Single Women’s Potency to Achieve Psychological Well-being

Nanik

1,2

, Wiwin Hendriani

, and Mareyke M. W. Tairas

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Faculty of Psychology, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Singlism, Content analysis, Protective factors.

Abstract: This research aims to explore the personal and social context of single women that can contribute to

psychological well-being. It is necessary as the percentage of single women has been increasing and

previous research showed that single women can achieve happiness in life, despite negative stigma from

environment. There is lack of explanation on the process and protective factors, especially in Indonesia.

Data collected from forty-one Indonesian single women aged 25-70 years old help us to understand the

psychological well-being accomplishment of single women. Respondent were gathered through purposive

sampling. An open-ended questionnaire was used as measurement tool. Respondents were tasked to answer

about the reason to stay single, emotional experience, thoughts about their life, social judgement toward the

status, how they cope with problems, effort to gain a purpose and meaningful life and the reason to be

happy. Data gathered were analyzed by a descriptive content analysis. Results showed that personal and

social context of single women are potential to support them to achieve psychological well-being.

1 INTRODUCTION

Research on single women has been developed since

decades ago. Before 1960, there’s a stigma attributed

to single women. A research dated back to 1950

showed that women become single for negative

reasons, i.e. hate of men or feeling ugly (Gove,

1972).

Lewis & Moon (1997) explain that in the 60s,

though generally women did not claim herself to be

a feminist, they were more assertive, competent and

standing on their own decision whether to be

married or not. In the early 80s, Nadelson & Notman

(1981) concluded that perception of wife as a lower

role was the main theme for women to become

single. Paterson’s (1982) study on single women

viewed singleness as a form of self-denial or

boycott. Later on, feminist literatures implied a lot

of women chose to stay single (Hicks & Anderson,

1989; Nadelson, 1989; Nadelson & Notman, 1981;

Walters, et al, 1998). During 90s, a new study

honors the success of single women to live a

fulfilled life. At the same decade, there was an

exploration study on single adult life as a distinct life

stage.

There are several considerations for a woman to

stay single, begin since early adulthood (30 - 40

years old) until late adulthood or above 65 years old

(Nanik & Hendriani, 2016). Some are related to

physical reasons such as perception of less attractive

self or has become mature (old age), others are more

psychological. Perceived weakness in personality or

others, feel that a man is not suitable, being a

working woman, the need of achievement and self-

actualization, priority on career and autonomy, a

desire to be appreciated more by self-

accomplishment and not of husband’s status, lose

trust on marriage or marriage consequences are

some of their considerations. On the other hand,

there are thoughts that more related to culture and

chronological system around them. Meet a man at

wrong time, postpone marriage plan for too long

time because of other priority, differences in self-

character compared to other women at the same era

(more dominance and autonomy) or gender role

values back then when women were not equal to

men in family (Lewis & Moon, 1997; Situmorang,

2007; Gaetano, 2009; Ibrahim, 2009; Wang &

Abbott, 2013; Winterstein & Rimon, 2014; and

Nanik, 2015).

A latest research in India (Beri & Beri, 2013)

shows that single women above 28 years old belief

that marriage is not necessary and it doesn’t bring

any good for women. They also agree that by not

marry, they can take care their parents better. In their

opinion, single women can watch themselves

Nanik, ., Hendriani, W. and Tairas, M.

Single Women’s Potency to Achieve Psychological Well-being.

DOI: 10.5220/0008585200550062

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 55-62

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

without marriage. They believe single life makes

them more flexible and independent in terms of

home, job, financial, personal time, output value and

happiness. Respondents of the research become

single by their own choice, because their need of

identity and autonomy, high ambition and life

dedication for appreciation.

Despite the growing population and several

studies has shown happiness in women living a

single life (Lucas, 2005 as cited in DePaulo &

Morris, 2006 and Hertel, et al, 2007), single women

still faced challenges in their daily life. There are

prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination related to

single people. Their happiness is doubtful and part

of societies still viewed them negatively. Howe

(2012) said people who are committed to a sexual

relationship have been taken for granted that they

will achieve a more meaningful and happy life

compared to others that are not. Society negatively

evaluated or even discriminate individuals who were

not in line or not fulfilled marriage ambition. This

belief is called singlism.

Previous research proved that negative

perceptions are still existed among people living in

urban cities in Indonesia nowadays (Nanik,

Hendriani & Tairas, 2018). Two main psychological

well-being related perceptions are lonely and

insecure. These attributes were mainly perceived by

single women respondents in their thirty to forty.

Other negative perceptions are worry some, old hag,

weird, cold, material girl and hard to sell. In general,

people (particularly those who are married) views

singlism as a social problem. They can’t accept an

idea that a single woman can be happy and satisfied

in her life. On the contrary, the research also showed

some positive perceptions toward single women

such as independent, successful and enjoying life

(happy), despite stigma or negative perceptions

attributed to them.

Their ability to gain happiness or positive

experience is against common perception and need

further explanation. Therefore, a preliminary

research was conducted on personal and social

context of single women to project their potential to

achieve eudaimonic (psychological well-being) in

the recent time. Theoretical framework used in this

research is psychological well-being as proposed by

Ryff (2013).

Ryff (2013) stated that psychological well-being

is a multidimensional construct made from attitudes

and life values. Ryff’s model consist of six

psychological dimension, which are (1) autonomy: a

feeling from self-determination, independency,

behavior regulation and ability to counteract social

pressure; (2) environmental mastery: one’s ability to

choose and create their environment, appreciate their

own needs and interest and effective usage of

opportunities around; (3) personal growth: personal

potential development through growing as an

individual and openness to new experiences; (4)

positive relation with others showed by warm,

satisfying and trust in a relationship, a strong

empathy ability, love and intimacy; (5) life purpose:

to find meaning in personal effort and challenges;

(6) self-acceptance: have a positive attitude toward

oneself and aware of one’s weaknesses.

In short, eudaimonic is an integration of

happiness and meaningful. In more broaden

meaning, it is the fully functioning of a person

through the six dimensions stated above which

resulted as happiness plus meaningfulness or asset of

wellness in the form of self-actualization and vitality

(Ryan & Deci, 2001). Factors that affect

psychological well-being are personality (Ryan &

Deci, 2001 & Kokko et al., 2013); developmental

age (Ryff & Keyes, 1995); self-esteem (Kim &

McKenry, 2002); grateful (Wood, et al., 2008);

religiosity (Maltby, et al, 1999; Ismail & Desmukj,

2012; Tanasya, et al.s, 2015); social support

(Winefield, et al., 1992 & Licy, 2015), social

economy status and level of education (Kim &

McKenry, 2002); loneliness (Cecen & Cenkseven,

2007); works and other life engagements (Kim &

McKenry, 2002; Ryff, 2013).

Aim of the research is to explore personal and

social context of single women that could be

protective factor to achieve psychological well-

being. The result will provide explanation on single

women ability to enjoy and live a successful life.

Personal context elaborated here are desire for

marriage, reasons and consideration to become

single, emotional experience during single life,

loneliness experience, boredom, evaluation of their

happiness in life, problem solving in daily life,

respondent effort to achieve life goals and make a

meaningful life. On the other side, social context

discussed here are support system given by

environment and appraisal on the single status.

Another objective is to see whether that singlism

ideological belief still applied in single women

community in Indonesia nowadays.

2 METHOD

Respondents were single women (N=41), age

between 25-70 years old, with educational

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

background no less than high school and living in

several cities of Indonesia.

The criteria that must be met are never married,

currently not involved in any romantic/intimate

relationship, do not cohabiting, do not possess same-

sex sexual orientation and do not carry a religion

celibacy commitment in a seminary or monastery

(not a nun or sister). Those criteria are stipulated so

that psychological well-being in single life is

experienced in truly single condition, and not

affected by dating or romantic relationship or

religious process. Through purposive sampling

technique, they represent various culture background

and coming from considerably small cities like

Blora, Sidoarjo, Malang, to large and metropolitan

cities like Denpasar, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and

Jakarta.

Data were gathered using questionnaire

constructed by the authors based on previous

extensive literature review and preliminary interview

to several single women that met above criteria.

Questionnaire covers information such as identity

and demographical data (sex, age, education level,

occupation, religion and race) and questions

regarding personal and social context. It consisted of

close and open-ended questions. The themes covered

on questionnaire were drawn from literature reviews,

as explained above, while options on close-ended

questions were based on answers from preliminary

interview. Sample of close-ended question is “What

are your reason to remain single until now?”, and the

options are (a) it’s my choice; (b) haven’t met

appropriate person; (c) interested in same-sex

relationship and (d) other, please explain. All the

close-ended questions also allow respondent to give

other answer not stated on the options. Sample of

open-ended question is “What troubles have you

faced in relation to your single status?”

For most questions (except identity and

demographical data), respondents were allowed to

give more than one answer, depends on their

condition and what they’re going through.

Questionnaire didn’t required respondent to scale

their answer because it aim only to gather as broad

information as possible about their personal and

social context. After construction, the questionnaire

went through an expert review, where the topic’s

variation and questionnaire’s systematic order were

criticized.

Data analysis was conducted using quantitative

descriptive content analysis. Quantitative descriptive

content analysis aimed to discover the characteristics

of respondents’ content and answers on personal and

social context of single women, and also to draw a

conclusion or meaning from the characteristics of

the answers (Eriyanto, 2011). The process started

with authors compile all the answers from

respondents per question. It then scrutinized and

grouped based on similar themes appeared from

each question. After all answers were grouped, the

results were sorted based on the frequency

distribution for each group of answer. The frequency

of same or similar answer then divided by total

number of respondents (N=41) to generate a

percentage of respond. Since respondents can opt for

more than one answer, then the total percentage of

answer per question will exceed 100%. The

percentage data showed a comparison for each

answer on the same question.

The main framework used to describe data in this

research is Ryff’s multidimensional construct of

psychological well-being, although authors were

also open to any themes or typical answers from

respondents that might differ from the theory as this

is a preliminary research.

3 RESULT

Before answering the main research questions,

respondent’s demographical background information

such as age, level of education, religion, occupation

and culture/race will be described first.

Half of the respondent were at 25 - 40 years old

(8 respondents are below 30, 13 respondents are 31-

40 years old), while the other half were spread

across age group of 41-50, 51-60, and over 61 years

old. Detailed information about respondent’s age are

detailed in the table below.

Table 1: Respondent’s age group.

Age F

equency (Percentage)

Below 30

ears ol

(

19.51%

)

31-40

ears ol

(

31.71%

)

41-50

ears ol

(

17.07%

)

51-60 years ol

5 (12.20%)

Above 61 years ol

8 (19.51%)

Levels of education were between high school,

diploma, bachelor, master and doctorate degree with

more that 50% of them holds bachelor degree. In

terms of religion, although all religions in Indonesia

were represented, majority of the respondents were

Christian (41%), Catholic (27%) and Islam (24%).

As for work status, 17 respondents are private

company employee, 7 are lecturer, 6 are

entrepreneur and the other are varied from medical

doctor, teacher, to not yet working (fresh graduate).

Regarding cultural background, most of them were

Single Women’s Potency to Achieve Psychological Well-being

raised in Chinese-Indonesian culture (56%),

Javanese (19.5%), Balinese (4.88%) and other native

cultures of Indonesia.

3.1 Personal Context

Personal context refers to single woman herself,

including their reason to stay single, how they view

the status and their desire for marriage. Personal

context data are expected to give some explanation

on six dimensions of psychological well-being,

which are autonomy, environmental mastery,

personal growth, positive relationship with others,

life purpose and self-acceptance.

3.1.1 Reasons for Being Single

60.98 percent respondents said that they become

single because they haven’t met a suitable partner or

future husband to be and they still want to get

married. Of this 60.98%, eleven women (44%) are at

age 31-40 years old and eight women (32%) are

below 30 years old. Only 11 of 41 respondents

(26.83%) stated that become single is her life choice.

Most of them are in late adulthood (over 61 years

old). The others trust that they become single

because God’s destiny, they are comfort with their

own self or because of economical factor that force

them to focus on work in order to support their

families.

3.1.2 Considerations

Need for autonomy and freedom are the main

considerations to stay single (35.41%). Other

consideration is work or education demands

(18.75%). These themes were mainly considered by

respondents that are at 31 - 40 years old.

Table 2: Considerations on living as a single.

Considerations Frequency

(percentage)

Autonomy & freedo

17 (35.41%)

Work & education 9

(

18.75%

)

ros

ective man 7

(

14.58%

)

Famil

factors 3

(

6.25%

)

Religious calling 2 (4.16%)

Trust in God’s plan 1 (2.08%)

Relationship trauma 1 (2.08%)

sical im

erfection 1

(

2.08%

)

Emotional condition 1

(

2.08%

)

3.1.3 Attitude toward Single Life

Although they are single right now, 14 respondents

(34.15%) still have goal to build a family someday.

26.83% of respondent’s goal is to help and care for

others. Twelve respondents (29.26%) hope to live a

healthy and happy life.

To achieve a meaningful life, half of the

respondents (53%) said that they have to build a

good relationship and share goodness to others.

24.39% stated that they involved in various

activity/work and 18.51% try to be closer to God.

Other said that way to achieve a meaningful life is to

live the life just as what it is and try to be happy.

There were two respondents stated establish a

serious relationship (with man) as a way to gain a

meaningful life, therefore, they try to look for a

suitable man.

When they are having trouble, majority of them

will try to discuss with others (56%). This answer

was seen on every respondent age group. Some will

think and face it alone (34.15%), while the other will

ask for other’s help or pray. None choose to avoid

the trouble.

3.1.4 Emotional Experience

Majority of respondents still have positive emotional

experience though they are single. 75% of them

enjoy their single life and only 12% who feels wary

or lonely. All respondents (8 persons) in above 61

years old age group stated that they enjoy their life.

This answer also appears in other age group, from

below 30 (7 persons), 31-40 years old (11 persons),

41-50 and 51-60 years old (2 persons each).

Specifically for happiness, 92.68% respondents

said that they are happy. Freedom was the main

reason for their happiness (35.9%), family comes

second (23%), followed by ability to be grateful

(20.51%) and other reasons such as presence of

friends, ability to enjoy life process, autonomy and

trust in God’s plan.

Most of the respondents does not feels boredom

because they are involved in activities (42.86%), are

able to be thankful and live their own life (15.29%),

feels that life offer many variations (15.29%) and

because they can enjoy it (15.29%). In general, they

also do not feel lonely (85.37%) because they have

families and friends stand along them. Involvements

in activities also prevent them to feel lonely

(47.22%). One respondent whose age above 61 said

that she is not feels boredom because she has God.

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

3.2 Social Context

Social context will mainly talk about support system

from the environment and their appraisal on single

status. Findings on social context are the main

contributor to positive relationship with others

dimension of psychological well-being.

Nevertheless, it’s expected to contribute to other

dimensions as well. Details of social context

described here were families, friends, work life and

other social participation, including religious

activities, as well as social judgment they perceived

from environment.

Most respondents (70.73%) stay with their

families. Eight (28.57%) are below 30s respondents,

eleven (39.28%) are from 31-40 years old group, 6

respondents who are 41-50 years old, and two

respondents from each age group of 51-60 and

above 61 years old. Only 9 respondents (21.95%)

are living alone while the other 2 are living with a

maid and staying in a boarding house.

3.2.1 Family

Family hold an important part in single’s life.

75.61% acknowledge that family helps them during

times of trouble. Respondents across all age group

stated this source of help. This data goes along with

previous data stated above that most of the

respondents is living with their family.

3.2.2 Friends

Friends also show significant contribution to single

women. They are single women’s second source of

help in times of trouble (46.34%), besides family

and God (2.44%). More than 90% of respondents

have friends. Friendship is seen as a sharing

opportunity (57.89%), support source (44.74%) and

become a significant part in women’s life (31.58%).

3.2.3 Social Judgement toward Single

There are positive and negative opinions from single

women’s social environment.

Acceptance and support were perceived by

43.9% of the respondents. Five out of 8 respondents

in above-61 age group stated this. But only 1 person

(22.22%) of respondent within age 31-40 years old

perceived this. On the other side, 21.95% still

received critics or negative judgement from social

environment until now. It was mainly perceived by

respondent in age before 50, with the breakdown as

follows: 4 below 30 years old respondents, 4 within

31-40 years old and 1 respondent from 41-50 group

of age. Other perceptions from social environment

are rejection at the beginning then change to

acceptance (4.88%), apathetic (12.2%) and no

specific judgement (12.2%).

4 DISCUSSIONS

In general, single women respondents in this

research showed the capabilities to achieve

psychological well-being. All six dimensions of

Ryff’s psychological well-being are reflected in

women’s personal context. These six dimensions can

become their protective factors in facing daily life.

Autonomy was reflected in the need for freedom

that has been stated as their main reason to become

single. It is an indication that they are self-

determined and able to regulate their thinking or

feeling from internal. A large number of respondents

(75.6%) who can enjoy single life showed self-

acceptance where they can feels positive about their

life, be grateful and possess positive attitude toward

themselves. An understanding that become single is

her own choice also indicate self-acceptance,

whether good or bad qualities of their life.

An indication of psychological well-being in

positive relation with others dimensions is their low

feeling of loneliness. It is rooted from the presence

of family, friends and various activities. Majority of

single women consider friendship as a strong social

support for them (Winefield, et. al, 1992 & Licy,

2015). Environmental mastery dimensions also

reflected in respondents’ statement that they almost

never feel boredom because they are involved in

activities or organizations, living a various life,

grateful and able to life their life as it is.

Furthermore, it also shows self-acceptance as a

dimension of well-being.

Dimension of purpose in life and personal

growth can be developed through respondent’s life

goals. Personal consideration of career or education

demand shows that single women prioritize their

job. Job or work life could give a direction for

women toward personal growth. Goals in life

indicate that one has a sense of directedness and

objectives for living. Even more, effort shown to

achieve their goals such as managing their life

better, become a better person, live happy and

healthy and improve themselves shows that they see

improvement in self and behavior over time and

development oriented. These are the characteristics

of personal growth. Ryff (2013) stated that religious

participation is related to higher level of purpose and

growth. In addition to that, goals that are related to

Single Women’s Potency to Achieve Psychological Well-being

other people, such as to care and help others also

reflect their positive relation to others.

Happiness in life was perceived by more than 90

percent of the respondents. This feeling of happiness

comes from various cause such as ability to live free,

autonomy, existence of family and friends, an act of

gratitude, enjoying life process and trust in God’s

plan. Their reasons indicated multiple dimensions of

well-being, from autonomy, environmental mastery,

positive relation with others and self-acceptance.

Moreover, respondents also direct their life to be

more meaningful by sharing goodness to others,

involved in various work or activities, being closer

to God and develop a positive relationship with their

social environment. This is related to concept of

eudaimonia (Linley & Joseph, 2004) which refer to a

good condition, doing good things in order to

achieve virtue. An aim toward more meaningful life

shows that they are experiencing all six dimensions

of psychological well-being in life.

In daily life, they have several coping strategies

when they encounter problems. First, they usually

try to think and face it alone. Given that most of

them are educated, with strong orientation in

education and career, they have the capabilities to

formulate possible way out and evaluate it. This will

develop their autonomy. Other strategies such as

discuss with others, asking other for help or pray.

These various coping strategies are possible

outcome from psychological well-being dimensions

which are autonomy and positive relation to others,

through strong social support.

Social context of single women also shows that

they have a considerably positive social environment

to support them to achieve psychological well-being.

Firstly, social judgement from environment that

tends to be more positive, supportive and welcome

or might show resistance at the beginning but finally

can accept them. Other potency is their living style

because most of them are not living alone, although

they are not married. By living with other people,

mostly with family, they never really live alone.

Indonesian culture of collectivism is reflected here

as it’s common in Indonesia for adult who has not

married yet to live with his/her parents. They even

expected to do so until they get married

(Situmorang, 2007). Therefore, we can say that

single women here are not individualistic. This

condition helps build their capacity to develop good

relationship with others.

They also have friends and family who will help

them in times of trouble. Most of their social

relations are positive, as they can views friendship as

a sharing opportunity and support source. This social

support has a significant impact to psychological

well-being. As they accept themselves as a single,

combination of personal characters and support from

social environment makes single women shows

better self-esteem and willing to show them self as

they are. In return, it will help them to master their

environment easier and develop positive relationship

with others.

Additionally, there are other factors that can

contribute to single women’s psychological well-

being in this research. Those are level of education,

work status and their living environment.

Respondents level of education are considered

moderate to high with most of them possess a

bachelor degree. Higher level of education opens

chance to gain better career options. Better career

will contribute to better socioeconomic status and

therefore better well-being.

Respondents also show ability to gain a stable

individual income through their work activities. A

regular income could be an indicator to a better

socioeconomic status. A research by Srimathi &

Kumar (2010) as cited in Ryff (2013), showed that

women with higher socioeconomic strata possess

better health and well-being, compared to those with

lower socioeconomic strata. By living in cities and at

this time being, single woman is living in a more

open society; hence they do not get extra pressure

from it. Data from previous research also support

these findings as social support (Winefield, et al.,

1992 & Licy, 2015), social economy status and level

of education (Kim & McKenry, 2002), work and

other life engagement are proven to affect

psychological well-being (Kim & McKenry, 2002;

Ryff, 2013). Specifically for those in mid-life

(respondent in age group 41-50 years old and

above), work and educational experience found to be

the strongest predictor of their well-being (Ryff,

2013).

This descriptive research result shows that single

women possess several protective factors that could

support them to achieve happiness, to live a fulfilled

life and adapt as well as married people. It’s quite

contrary to public perception or ideologies accepted

by society in general. Personal context that can

contribute to single women psychological well-being

in terms of happiness are freedom, autonomy,

engaged in work or various activities, have family,

friends and God where they can lean on to. An

attitude of life that is grateful, live life as it is,

enjoying life process and trust in God’s plan also can

contribute to it. Personal context contribute to

meaningful life are life goals to care and help others,

sharing goodness, involvement in various activities

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

and work, intention of personal growth in terms of

become a better person, getting closer to God and

create a positive relationship with social

environment. On the other hand, social context that

can affect single women’s psychological well-being

both for happiness and meaningful life is social

environment acceptance toward their single status

and social support from families and friends.

Some of the limitations of this research are the

composition of respondents that has not really

represent balanced in each demographical data such

as chronological age, level of education, work status,

cultural background and religion.

As this is a descriptive and preliminary research,

findings that it is possible for single women to

achieve psychological well-being needs to be further

explored. Possible areas of development are

explanatory research on psychological well-being as

well as several factors that contribute to it measured

by valid instruments to gain a number that has

significant meaning. Apart from that, this research

can also be followed-up by qualitative explanatory

research to discover more on causes and ways of

single women to achieve psychological well-being.

Other point that will be interesting to see is

differences in social culture where single women

live in relation to loneliness. This research was done

in Indonesia which has strong collectivism culture

and religious views. Some ways of living are

accepted and encouraged here, such as stay at home

with parents, siblings or other family member if

someone has not married yet. As long as parents still

alive, children (mature and adult) that has not

married, stay with them. This is different with

condition in Western countries, where children are

expected to move from parent’s house once they are

mature enough. So, the emotional experience might

be different there, especially the loneliness.

Further on loneliness, this research focused

mainly on social loneliness and has not elaborate

more in emotional loneliness. It is also a possible

area of further research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was funded (partially) by Directorate

of Research and Community Engagement

Directorate General of Research and Development

Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher

Education According to Research Contract of 2018

Budget Year No: 120/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2018 on 30

January 2018.

REFERENCES

Beri, N. & Beri, A., 2013. Perception of single women

towards marriage, career and education. European

academic research, I(6), pp. 855–869.

Cecen, R. & Cenkseven, F., 2007. Psychological well

being in predicting loneliness among university

students. C.U. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,

16(2), pp. 109–118.

DePaulo, B. M., & Morris, W. L., 2006. The unrecognized

stereotyping and discrimination against singles.

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5),

pp. 251–254.

Eriyanto., 2011. Analisis isi : pengantar metodologi untuk

penelitian ilmu komunikasi dan ilmu-ilmu sosial

lainnya. 1

ed. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.

Gove, W.R., 1972. The relationship between sex roles,

marital status, and mental illness. Social Force, 51(1),

pp. 34-44.

Hertel, J., Schutz, A., DePaulo, B. M., Morris, W. L., &

Stucke, T. S., 2007. She’s single, so what? How are

singles perceived compared with people who are

married? Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 19(2), pp.

139–158.

Howe, T.R., 2012. Marriages & families in the 21st

century ; a bioecological approach. 1

ed. New York:

Wiley-Blackwell.

Ibrahim, R. & Hassan, Z., 2009. Understanding

singlehood from the experiences of never-married

Malay Muslim women in Malaysia: some preliminary

findings. European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(3),

pp. 395–405.

Ismail, Z. & Desmukj, S., 2012. Religiosity and

psychological well-being. International Journal of

Business and Social Science, 3(11), pp. 20-28.

Kim, H.K. & McKenry, P.C., 2002. The relationship

between marriage and psychological well-being.

Journal of Family Issues, 23(8), pp. 885–911.

Kokko, K., Tolvanen, A., & Pulkkinen, L., 2013.

Associations between personality traits and

psychological well-being across time in middle

adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6),

pp. 748–756.

Lahad, K., 2017. A table for one: a critical reading of

singlehood, gender and time. 1

ed. Manchester:

Manchester University Press.

Lewis, K.G. & Moon, S., 1997. Always single and single

again women: a qualitative study. Journal of marital

and family therapy, 23(2), pp. 115–134.

Licy, A.D., 2015. The support system of single women.

International Journal of Applied Research, 1(12), pp.

882–890.

Linley, P.A. & Joseph, S., 2004. ‘Applied positive

psychology: a new perspective for professional

practice’ in Linley, P.A. & Joseph, S. (ed.) Positive

Psychology in Practice. Canada: John Wiley & Sons,

Inc, pp. 3-14.

Maltby, J. & Lewis, C.A., 1999. Religious orientation and

psychological well-being: The role of frequency of

Single Women’s Potency to Achieve Psychological Well-being

personal prayer. British Journal of Health Psychology,

4, pp. 363-378.

Nanik., 2015. ‘Aku perempuan yang berbeda dengan

perempuan lain di jamanku: aku bisa bahagia meski

aku tidak menikah’ in Embracing a New Way of Life:

Promoting Positive Psychology for a Better Mental

Health. Surabaya: Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas

Katolik Widya Mandala, pp. 350-362.

Nanik & Hendriani, W., 2016. ‘Studi kajian literatur

wanita tidak menikah di berbagai negara’ in Hajazi,

P.D.M.Z.H., Latipun, M.K. & Iswinarti, M.S. (ed.)

Seminar Asean, 2nd Psychology & Humanity. Malang:

Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang, pp. 302-309.

Nanik, Tairas, M.M.W., Hendriani, W., 2018 “She is a

spinster”: A descriptive study on perception toward

single women. International Journal of Engineering &

Technology, in press.

Reynolds, J., 2008. The Single Women. New York:

Routledge

Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E.L., 2001. On happiness and human

potentials : A review of research on hedonic and

eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology,

52, pp. 141–166.

Ryff, C.D., 2013. Psychological well-being revisited:

advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia.

Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), pp. 10–28.

Ryff, C.D. & Keyes, C.L.M., 1995. The structure of

psychological well-being revisited. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), pp. 719–

727.

Situmorang, A., 2007. Never-married women in

Yogyakarta and Medan. Asian Population Studies,

3(3), pp. 287–304.

Tanasya, J., Nanik, & Yuwanto, L., 2015. Hubungan

religiusitas dan persepsi status lajang berkarir dengan

psychological well-being pada wanita lajang berkarir

in Embracing a New Way of Life: Promoting Positive

Psychology for a Better Mental Health. Surabaya:

Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Katolik Widya

Mandala, pp. 440-449.

Wang, H., & Abbott, D.A., 2013. Waiting for Mr. Right:

the meaning of being a single educated Chinese female

over 30 in Beijing and Guangzhou. Women’s Studies

International Forum, 40, pp. 222–229.

Winterstein, T.B., & Rimon, C.M., 2014. The experience

of being an old never-married single : a life course

perspective. International Journal Aging and Human

Development, 78(4), p379–401.

Winefield, H.R., Winefield, A.H., & Tiggemann, M.,

1992. Social support and psychological well-being in

young adults: The multidimensional support scale.

Journal of Personality Assessment, 58 (1), pp. 198-

210.

Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J., 2008. Gratitude

predicts psychological well-being above the big five

facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4),

pp. 443–447.

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings