Can Subjective Well-being Achieved on Early Marriage among

Madurese Women?

Yudho Bawono

1,2

, Dewi Retno Suminar

, M. G. Bagus Ani Putra

, Wiwin Hendriani

and Tommy H. Firmanda

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, University of Trunojoyo Madura

Keywords: Marriage Happiness, Indigenous

Abstract: Data shows that Madura became one of the regions in Indonesia with the highest early marriage. Many

kinds of literature also stated that early marriage brings adverse effects to individual psychological

development. However, it does not always seem like so for Madurese Women married in such early age.

Previous study results found that Madurese women managed to achieve harmony and happiness in her early

marriage. Data also shows that those who had early marriage claimed to be able to reach subjective welfare.

This research aimed to investigate further of the result on previous researches which discuss subjective

well-being on Madurese Women who had an early marriage. Study of narrative literature was used as the

methodology in this research. Results show that SES, education, religion, tradition, matchmaking since

childhood, jampi-jampi (black magic practices), and manipulating married age were several factors which

contributed to early marriage in Madurese. Prior research also found problems appeared in early marriage

on Madurese such as domestic disharmony, difficulty in fulfilling household needs, parenting and child

education issues, and incompatibility to partner which leads to divorce. Nevertheless, this research also

found that Madurese women on early marriage could find harmony and happiness which could lead to

achieving subjective well-being.

1 INTRODUCTION

Early marriage in Indonesia has become an issue in

which seeks the attention of various institutions that

are focusing on women and child. Based on records

obtained from World Fertility Policies United

Nations in 2011, early marriage in Indonesia was

ranked in 37th place out of 73 countries; meanwhile,

on Southeast Asia, even Indonesia was in second

place after Cambodia (Rubaidah, 2016; Rachmad,

2017). In its development, Trihendrawan (2017) and

Juniman (2017) stated that the United Nations (PBB)

classified Indonesia in ranked seventh place

worldwide for the absolute rate on early marriage.

Specifically, on 2011-2013 Jawa Timur were

claimed as the highest region with the age of married

women were ranging from 10 to 17 years old,

followed by a region in Madura islands such as

Sumenep (45,08%) and Sampang (43,33%)

(Yunitasari, Pradanie, &Susilawati, 2016).

Many early age marriage cases are still appearing

in Madura island (e.g., Bangkalan region, Sampang

region, Pamekasan region, Sumenep region) and

other small islands near Madura Island due to

Madurese ethnic community still believe on the

matchmaking tradition (Sakdiyah&Ningsih, 2013;

Rahayu&Bawono, 2017). Matchmaking usually has

been done since their children were still in womb

(Sidiq, 2003; Sadik, 2014; Munawara, Yasak,

&Dewi, 2015) or in their childhood phase known to

be called tan-mantanan tradition which refers to a

wedding that similar to a typical adult wedding, but

instead the bride and groom is a child. Moreover, the

process of tan-mantanan starts from the engagement

session (bebekalan) until the wedding reception,

except there are not solemnization of a marriage

(ijab kabul) because the bride and groom are still 4-

10 years old (Nuri, 2016).

Early marriage among Madurese women still

exists as a consequence of community belief. A

study conducted by Bahrudin (2016) in Banjarbillah

Village, specifically Tambelangan Sub-District,

Sampang District, Madura Island, found that

community believes that friendship between

Bawono, Y., Suminar, D., Putra, M., Hendriani, W. and Firmanda, T.

Can Subjective Well-being Achieved on Early Marriage among Madurese Women?.

DOI: 10.5220/0008584600120018

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 12-18

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

unmarried men and women were considered as sin

and could raise defamation. Most of its villagers

were a Moslem who upholds the teachings of Islam

that marriage is an obligation to Moslem once they

reached a sufficient age. In addition, if any girls

have reached in 15-18 years old and haven't married,

then she will become a public humiliation. They

would use the term sangkal or ta' pajulake to

humiliate her, as it refers to there will be no man

who would want to marry her on such a long time.

Parents who avoid the burden for their daughter to

be called "old virgin" will consider to marry off their

daughter immediately (Sidiq, 2003; Sumbulah &

Jannah, 2012).

Early marriage in Madura has not always been

causing problems as stated earlier (e.g., disharmony,

unhappiness, economic and psychological issues,

domestic violence, divorce). As research conducted

by Hairi (2009) in Bajur Village, specifically in

Waru Sub-District, Pamekasan District, state that

couple who married at such early age could find

happiness (or sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah in

Islam term) in their marriage. Indeed, a study by

Zumriyah (2015) in Larangan Luar Village,

specifically in Larangan District, Pamekasan

Regency also found that early age married couple

could achieve happiness in their marriage.

According to Seligman (2005), happiness refers

to positive emotion which consisted of positive

feelings and positive activities. This particular

happiness could be seen from three dimensions, that

is happiness to the past, optimism to the future, and

happiness to present. Several previous theories

claimed that happiness is synonyms to subjective

well-being (Amelda&Hartati, 2013; Sasmita

&Yulianti, 2013; Harmaini &Yulianti, 2014;

Aryanto & Hartono, 2014) wherein married

considered as one of the alternatives to achieve

subjective well-being.

Miswiyawati and Lestari (2017) claimed in their

study that early married couple could feel a

reasonably high subjective well-being in their

marriage. This statement illustrated by results

obtained from the research which shown satisfaction

among early marriage couple towards their parents

and siblings. Moreover, early married couples also

felt positive affection such as happy to live together

with their partner, the happiness of feeling cared

about and supported by their families. However,

couples who are married in an early age also felt

adverse affection as in jealousy towards their

partner, overly sensitive which affect to their

emotion (get angry easily). This fact indeed

supported by the study conducted by Setyawan and

Herdiana (2016) in Mandangin Island, Sampang

District, which claimed that early marriage highly

related to women's subjective well-being.

The purpose of this study is to presented the

results of previous studies on early marriage factors,

problems on early marriage in Indonesia,

specifically in Madura, as well as obtaining

relationship between early marriage and subjective

well-being. The benefit of the study is to provide a

theoretical explanation of subjective well-being in

the early marriage of ethnic Madurese women which

is expected to be used as a basis in providing

treatment to ethnic Madurese women who marry

early in relation to their subjective well-being.

2 METHODS

This research was using narrative literature study.

The researcher obtained results from research over

the last ten years (2008-2018) by downloading the

full article in Google Scholar and Indonesia One

Search database. In browsing for databases, the

researcher was using "early marriage phenomenon in

Madura" and "subjective well-being on early

marriage" as keywords.

Based on those literature studies, the researcher

was able to obtain 13 kinds of literature which have

been selected based on several criteria, such as (1)

Study which conducted in Indonesia, specifically

Madura; (2) Study were focusing on factors

determining early marriage, problems on early

marriage; (3) participants of the study were women

who had early marriage

3 RESULTS

In this study, literature study which conducted by the

researcher was presented in tables based on findings

of previous research (Table 1) regarding factors

determining early marriage and problems on early

marriage, also the relationship between early

marriage and subjective well-being (Table 2).

Can Subjective Well-being Achieved on Early Marriage among Madurese Women?

Table 1: Findings of previous research

Author(s) Findings 1 Findings 2 Findings 3 Findings 4

Hairi (2009) Marriage at a young age is

caused by economic

factor, educational factor,

religion factor, tradition

factor, parental factor, and

desire to get married by

the child themselves

Marriage at young age

often led to unhappy

families, most of couples

who had early marriage

decided to get divorced

due to incompatibility

with partner, and

difficulties in fulfilling

household needs

Early marriage as an

alternative to get closer

to Allah SWT

Jannah (2011) Factors that encourage

marriage: Parents

concerns to their children

behavior, reducing family

economic burden, and

lack of awareness on the

importance of education

Implications of early

marriage for the survival

of marriage life were the

occurrence of disputing

and divorce, also

parenting and child

education issues

Majority community

belief on refusing early

marriage concepts due to

immature age, childish

way of thinking,

affecting reproductive

healthiness,

psychological, social,

and incapability to

nurture and educate

children as parents

Sumbulah,

Jannah (2012)

Parents concerns to their

children behavior as an

encouraging factor in

early marriage

Self-readiness as an

encouraging factor in

early marriage

Family economy

situation encouraging

early marriage

Lack of awareness

to the importance of

education as one of

the factors to early

marriage

Muzaffak (2013) There is a significant

effect between education

and economy status upon

the decision to marry off

their children

Low-educated parents

had a chance of 34,48

times higher to marry off

their children early than

well-educated parents

Family with lower

economy status has a

chance of 10,97 higher

to marry off their

children early than

family with higher

economy status

Sakdiyah,

Ningsih (2013)

Economy factors, self-

factors, education factors,

parental factors as an

encouraging factor in

early marriage

Guidance and counseling

on forming quality

generation and early

marriage affect from

relevant agencies were

necessary

Munawara,

Yasak, Dewi

(2015)

In early marriage

tradition, there are several

processes namely

matchmaking children,

jampi-jampi (black magic)

practices, and

manipulating marriage

age

Women on early

marriage in a position to

be chosen and appointed

by men with no right to

refuse or consider.

Yunitasari,

Pradanie,

Susilawati

(2016)

There was significant

relationship between

cultural factors, family

support factors, economic

factors, technology factors

with early marriage

Knowledge factors not

related to early marriage

Bahrudin (2016) Each participant felt

happy for not have an

early marriage as they

could continue to get

higher education even if

they became rebellious by

disobeying their parents,

and unwelcomed by local

community

Local community called

a child sangkal for

refusing to be married by

their parents



ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

Based on the table above, it can be concluded

that early marriage in Madura was caused by several

factors such as economic factors, educational

factors, religion factors, tradition factors, parental

factors, and desire to get married by the child. In

addition, parents concern to their children behavior,

their readiness, reducing family economic burden,

lack of awareness to the importance of education,

matchmaking children, practicing jampi-jampi

(black magic), and manipulating married age were

also factors which causing early marriage.

Besides the factors determining early age

marriage which described above, problems that arise

in early marriage also stated, namely most of the

couples who didn't feel the connection between them

were decided to divorce, disharmony in marriage

life, difficulty in fulfilling household needs,

parenting and child education issues.

Indeed, early marriage wasn't all about problems

which stated earlier, as Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith

(1999) found that marriage is one of the factors that

could affect subjective well-being. A meta-analytical

study conducted by Bawono (2017) also support the

previous findings which claimed there is a

relationship between marriage and subjective well-

being. Table below shows the results of a research

on marriage, especially early marriage, and

subjective well-being:

Table 2: Studies on early marriage and subjective well-being

Author(s) Research Purposes Research Results

Zumriyah (2015) To obtain description and achievement

on early marriage couples in

LaranganLuar Village, Larangan

District, Pamekasan

Early marriage couples could achieve a harmony marriage life,

as being a happy and harmony family were the main purposes

of the early marriage couples. They believe in each other by

thinking positive about their partner. Trusting their partner is

an important thing, as followed by commitment and following

rules that applied before or after married.

Setyawan,

Herdiana (2016)

To explore the quality of life among

Mandangin Island women who had early

marriage

Results showed that quality of life among Mandangin Island

women who had early marriage in terms of physical well-

being, materially, socially, and emotionally has shown a

relatively good condition. Those conditions were dominated

by emotionally/psychologically welfare which referred to

perception of individual on sincerity and surrender by the

reality of life. Even though Mandangin Island women who had

early marriage showing a relatively poor health condition,

disinterest to developing skills and socializing, they claimed to

had a comparatively decent quality of life. Despite of their

limited sources to fulfill their needs, Mandangin Island women

who had early marriage still felt whole-hearted, yet surrender

and also felt enough with their present condition. These ways

of thinking have proven to reduce gaps between ideal life

expectation and real-life condition.

Miswiyawati,

Lestari (2017)

To obtained and described subjective

well-being on early marriage couple

Early marriage couple felt a relatively high subjective well-

being on their marriage life. This subjective well-being was

formed due to their gratefulness and acceptance to present

conditions. Overall, early marriage couples experiencing

higher positive affection than negative affection. Factors that

contributed to subjective well-being on early marriage couples

as follow, optimism, positive relationship, and having goals.

Indriastuti (2017) Exploring factors which contributing in

the process of subjective well-being

among early marriage women with long-

term age of marriage

Subjective well-being process among participants showed an

increasing happiness from their beginning of marriage until

present time (long-term marriage). Participants claimed they

were happier now than before. Moreover, those who lived

only with their husband felt lonely and sad when their husband

was leaving them first. Nevertheless, they felt satisfied with

their present life as it is happened as they wish.

Kurniasari,

Hariastuti,

Mardiono (2018)

Lack of understanding

about health reproduction

(early marriage and risk

behavior) on teenage

Lack of understanding

on health reproduction

due to local tradition,

teenage obedience to

towards their parents and

lack of information

about health

reproduction



Can Subjective Well-being Achieved on Early Marriage among Madurese Women?

Based on the previous table, Madurese women

were not always experiencing problems on their

early age marriage. Instead, they were feeling

harmony, happiness, and subjective well-being in

their early married life.

4 DISCUSSIONS

Madura has known as a part of Indonesia with

relatively high rates of early marriage. Most of the

early marriage was done by teenagers. One of the

developmental tasks on teenager was preparing for

marriage and building a family (Havighurst cited on

Hurlock, 1994; Havighurst cited on Agustiani,

2009). While in fact, many teenagers were required

to finish the adult developmental task, in which to

had an early marriage.

Several factors were contributed to early

marriage in Madura namely economy factors,

education factors, religion factors, tradition factors,

the desire to be married by the children themselves,

parents concern on their child behavior, readiness, to

reduce family economy burden, lack of awareness

on the importance of education, children

matchmaking, practicing jampi-jampi (black magic),

and manipulating married age(Hairi, 2009; Jannah,

2011; Sumbulah & Jannah, 2012; Muzaffak, 2013;

Sakdiyah&Ningsih, 2013; Munawara, Yasak, Dewi,

2015).

The occurrence of early marriage in Madura was

arising issues such as disharmony on married life,

difficulties in fulfilling household needs, parental

and child education issues, also an incompatibility

between partner which led to divorce.

Despite the issues mentioned above, early

marriage was not always causing issues and adverse

effects. As a study by Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith

(1999) and Bawono (2017) found that marriage

significantly related to subjective well-being.

Furthermore, Diener, et al. (cited in Diener, Suh,

Lucas, & Smith, 1999) also found that person who

married were happier compared to a person who was

divorced, separated, or single.

This statement indeed supported by Maulida

(2014) in which found marital status significantly

influenced individual subjective well-being. As

Stutzer and Frey (2006) referred marriage as one of

the most important aspects of life which affected the

level of the individual's subjective well-being. These

married consisted of not only adult marriage but also

teenager marriage, known as early marriage

(Miswiyawati& Lestari, 2017).

Furthermore, according to Miswiyawati and

Lestari (2017) stated that early marriage couple felt

satisfied with their families (e.g., parents, siblings).

These population also experiencing positive

affection as they are happy living together with their

partner, glad to be taken care of by their partner, and

received support from their families. On the other

hand, early marriage couple also found that they

were susceptible to jealousy towards their partner,

and overly sensitive which caused to irritability.

According to Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith

(1999), marriage was one of the factors which affect

individual's subjective well-being. A person who

experienced high subjective well-being will be

easily adapt to circumstances and live their life with

satisfaction and happiness (Sasmita &Yulianti,

2013). In contrast, people who felt unhappy or ill-

being (on psychology term) could cause depression,

anxiety, and unpleasant emotion (Pavot & Diener,

2009).

Thus, teenagers with high subjective well-being

were expected to be the main engine of economic

growth in Indonesia on 2030 since they could live

their life with satisfaction and happily (Yuswohady,

2018). As Yuswohady (2018) predicted that a peak

of bonus demography would occur at that year,

which referred to the number of productive age

population (15-64 years old) will exceeds

unproductive age population (below 14 years old

and over 65 years old).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Numerous studies on early marriage in Indonesia has

been conducted previously, including Madura

Island. Findings suggested that factors contributed to

early marriage in Madura consisted of economic

factors, education factors, religion factors, tradition

factors, children matchmaking, practicing jampi-

jampi (black magic), and manipulating married age.

Other researches related to issues on early

marriage were also brought up by researcher

likewise. Findings found that disharmony in married

life, difficulties in fulfilling household needs,

parenting and child education issues, and

incompatibility toward partner which led to divorce

were various issues regarding early marriage.

On the other hand, Madurese women who had

early marriage were not always experiencing issues

in their marriage life as mentioned earlier. Instead,

they felt happy, harmony, and sufficient quality of

life on their marriage life, whereas could lead them

in achieving subjective well-being.

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

There is, however, limitation to this research

regarding participant variability. Participant in the

current research was limited to Madurese women. In

addition, database sources used were limited to two

electronic databases resourced.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researcher would like to thank Head of Doctoral

Program and Indonesia Endowment fund for

Education (LPDP) for the support during the writing

of this article.

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ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings