F value as described in the
regression estimation results above is 18.201. With a
probability of 0.05, the degree of freedom 1 (df1 = k
- 1) is 4 and the degree of freedom 2 (df 2 = n - k) is
7, then the F table value is obtained at 5.19. By
comparing F count with F table, it can be found that
the calculated F value is greater than F table. It can
be concluded that the variables of economic growth,
PMDN, PMA and provincial minimum wages
simultaneously have a significant effect on
employment absorption variables.
4.2.2 Tes t (Partial)
The value of t calculated on each variable has
been presented in table 4.10 above. For t table values
obtained with a probability of 0.05 testing in two
directions, the degree of freedom (df = n - k) value is
5, so that the t value of the table is equal to 2.57058.
By comparing t count with t table, the conclusions
are as shown in the following table.
Table 4: Partial Statistics Test Results (t Test)
No.
Free variable
T-count value
T-table value
Conclusion
1
Economic growth
3,077
2,57058
Significant
2
Domestic Investment
3,325
Significant
3
Foreign Investment
2,876
Significant
4
Provincial Minimum Wage
-3,129
Significant
Source: Processed data, 2017
From the table above, it can be seen that the t
value of all independent variables is greater than t-
table so that the conclusions taken are that each
independent variable has a significant influence on
employment. The negative sign at the t value of the
variable minimum wage shows the opposite
relationship between the provincial minimum wage
and employment.
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Effect of Economic Growth on Labor
Absorption
Economic growth is the most dominant variable
influencing labor absorption. This research has
shown that if there is an increase in the value of
production of goods and services in the economy of
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South Sumatra in a certain period, it can be
predicted that there has been an increase in the use
of labor in that period. Some theoretical studies
suggest that economic growth has a reciprocal
relationship with employment. This means that
economic growth can encourage the business sector
to increase the use of labor or economic growth can
grow due to an increase in the use of labor resulting
in increased production.
4.3.2 Effect of PMDN and PMA on
Manpower Absorption
Investment through PMDN and PMA plays an
important role in supporting the development of the
South Sumatra business sector. Investment fund
injections are able to move the government and the
private sector to increase production capacity
through increasing technology or increasing
employment and opening new jobs. If more
investment funds are directed towards improving
technology in this case, for example, the addition of
machinery and production equipment, investment is
not able to encourage an increase in employment
significantly. This is because if investment is more
inclined to increase capital, namely machinery and
production equipment, then certainly there is no
increase in the use of labor. However, if more
investment funds are allocated to increase
production capacity through increasing the number
of workers or opening new production branches,
then the role of investment is clearly able to
encourage the growth of the use of new workers. In
the Province of South Sumatra more investment is
allocated to projects that are not only capital
intensive but are more directed to labor intensive
especially in the small and medium business sector.
4.3.3 Effect of Minimum Wages on Labor
Absorption
Provincial Minimum Wages have a significant
influence on employment. Provincial minimum
wages also have a negative relationship to labor
absorption. This is consistent with the theory that
wage rates will always be the opposite of the amount
of labor use. The minimum wage level will always
be a consideration for the business sector in making
additional use of labor.
(Tarmizi, 2012) argues that the minimum wage
will reduce the number of workers, and then it will
cause unemployment if based on the model of
demand and supply in the labor market.
Basically, the application of minimum wages
serves to prevent the exploitation of companies
against labor through low wages. Related to the
above, in practice companies that are not willing to
pay at the minimum wage level that is determined
assuming the minimum wage is greater than the
market wage, then the company will do efficiency
by reducing the use of labor. While companies that
are willing to pay at the minimum wage level will
usually exploit labor in the form of adding
workloads to workers. On the other hand, setting
minimum wages can also make companies increase
the price of their products to cover the increase in
their wage costs so that it can trigger inflation.
Secara keseluruhan, model regresi yang dibangun
telah menjelaskan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi,
penanaman modal dalam negeri, penanaman modal
asing, serta upah minimum memiliki peran yang
signifikan terhadap tingkat penyerapan tenaga kerja
di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Peningkatan
pertumbuhan ekonomi, PMDN dan PMA akan
mampu meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja,
namun sebaliknya peningkatan Upah minimum akan
cenderung menghambat penyerapan tenaga kerja di
Sumatera Selatan.
5 CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the description above, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
1. Conditions for employment in South Sumatra
during the period 2006-2015 have fluctuated in
number. More than 50 percent of the workforce is
absorbed in the agricultural sector. The rest is mostly
absorbed by the trade sector and services.
2. Based on the results of data processing through
regression it was found that economic growth,
PMDN, and PMA had a significant and positive
effect on labor absorption. That is, the higher the
level of economic growth, PMDN, and PMA will
tend to increase employment rates. While the
provincial minimum wage has a significant but
negative influence. This means that the increase in
minimum wages will tend to reduce the amount of
employment.
5.2 Recommendation
The suggestions that the author can give are as
follows:
1. Given the large role of investment in employment
in South Sumatra, the effort to create a healthy
business climate, infrastructure development, and
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ease of bureaucracy is very important to be realized
in South Sumatra in order to be able to attract
investors to invest. The South Sumatra Provincial
Government must develop an appropriate and
effective policy strategy related to this problem.
2. The author realizes that there needs to be further
in-depth research with alternatives to adding other
variables, adding years of data series, or using other
analytical tools to obtain a better picture of the
factors that affect employment in South Sumatra.
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