Configure the Personal Space Dimensions on the Elderly's Quality of

Life in a Nursing Home

Satria Kamal Akhmad and Suryanto

Faculty of Psychology Universitas Airlangga

Keywords : Friendship, interpersonal relationships, elderly, nursing home

Abstract : Living in a residential or home that has more primary territories, can improve the quality of life of the

elderly. Good configuration between situational factors, individual and physical differences of space as the

dimension of personal space will improve the quality of life of the elderly. The purpose of this study is to

analyze the configuration of the dimensions of personal space and the configuration that occurs in the

elderly in the nursing home. This research uses a qualitative approach, especially instrumental case study.

The methods used to collect the data are in-depth interview techniques and observations on the elderly

living in the nursing home. Data analysis was done by using a thematic analysis technique. This research

involves 5 people as informants with criteria that they are elderly in the age range 60-75 years old, have

good communication ability and have lived in a nursing home more than one year. The results of the

research show that friendship is a form of personal space configuration and there are three dimensions that

influence the situational dimensions, the dimensions of individual differences, and the physical dimension

of space. This study found that the elderly build a friendship by responding to situational factors in the

nursing home, overcome individual differences and accept the physical condition of the nursing home as a

place of shelter. From this research we suggest developing good interaction and a friendly place to improve

the safety, comfort and health of the elderly.

1 INTRODUCTION

Being elderly is the last stage of the aging process

(Hurlock, 1999). Elderly is the stage where one must

attain integrity (Erikson, 1963). Integrity in this case

is how one’s whole life has demonstrated a

wholeness that has potential and ability (such as

authority and honesty). Failure to achieve integrity

in the elderly will lead to a desertification condition

(Erikson, 1963). Achieving integrity in the elderly

(Erikson, 1963) can be interpreted as having fulfilled

a developmental task. Havighurst (1984) reveals the

developmental tasks of the later adulthood period

covering: adjustment to decreased physical strength,

life companions, finding relations with peer groups,

fulfilling social obligations and citizens, realizing

appropriate physical living conditions and

preparedness in the face of death (Monk, Knoers,

and Hadinto, 1998).

The ability to complete the developmental tasks

will improve the welfare of the elderly and this

includes the assurance of social, material and

spiritual livelihoods without forgetting the elderly's

own characteristics (Taurista and Sadewa, 2015). In

addition to welfare, healthy elderly qualified refers

to the concept of active aging. The WHO states it is

the aging process that remains healthy physically,

socially and mentally so that they can stay

prosperous throughout life and still participate in

order to improve their quality of life as a member of

society (Ministry of Health, 2016). However, the

shifting trend from the extended family to the

nuclear family also resulted in the elderly being

avoided and considered a burden, making the family

living with the elderly choose to entrust them to

social institutions such as nursing homes (Wardhana,

2007).

To live prosperously, a nursing home is an

important institution that accommodates and cares

for the elderly, and serves as a family for the elderly

in performing the function of mentoring and social

welfare development (BPS, 2015). But life in the

nursing home also raises problems such as

interaction with others (Utami, 2010).

Physical-biological changes in the elderly make

them feel inferior or lack confidence if they have to

Akhmad, S. and Suryanto, .

Conﬁgure the Personal Space Dimensions on the Elderly’s Quality of Life in a Nursing Home.

DOI: 10.5220/0008586501490155

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 149-155

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

149

interact with their environment (Santrock, 2007) and

a personal space approach is chosen because

personal space governs how close someone becomes

with others (Bell and Fisher, 1996). The personal

space is the psychological dynamics of privacy

created by overwhelming social and privacy

processes that make people feel alienated (Helmi,

1999). The purpose of this study is to obtain a

description of the configuration of the dimensions of

personal space in the elderly. An in-depth study of

how the elderly with various characteristics

configure their personal space so as to provide

comfort in interacting in the social environment to

accomplish developmental tasks in the elderly

period is an interesting topic to discuss. Through the

nursing home as a situational and physical factor, it

is expected to comprehensively explain the form of

personal space configuration by the elderly in the

nursing home.

1.1 Elderly in UPT Panti Werdha

Mojopahit (Nursing home)

Puspitaningsih’s research (2014) showed that elderly

(40%) in UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit declare that

they are quite satisfied with their situation in the

nursing home, gathering with peers and trying to be

independent is the usual attitude. Besides, they are

not reluctant to help and entertain friends who

struggle with difficulties. Although there is no

difference in the quality of life between the elderly

who don’t live in nursing homes and the elderly

living in UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit,

Syurandhari, Hargono and Saenun (2015) explain,

the physical and psychological perceptions of the

environment are differentiating the elderly response

to the environment. The facilities provided at UPT

Panti Werdha Mojopahit are programs to prevent the

elderly from feeling depression due to exile from the

environment, helplessness and lack of confidence

(Ayuningtyas, Santi, Rizal, and Mawaddah, 2017).

A nursing home is not only limited to a building

(place) to accommodate elderly but has a deeper

meaning as a home (Najjah, 2009). The

interpersonal distance caused by situational factors

and also the characteristic of individuals will

influence the slow adaptation of the elderly in their

environment. Disability in adapting to the

environment is a risk factor in building personal

space. Inability to accept the state of self, and lack of

social support become elderly obstacles in adapting

(Puspitaningsih, 2014).

In a preliminary study conducted by researchers

on November 1 to 5, 2017 by using documentation

studies, observations and interviews on residents of

UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit showed that some

elderly are neglected. Elderly who were later picked

up by nursing home employees to stay at UPT Panti

Werdha Mojopahit. Besides being abandoned, some

of them are the elderly who come from outside the

area who no longer have relatives and siblings. The

elderly living in the UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit

have an age range of 60-90 years. Needs that are

based on vulnerable elderly age range make the

officers prepare several facilities such as a proper

dormitory, care, health and environmental

maintenance, guidance, motivation and mentoring

are also giving skills. The elderly who have not used

the facilities provided are usually influenced by their

slow adaptation capabilities; therefore, the officers

of the nursing home take an interpersonal approach

to improve the comfort of the elderly and accelerate

their adaptation.

1.2 The Configuration of Personal

Space in the Elderly

Configuration is at least understood as a two-

dimensional relationship, but in its development the

complexity of the relationship takes into account

other "dimensions" (Hillier and Hanson, 1984). The

personal space is the psychological dynamics of

privacy created by overwhelming social and privacy

processes that make people feel alienated (Helmi,

1999). The personal space governs how closely a

person interacts with others depending on the

situation (Bell and Fisher, 1996). The personal space

is not absolute or fluctuating and moving; it can be

said that personal space is a territory that always

follows wherever a person is (Sommer, 1969).

There are several dimensions within the personal

space that affect the size of individual personal

space. According to Bell and Fisher (1996) and

Sommer (1996) it has three factors: (1) situational

factors, personal space can be enlarged or decreased

depending on the situation such as attraction,

similarity and type of interaction. (2) the factor of

individual differences, the interaction between a

person and another person may differ from one to

another; this difference is due to culture and race,

sex and age. (3) physical factors of the room, the

architectural factors of a building will affect the

personal space. The sociopetal and sociofugal spaces

also include physical factors that affect the size of

the personal space. Personal space can be interpreted

as the space around the individual that is always

taken anywhere and will be disturbed if the space is

interfered with (Grifford, 1987). In his study, Hall

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

150

(1966) argued that physical distance indicates four

types of relationships (intimate, personal, social,

public) between communicators. The form of each

relationship is (1) intimate: partner/core family, (2)

private: friends/extended family, (3) social;

acquaintances/colleagues, and (4) public: passers-

by/strangers.

Viewed from the spatial pattern between

children, 5 years old and 6 years old are different.

Children aged under 5 years show a variety of

spatial patterns and the more mature the greater the

interpersonal distance (Aiello, 1987, Hayduk, 1983).

Thus, the need for freedom in activities, channeling

hobbies, and interacting with people he knows like

colleagues and family. Factors of age, education

level and marital status in the elderly can affect their

level of interaction with the environment. The level

of satisfaction will provide comfort to the elderly in

building their personal space. Living in dwellings or

homes that have more primary territories, can

improve the quality of life for the elderly (Utami,

2009).

The decline in physical function and other

limitations is not an excuse to keep the elderly away

from human function as a social being. The

interpersonal distance caused by situational factors

as well as the individual characteristics such as

culture and race, sex and age will certainly affect the

formation of personal space. Disability in adapting

to the environment is a risk factor in building

personal space. Inability to accept the state of self,

and lack of social support become elderly obstacles

in adapting (Puspitaningsih, 2014). The Difference

in dimensions of individuals in that there are

different characteristics between individuals give

impact to someone in building their personal space

and is no exception in the elderly. The personality of

an individual will adjust to the environment, while

increasing age will affect their thought (Jamil,

2012).

2 THE RESEARCH METHOD

This study used a qualitative approach with an

instrumental case study method. Criteria for

participants in this study were elderly in the age

range 60-75 years old who still have good

communication skills and have lived in a nursing

home more than one year. The selection of

participants was by snowball technique; that is

looking for information from others in a chain. The

study involved 5 participants. The methods used to

collect the data were in-depth interview techniques

and observations and data analysis used theoretical

thematic analysis techniques (Boyatziz, 1998,

Fereday and Muir-Cochrane, 2006).

3 THE RESULTS OF THE

RESEARCH

The results of collecting data on the elderly at Panti

Werdha Mojopahit show the forming of personal

space configuration in the elderly is about

friendship. While factors affecting the form of

personal space in the elderly in nursing homes are

(1) situational factors, (2) factors of individual

differences and (3) physical factors of the room. In

interviews and observations researchers found that

the elderly in nursing homes have built their own

space well and with attention to these three

dimensions researchers found some interesting facts.

3.1 Friendship

Being in the same place makes the communication

between residents of the nursing home more intense.

Differences in a dormitory do not disturb interaction

between elderly because almost all the activities

carried out are outdoors. Having someone else who

can be invited to communicate and tell stories makes

the relationship between the elderly become closer.

This means the status among the elderly is no longer

as someone else, not only as a friend sharing a room

or dorm, but a friend to share everything with.

“All who are here already know each other. We

are the same here. Old. Why should we pick a

friend?” (W1/P1.S.16/11/2017.PWM.B46-50; B51-

55)

“No need to select who’s your friend or not. We

are in the same condition. Abandoned by our family,

children and relatives. We are the same”

(W2/P5.T.21/11/2017.PWM.B61-65; B66-70)

The various programs run by the nursing home

improve the interaction between the elderly for the

better. For example, in gymnastics every morning,

the elderly with the spirit to follow the activities

based on the awareness that other elderly will also

be in the same activity, so the atmosphere becomes

fun. Afterwards, the elderly do not go directly back

to their dorm but communicate with each other

about their family or joke with each other. Such

proximity gives rise to friendships based on the

similarities of fate and conditions. In the end the

Conﬁgure the Personal Space Dimensions on the Elderly’s Quality of Life in a Nursing Home

151

elderly are able to accept their situation and become

more positive. Friendship is a form of personal space

configuration based on three supporting factors:

situational factors, individual differences factors and

physical factors of the room.

3.2 Situational Factors as Contributors

to Personal Space Configuration in

the Elderly

The configuration of the personal space of the

elderly in nursing homes cannot be separated from

the situational factors. The elderly responds to

situational factors in the presence of attraction and

similarity and then distinguish it from the various

types of interactions that occur in certain situations.

The elderly in the nursing home respond to interest

with knowledge of compatibility among other

elderly. This compatibility is a response by not

choosing in association and not keeping away from

other residents of the nursing home.

“Why do we not become friends? We are just old

people. Old people must be together”

(W2/P1.MR.21/11/2017.PWM.B26-30; B31-35)

With the response to the above being suitable

then all types of conflicts that occur in elderly

residents of nursing homes tend to be avoided; this is

due to maintaining the peace of self in the elderly.

The mismatch between the elderly inhabitants of

the nursing home is due to the awareness of the

similarity of fate among them that causes their

personal space to narrow so that they are

comfortable in interacting. To obtain a positive type

of interaction as a response to interest based on the

suitability and similarity of conditions experienced

by elderly residents of the nursing home requires a

pleasant activity. UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit has

provided such activities as morning gymnastics,

recitation, medical examination, and counselling.

Activities that are felt fun are gymnastics and field

practice by students. The field practice of students

becomes the awaited activity because of the social

exchange of the first generation (elderly) towards the

second generation (students).

“If there are college students here, I consider

them as my own grandchild and if they do their

assignment here, I feel happy because they can be

invited to chat with us”

(W2/P5.T.21/11/2017.PWM.B91-95;B96-100)

Thus, the situational factor is a good contributor

in widening the personal space of elderly, and

elderly in the UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit have

been able to respond to situational factors well.

3.3 Individual Difference Factors as

Contributor to Personal Space

Configuration in the Elderly

The configuration of the personal space of the

elderly in the nursing home cannot be separated

from individual differences. The elderly in the

nursing home respond to individual difference

factors including culture, race, gender and age. In

interviews and observations conducted by

researchers they found that differences in culture and

race, gender and age contributed to the configuration

of personal space in the elderly. Fellows coming

from the Javanese tribe mean the elderly are not

awkward in interacting.

“Yes, we are Javanese. but that does not make

us the same. The point is we must have mutual

respect for each other”

(W1/PIII.SU.16/11/2017.PWM.B71-75)

Besides the factor of Javanese cultural similarity

that makes them comfortable in interacting, age and

gender act to differentiate as distinguishing factors

in how to interact with the elderly. Older people

become more respected and closer interactions occur

in elderly people of the same age and being of the

same sex.

With the existence of cultural similarity, then the

interaction that is formed becomes closer thereby

widening the personal space in the elderly. While the

difference in interaction that occurs due to

differences in age and gender does not make the

elderly in the nursing homes become mutually

distant, but raises mutual respect for each other.

3.4 Physical Space Factors as

Contributor to Personal Space

Configuration in the Elderly

The configuration of the personal space of the

elderly at the nursing home is inseparable from the

physical factors of the room. The elderly in the

nursing homes respond to the physical factors of the

room in two ways, sociopetal and sociofugal and

then distinguish them from different types of

interactions. The sociopetal space is responded to

easily in the interaction between the elderly and the

opposite bed positions. These conditions make the

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

152

elderly personal space becomes narrowed due to the

ease of interaction with their room mate.

“It’s okay to be here, friendly and kind. Tikno,

my room mate, is kind and I enjoy talking to him. I

am not close enough to other women here. Ha ha. If

college students are here, we’ll talk and share with

each other.” (W1/PIII.SU.16/11/2017.PWM.B76-

80; B81-85)

Sociofugal space is responded to with a form of

disappointment to the condition of the home and

discomfort with other residents of the nursing home.

Some respond by avoiding conflict or not greeting

each other but the condition does not last long.

“I strongly avoid conflict because I’m sick of

that.” (W1/P2.MU.16/11/2017.PWM. B36-40)

From the results that researchers found it was

revealed that in situational factors, the elderly

respond to the convenience of interaction from the

interests and similarities that cause various types of

interaction in certain situations. Individual

differences such as culture, race, age and gender do

not make the elderly personal space narrow but

progressively they develop new interactions to

expand the personal space itself. Finally, the

physical factors of space that are socially divided

into sociopetal space and sociofugal space show that

the elderly feel comfortable when able to interact

quickly and precisely. One that can facilitate fast and

precise interaction is the adjacent position. The

condition of the nursing home that is not in

accordance with what is expected by the elderly is

responded to with disappointment but the condition

did not last long because the pattern of good

interaction among the elderly is able to eliminate the

disappointment and ultimately able to widen the

personal space within them.

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Friendship as A Form of Personal

Space Configuration in the Elderly

The results of the analysis of the elderly at Panti

Wedha Mojopahit found that the forming of personal

space configuration achieved by the elderly is about

friendship. The configuration relation, according to

Hall (1966), is the result of the physical distance

found in the pattern of elderly interaction in the

nursing home. The friendship that occurs in the

elderly makes them become more qualified, because

peers are aspects of social support that can improve

the quality of life for the elderly (Azwan, Harlina,

and Karim, 2015). However, personal space is not a

physical being, so to know it requires deepening

knowledge of the factors that affect personal space.

Healthy aged quality refers to the concept of

active aging. The WHO states it is the aging process

that remains healthy physically, socially and

mentally so that they can stay prosperous throughout

life and still participate in order to improve their

quality of life as members of society (Ministry of

Health, 2016). Referring to these indicators,

friendships are important because of loneliness,

feeling lost and bored with life, often experienced by

the elderly living in the nursing home (Yusuf,

Nihayati and Abidin, 2008). This condition will then

cause the elderly to withdraw from the social

environment and feel increasingly useless with loss

of self-esteem, even becoming increasingly

depressed.

4.2 Factors that Influence Personal

Space Configuration

The situational dimension, the dimensions of

individual differences, and the physical dimensions

of the room are the elements that make up the

personal space of the elderly. This personal space

configuration helps the elderly to interact

comfortably in the home. In line with Sommer

(1969) personal space cannot be seen by the naked

eye but the elderly develop it with the attitude and

behavior when alone or while interacting with other

residents. The results of the interviews with

participants show that the situational dimension

gives greater influence to the elderly personal space

in the nursing home due to attraction. Bell et al.

(1996) refers to those with a personality similarity

tending to be more interested in each other than

individuals who have nothing in common. Despite

having a room mate the elderly at the Panti Werdha

Mojopahit have a different colleague in the

dormitory who they think understands them so that

they can both run various activities together. Hall

(1966) says that women respond to spatial interest

rather than men.

The proximity of the inhabitants of the nursing

home involves the sexes, but the elderly man prefers

to regulate them, to be more solitary to express his

sense of self-reliance. Heshka and Nelson (in Bell,

1996) says that the position of "women with

women" will be closer, the elderly women in the

nursing home tend to be grouped but as mentioned

Conﬁgure the Personal Space Dimensions on the Elderly’s Quality of Life in a Nursing Home

153

above, the proximity of elderly residents is not based

on sex but on the equation of their condition. The

similarities, according to Skorjanc (1991) make the

individual a little threat from outside himself. A

person interacts at a distance that is closer to the

other because they recognize the condition of

another individual that is similar to his or her

condition. The similarities of fate and background

make them close to each other. The emergence of a

sense of security and comfort, not being awkward to

interact and share grief among them and even

deciding to marry is a result of good situational

dimensions in building personal space in the elderly.

Interactions with other residents are well

established with the support of fun activities by the

nursing home processors. Fisher, Bell, and Baum

(1984) revealed the more fun the activities are, the

more discouraging the personal space. Keeping

distance and avoiding conflicts is often done to keep

calm in the home. Anger situations for example,

according to Fisher, Bell, and Baum (1984) create a

closeness to the goal of retaliation while creating

further distances is a form of protection. Interaction

with the young generation such as the student

practice or children and toddlers as behavior

exchange is where elderly provide education based

on their life experiences to the young generation

while the younger generations provide comfort with

their presence for the elderly. This pattern of

intergenerational behavioral exchange is often

awaited by the elderly. They consider all the

younger generations present in the nursing home

family instead of their lost family and relatives.

In the dimensions of individual differences, such

as Hall's (1966) study, the culture influences

individuals in interacting and cultural differences

will provide a different learning experience to each

individual. In the present study the entire elderly are

of the Javanese tribe so that the interaction built does

not require excessive self-adjustment. The values

andhap ashor typical of Javanese cannot be

separated from the interaction between the elderly.

They are using Javanese greetings such as "Mas", or

"Cak" in older men older than him and "Mbak", or

"Ning" in elderly women older than him. Aiello

(1987) and Hayduk (1983) said that the greater the

age of a person the greater the interpersonal

distance, but in the elderly who has lost his relatives

the only family he owns is in the Panti Werdha

Mojopahit. Therefore, rather than in conflict, each of

the residents supports each other and tends to stay

away from the conflict.

The third dimension in the personal space is the

physical dimension of the room, all the elderly have

accepted the state of themselves and continue to

strive to fulfil their developmental tasks in the

period of the elderly. One of these developmental

tasks according to Havighurst (in Monk, Knoers, and

Hadinto, 1998) is to establish good relationships

with others in the neighborhood. Interactions that

occur in each dorm, especially in each room tend to

strengthen because the position of the opposite bed

makes it easier for the elderly in interacting. Lawson

(2001) says there is a space where it allows for

people to face each other so that their personal space

shrinks. Ease of interaction because of the location

of this facing means the elderly can exchange ideas

or interact comfortably. There are elderly people

who do not have a room mate so every night they

often awaken and are restless. If the officer of the

nursing home is not paying close attention, it will

disturb the stability of his personal space.

5 CONCLUSION

This study found that the forming of personal space

configuration in the elderly is about friendship and

there are three dimensions that affect the

configuration of elderly personal space; that is

situational dimensions, the dimensions of individual

differences, and physical dimensions of space. For

elderly who have a mutual attraction to each other

based on personality, the interpersonal distance

becomes shorter. Equal fate makes the elderly feel

closer to one another. Similarity realized by the

elderly makes them comfortable and safe when they

are close to each other. The types of interactions that

occur among the elderly vary depending on if the

activities undertaken together are considered fun or

not. The location of facilities such as bathrooms,

fields, kitchens and others that are easy to reach

facilitate the elderly in the comfort of interacting

with other residents of the nursing home. Despite the

conflicts between the elderly and the institutional

management, the elderly at Panti Werdha Mojopahit

realized that the conflicts were caused by

misunderstandings. From this research we suggest

developing good interaction and a friendly place to

improve the safety, comfort and health of the

elderly.

Limitations in this research were the participants.

There were several elderly in the UPT Panti Werdha

Mojopahit who have special conditions such as

disability and clinical illness that have not been

mapped by researchers. These conditions can affect

the shape of personal space and the way they

configure it.

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

154

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