Optimising of Smart Integrated Near Shore Fish Aggregating Device

for Indonesia Ocean Base on Blue Economy

Jangka Rulianto

, Raja Oloan Saut Gurning

Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

Keywords: FADs, Floating building, Fishermen.

Abstract: Small island communities in developing countries depend on income in the capture fisheries sector. They

use traditional equipment to catch fish. Most Indonesian people use a kind of floating building on the sea

with the addition of sago palm leaves to attract fish to gather there. So that makes it easier for fishermen to

find spots for gathering fish. But sometimes people often find their FADs empty, even though to go to the

clump, funds are needed for the needs of the ship's engine fuel, as well as environmental conditions that

sometimes turn out to be very extreme and endanger fishermen. Therefore, we made smart integrated FAD

innovations where we design environmentally friendly, sustainable, and capable FADs that can be

monitored from the ground to illustrate the condition of FADs if there are fish there, making it easier for

fishermen to make decisions when they should go to catch fish. In this paper, the author connected FADs

technology with fish trading to know about fish price base on the shore. It will help the businessman to

make some decision making for their fish business and know when they must save their asset.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia people have an extraordinary dependence

on fish for food. Fish consumption in Indonesia,

which is based mainly on small-scale subsistence

and commercial fishing for fish associated with coral

reefs, and large pelagic fish (including tuna), is

several times higher than the global average (Bell

JD,2009). Fish typically supplies 50–90% of dietary

animal protein for coastal communities (Bell

JD,2009) and in 10 Indonesia per capita fish

consumption in these communities exceeds 70 kg yr

. As the human populations of Indonesia grow,

governments have been encouraged to provide

access to at least 35 kg of fish per person per year

(Fish and food security,2008), or maintain higher

traditional levels of fish consumption where they

occur (Bell JD,2009), for two reasons. First, fish is

rich in protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins and

minerals (Ros N,2007), and is a logical cornerstone

for food security given the high levels of subsistence

and scarcity of arable land on many of the islands.

Second, increased access to fish provides a healthy

alternative to the nutritionally poor imported foods

now pervading Indonesia diets (Cassels,2006).

Greater consumption of fish and other traditional

foods is needed to combat the high prevalence of

non-communicable diseases in the region (Bell

JD,2015). For many Indonesian people, the problem

is that the production of fish from coral reefs will

not yield the recommended 35 kg of fish per person

per year or continue to supply the traditionally

higher quantities of fish, as human populations

grow. Several other Indonesian people will have

problems distributing fish from remote reefs to

urban centres.

To provide access to the recommended quantities

of fish, these Indonesian people will need to allocate

more of the tuna caught within their waters to local

food security. Across the region, tuna will need to

provide 12% of all fish required for food security by

2020, and 25% by 2035 (Bell JD,2015). Although

the amount of tuna needed in 2020 and 2035

represents only 2.1% and 5.9%, respectively, of the

present-day industrial catch from the combined

exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of Indonesian

people (Bell JD,2015), there are considerable

challenges involved in distributing this tuna to the

growing coastal and urban communities.

One of the most practical ‘vehicles’ for

improving local access to tuna is installation of

nearshore fish aggregating devices (FADs).

Nearshore FADs are based on observations that tuna

and other large pelagic fish are attracted to floating

Rulianto, J. and Gurning, R.

Optimising of Smart Integrated Near Shore Fish Aggregating Device for Indonesia Ocean Base on Blue Economy.

DOI: 10.5220/0008549200550058

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA 2018), pages 55-58

ISBN: 978-989-758-436-7

objects and often stay in their vicinity for several

days. Nearshore FADs differ from the drifting FADs

and large anchored FADs used by industrial tuna

fleets because they are usually placed closer to shore

in depths of 300–700 m.

Nearshore FADs increase the supply and

consumption of fish in rural communities (Albert

JA,2014) and have been progressively improved

over the past 20 years to increase their working life

and reduce their cost. Analyses of the cost: benefit

of nearshore FADs in Indonesia Islands and show

that the value of tuna and other pelagic fish caught

around them exceed their costs by 3–7 times

(Chapman L,2005). Other studies, comparing catch-

per-unit-effort (CPUE) and fuel consumption of

small-scale fishers operating with and without

nearshore FADs demonstrate that: CPUE near FADs

is 7 to 23 kg h greater, and average fuel consumption

by fishers operating around FADs is 0.5 L lower,

than when fishing is not associated with FADs.

Recent research also shows that nearshore FADs

provide returns on investment (internal rate of

return) ranging from 80% to 180%.

There is also recognition that regular use of

nearshore FADs could have two other possible

benefits. First, it provides communities with the

opportunity to transfer some of their fishing effort

from coral reefs to oceanic fisheries resources and

intervention expected to help prevent over-

exploitation of coral reef fish and maintain the

normal representation of important functional groups

of fish (e.g. herbivores) associated with coral reefs

required to assist these ecosystems to adapt to

climate change. Nearshore FADs could enhance the

success of coral reef management initiatives, e.g.

those by the local marine managed area networks

and give challenge

, by providing practical ways for

people to continue to catch pelagic fish when

regulations are introduced to help coral reefs recover

from overfishing and other local stressors, e.g.

through designation of temporal or spatial fishing

closures.

Despite the promise that nearshore FADs hold

for improving access to tuna and other pelagic fish

for coastal and urban communities, and for

improving the management of coral reefs, extensive

planning, monitoring and research are needed to

reap all the potential benefits of FADs. Indeed,

considerable caution is required to implement FAD

programmes so that they do not fall into the same

category as the many technically viable and

seemingly sensible ‘solutions’ littering the region

that have failed.

Figure 1: Concept of FADs.

This paper describes the investments, over and

above the costs of construction and deployment,

needed to optimise the use of nearshore FADs for

improving access to tuna and other pelagic fish for

the food security of rural and urban communities in

Indonesia Island countries and territories.

Figure 2: Concept of smart FADs.

Echo-sounder buoy technology is evolving

rapidly and manufacturers, through collaboration

with scientists, have already begun to solve the

challenges associated with acoustic measurements

on autonomous platforms, such as energy

requirements and remote target classification. As

Handegard et al. (2013) stated, one of the major

constraints when dealing with remote devices is the

lack of biological sampling for verifying taxonomic

composition and validating the conversion of

acoustic backscatter into biologically relevant

measures such as biomass. In this regard, some buoy

manufacturers have begun to integrate multiple

frequencies into their echo-sounder buoys. This

should allow for increased success in species

discrimination capability, especially between swim-

bladder (Yellowfin and Bigeye tunas) and non-swim

bladder (skipjack) tunas.

The investments summarised here offer a

pathway for increasing the availability of tuna and

SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology

other pelagic fish for rural and urban communities in

Indonesia Island countries and territories. Indeed,

they represent some of the most practical ways of

allowing these com-munities to obtain the relatively

small share of the region’s rich tuna resources they

need for food security.

In addition to providing a platform for improved

public health, such investments also promise to be

win–win adaptations to climate change. In

particular, national FAD infrastructure should help

supply more fish for growing populations in the

short term and provide a continued source of fish as

coastal fisheries decline due to the degradation of

coral reefs caused by increasing sea surface

temperatures and ocean acidification. Even in

Indonesian people where the abundance of tuna is

projected to decrease as climate change causes an

eastward shift in their distribution, nearshore FADs

are likely to contribute to the needs of growing rural

populations for two reasons. First, relatively large

numbers of tuna are expected to remain in the EEZs

of countries in the western Indonesia by 2035.

Second, the percentage of average tuna catches from

the EEZs of all Indonesian people required for local

food security in 2035 is low (0,6%).

The outcome of the proposed suite of

investments described here provides a blueprint for

planning the installation of FADs as part of the

national infrastructure for food security in

Indonesian people. Such investments need to be

given priority in national development plans because

the number of nearshore FADs presently deployed in

Indonesian people is estimated to be well below the

numbers likely to be needed by coastal communities.

Other benefits of the proposed investments will be

more robust information about the quantities of tuna

and other pelagic fish likely to be harvested from

FADs, and the cohesive community arrangements

needed to reap the full range of benefits.

Once the FADs have been deployed in rural and

urban areas, it will be imperative to maintain this

infrastructure. If FADs are not replaced as soon as

practical following loss or damage due to storms,

vandalism or fouling by coastal shipping, the

momentum involved in creating opportunities to

provide the additional fish needed for food security

and transferring fishing effort from coral reefs to

oceanic fisheries resources, will be lost.

Even though co-management of FADs is

essential, national and provincial governments, or

their development partners, should bear the main

responsibility for the replacement of FADs lost or

damaged under circumstances beyond the control of

communities because small-scale fishers are unlikely

to have the resources to replace FADs quickly. In

much the same way that farmers are not expected to

repair roads and bridges damaged by floods, build

wharfs, provide shipping or construct marketplaces

to sell their food (except through payment of taxes),

small-scale fishers should not be expected to

shoulder the cost of providing infrastructure that is

so important to national food security. This is the

domain of governments. However, communities

should be custodians of investments made on their

behalf and maintain FADs to improve the working

life of these assets. Also, where FADs are lost due to

negligence, vandalism or sabotage by community

members, the onus should be on communities to

replace them.

The prime requirements for replacing lost FADs

quickly are stockpiles of spare parts in provincial

areas, together with access to the vessels, staff and

operating budgets needed to install new FADs. The

budgets of national and provincial fisheries agencies

are not presently large enough in most Indonesian

people to cater for the replacement of FADs in this

way. Therefore, national planning offices should

alert development partners about the importance of

nearshore FADs to local food security and request

the resources needed to maintain the required stocks

of FAD materials and specialised staff. Importantly,

stockpiles of spare FADs should be replenished

regularly and maintained above threshold levels.

It is also important that national governments are

committed to, and have ownership of, FAD

programmes. In particular, there is scope in several

Indonesia Island countries for using some of the

substantial licence revenues received from distant

water fishing nations to help fund nearshore FAD

infrastructure. In those nations where industrial

fishing companies deploy large anchored FADs for

use by purse-seine vessels, e.g. PNG and Solomon

Islands, arrangements could also be made with such

companies to assist with the installation of nearshore

FADs needed for local food security.

Although the investments discussed here apply to

a broad range of Indonesian people, it will be

important to ensure that FAD programmes in each

country or territory are developed within the national

or provincial context. Differences in local

governance among (and sometimes within)

Indonesian people mean that attempts to apply ‘one-

size-fits-all’ approaches are likely to add further

complexity to the implementation of FAD

programmes.

Optimising of Smart Integrated Near Shore Fish Aggregating Device for Indonesia Ocean Base on Blue Economy

2 BLUE ECONOMY CONCEPTS

The Blue Economic Concept provides an

opportunity to develop more economically and

environmentally sound investments and businesses,

utilize natural resources more efficiently and less

environmentally, produces more efficient and

cleaner systems, produces greater products and

economic value, increase labour absorption, and

provide an opportunity to benefit each contributor

more fairly.

The Blue Economy will ultimately ensure that

development will not only generate economic

growth, but also ensuring ecological and social

sustainability. In general, the Blue Economy can be

understood as an economic model to encourage

sustainable development with a mind-set such as the

workings of ecosystems. This is not independent of

the principles that exist in the Blue Economy

concept, namely:

1. Natural resources efficiency.

2. Zero waste leave nothing to waste. Waste for

one is a food for another waste from one

process is resource of energy for the other.

3. Social inclusiveness, self-sufficiency for all,

social equity more job, more opportunities for

the poor.

4. Cyclic system of production, endless

generation to regeneration, balancing

production and consumption.

5. Open- ended innovation and adaptation, the

principles of the law of the physics and

continuous natural adaptation.

3 CONCLUSION

Installation of nearshore FADs is one of the few

interventions that could provide access to the

additional fish needed for good nutrition of

Indonesia people, particularly in rural coastal areas.

To ensure that nearshore FADs fulfil their potential

to become an important component of national

infrastructure for food security, it is imperative that

investments in FAD programmes are not limited to

improving the logistics of installing FADs.

Investments must also extend to the participatory

processes needed to identify those com-munities that

are most in need of FADs, committed to sharing the

benefits equitably, and prepared to engage with

government agencies and their development partners

in the maintenance of FADs. Smooth co-

management of nearshore FADs by communities,

provincial and national governments will not only

help optimise the potential contributions of tuna and

other pelagic fish to local food security, it will set

the stage for determining whether nearshore FADs

add value to management initiatives for coral reefs

by transferring some fishing effort to oceanic

fisheries resources.

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SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology