Narima In

Pandum

(

NIP

)

Grou

Intervention:

An Effort to Decrease Depression through Local Wisdom on Murder

Case Inmates

Zamroni

, Nanik Prihartanti

and Wisnu Sri Hertinjung

Psychology Faculty, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Indonesia

Psychology Faculty, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Narima Ing Pandum Intervention, Depression, Inmates (WBP), Experimental Research

Abstract: The inmates (WBP) with murder case in class I penitentiary of Semarang generally get depression. This

leads to this study with narima ing pandum (NIP) intervention. The treatment employed local wisdom

approach to accommodate individual values that the inmates believe. This study aims to prove empirically

the effect of narima ing pandum (NIP) intervention on murder case inmates’ depression. To investigate the

level of depression before and after the training, scale Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was employed. The

materials given in this training are opening, opening the WBP's insights, managing attitudes, let's be

thankful, let's be patient, let's narima, and identifying the purpose of life. The intervention employed an

experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design. The participants were 12 WBP murder

cases who were grouped into experimental groups and control groups. The results of the analysis showed

that NIP group intervention can decrease the depression score more in the experimental group than the

control group. The results of this study can be used by the Prison as alternative solution in overcoming the

psychological problems of WBP and in addition to the study of indigenous research in dealing with the

impact of crime.

1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the law of the Republic of Indonesia

Number 12 of 1995 article 1, that the convicted

person serving a criminal sentence will lose his / her

right of freedom. Losing freedom for a person can

lower one's prestige and dignity as well as self-

esteem and may become a severe stressor on a

particular individual.

Based on the dictionary of law written by

(Widagdo, 2012) inmates or prisoners (WBP) are

defined as those who are undergoing a crime or

sentence in a prison. A person who is imprisoned

means that he has been proven to have committed a

violation of law, which of course is disliked and

opposed by the community. Prisoners / WBPs also

refer to those who have been convicted by a court /

law and must be punished or sanctioned which will

then be placed in a building called a detention house,

prison or correctional institution (Harsono, 2005).

According to the Codes of Criminal Procedure

(KUHP), a prisoner / WBP is someone who is

convicted based on a court decision that has

obtained permanent legal force, while the convicts

undergo a sentence and lost their independence

within a certain time and are placed in prison. The

term 'inmate' is identical with people who are

negative and full of mistakes, so that to eliminate the

impression, it is termed the Correctional Citizens

(WBP) to be more human and not to have a negative

impression.

The study, conducted between 2003 and 2009 in

Florida, stated that the main problem in prison is

depression by 25%. WBP is indicated to have severe

depression, while 30% is indicated to have mild to

moderate depression (Gussack, 2009). The study

conducted by (Fazel, S., Danesh, 2002) stated that of

10,529 detainees, there were 7,631 male detainees

who were diagnosed with severe depression. While

the World Health Organization (WHO) has also

conducted surveys in 12 countries covering 22,790

inmates and found in each month the prevalence of

psychosis in WBP men 3.7% and WBP women 4%,

major depression in men's WBP by 10% and women

by 12% (WHO, 2008). While the study conducted

386

Zamroni, ., Prihartanti, N. and Hertinjung, W.

Narima Ing Pandum (NIP) Group Intervention: An Effort to Decrease Depression through Local Wisdom on Murder Case Inmates.

DOI: 10.5220/0008589803860390

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 386-390

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

at the prison of women in Semarang City on 14

WBP women found the fear, sadness, tense,

confused, disappointed, embarrassed, often crying ,

like daydreaming, aloof, insomnia, feeling desperate,

headache, abdominal pain and body aches (Noorsifa,

2013). This study which was conducted in Class I

Semarang showed that from 24 WBP there were 4

(16.7%) who did not experience psychological

problems (normal), while those with mild depression

were 3 people or 12.5%, moderate depression was 5

or 20, 8% and WBP who experienced severe

depression as many as 12 people or 50%. This

indicates that the majority of the WBP is depressed.

People who are not able to adapt to social norms

and habits applied in certain environments may

experience psychological conflicts and, if it is long

and continuous, they will become chronic (Casmini,

2011). WBP also often experience psychological

problems as described above so that the provision of

interventions to overcome the problems of

psychological conflict should be given to the

depressed WBP so that they are able to live the rest

of the sentence with better psychological conditions.

It will be very helpful for WBP who are depressed

including WBP murder case.

The main symptoms experienced by people who

experience depression include reduced concentration

and attention; lack of self-esteem and self-esteem,

the notion of guilt and uselessness, a gloomy and

pessimistic outlook for the future, an idea or an act

of self-harm or suicide, sleep disturbance and a

diminished appetite (Maslim, 2013).

(Beck, 1985) defines depression as a disorder

that is not only affective, but can also appear in

certain forms. The forms are: a. Specific mood

changes such as sadness, self-feel and apathy; b.

Negative self-concept is followed by blame and self-

reproach; c. Regressive and self-condemning

desires, the desire to avoid and hide or the desire to

die; d. Vegetative changes such as anorexia,

insomnia, and loss of appetite; e. Changes in activity

levels such as retardation or agitation.

According to the diagnostic and statistical

manual of 5th ed. Mental disorders (American

Psychiatric Association, 2013), when a person is

stated to have depression, he or she should have 5 or

more symptoms for 2 weeks or more, where one of

the symptoms should include mood reduction or loss

of interest or pleasure in some or all activities and

should be there all day or almost every day. Other

symptoms include changes in appetite (increased or

decreased), weight gain (gain or loss of 5% in 1

month), or changes in sleep patterns (insomnia /

hypersomnia), anxiety or inaction, fatigue or loss of

energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt excessive,

difficult in thinking and concentration, slow in

making decisions, recurring thoughts of suicide or

death with or without a suicide plan.

One effort to make the WBPs have a balanced

psychological condition is to undergo a routine of

work taught in prisons according to their interests, so

that they are expected to have a mental readiness and

a clear plan when they are free to return to the

community. The prison authorities have also made

every effort to provide various interventions to

address their psychological problems in order to be

able to live the rest of the sentence with good

psychological condition. The therapy which had

been done in prisons class I Kota Semarang was

conducted not only individually through counseling

but also in groups such as art therapy, laughter

therapy, hypnotherapy and so forth. Apart from the

prisons, various therapies have been conducted by

many researchers in prisons and techniques used to

overcome depression problems also vary. Local

wisdom approach was used to handle the

psychological problems of WBP where this

intervention has never been done especially in I

class prison of Semarang City. The therapy used in

this study is Narima Ing Pandum (NIP). NIP is

defined as accepting what God has given to mankind

with a sincere attitude without rejection (Murtisari,

2013). People who have NIP attitudes will receive /

narima every condition or something that happens to

them and with spiritual-psychological awareness

without feeling disappointed (disappointed in the

future after something happens) (Murtisari, 2013).

NIP group training facilitates depressed WBPs to

be able to accept their condition with several

techniques / methods i.e. lectures, discussions,

meditation / relaxation, video playback, practice,

reading inspirational stories, assignments, games /

icebreaking. The NIP group training had 7 sessions:

(1) opening, (2) opening insight of the inmates, (3)

Managing Attitude, (4) Let's be grateful, (5) Let's be

patient, (6) Let's narima, and (7)) Identification of

life goals. With these various activities, WBP were

expected to be able to decrease depression score on

negative aspect toward their selves, as well as

performance aspect and somatic aspect.

The purpose of this study is to prove empirically

the effect of narima ing pandum (NIP) treatment on

depression in the murder case inmates. One of the

theoretical benefits in this study is expected to

contribute to the field of clinical psychology about

the psychological conditions faced by the WBP.

Practically, they are able to assist the WBP to gain

insight on the effort to reduce the depression faced

Narima Ing Pandum (NIP) Group Intervention: An Effort to Decrease Depression through Local Wisdom on Murder Case Inmates

387

due to the crime that is being undertaken, to provide

additional knowledge and discourse on alternative

therapy based on local wisdom to overcome

psychological problems to improve the quality of

human life, encouraging other studies, especially

indigenous research to provide more in-depth study

results to address the impact of such crimes. The

hypothesis in this study is "There is a decrease in

depression in the experimental group between before

and after NIP intervention" and "There is a

difference in depression in the group receiving NIP

intervention with groups not receiving NIP

intervention at posttest, where the depression of the

group who received NIP training is lower than the

depression of the group who does not get NIP

intervention when having posttest”.

2 METHOD

The dependent variable on this study is depression.

Depression is defined as one of the mental disorders

characterized by the emergence of primary

symptoms of depressive affects, negative attitudes

toward self and decreased performance caused by

the loss of beloved objects (loss of freedom, loss of

independence, loss of relationship with the opposite

sex, loss of good service and so on) characterized by

changes in emotion, motivation, function and

behavior as well as cognitive. This depression can be

measured using the scale of BDI (Beck Depression

Inventory) that has been adapted into Indonesian

language, consisting of 21 items that reveal 21

symptoms of depression. Total score ranges from 0

to 63. The higher the score obtained indicates the

higher the depressed level of a person. The

independent variable in this study is the NIP group

training, i.e. a form of NIP group training given to

the WBP with murder case held in three meetings,

where each meeting consists of two to three

sessions, while the duration of each session is about

30 minutes - 180 minutes. This NIP group training

used Javanese cultural approach that uses the values

of patience, thankful and narima as the basis for

formulating the training. This NIP group training

was adapted and modified from the NIP training

program module compiled by (Prasetyo, 2014) and

(Zulyet, 2014). The method used was sharing,

discussing, assigning / filling worksheets, watching

videos, analyzing cases, games (ice breaking) and

meditation.

The design of this study was pretest and posttest

control group design, which consisted of a randomly

selected group of experiments and control groups.

The assignment of each sample to the research

groups was conducted using random assignment.

This random sampling does not contain bias

meaning that none of the members has a greater

chance of being selected compared to the other

members (Latipun, 2006). Random assignment in

this research was done by using lottery. Each of

these groups would be subject to pretest and posttest.

The participants of this study were WBP registered

in the prison Class I Semarang City with certain

characteristics and must have a murder case without

considering the murder category. The data was

analyzed through quantitative analysis using

Wilcoxon signed rank, and Mann Whitney-U test

with SPSS for microsoft windows version 16, and

qualitative analysis. The criteria were (1) WBP men

who have been a murderer (2) Javanese (Javanese

and live in Java) (3) experienced moderate to severe

depression. (4) Non-recidivist and (5) Walking the

punishment process at least 1 year. The number of

participants in this study was 12 people, 6 people

were admitted into the experimental group and 6

were assigned to the control group.

3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The condition when the pretest was conducted

showed that the test on the participants of the

experimental group resulted 6 people (100% of

participants) had a level of severe depression, while

the participants of the control group (6 people) also

had the same depression (100%). At the posttest of

the experimental group participants, among 6

participants was known that 1 person (16.7%) had

mild depression, 3 people (50%) had moderate

depression levels and 2 people (33.3%) had severe

depression. In the control group participants, there

were 6 people (100% of participants) in the category

of severe depression. While at the follow-up phase,

the 6 participants of the experimental group were

found that 4 of them (66.7%) had moderate

depression levels while the rest (33.3%) had severe

depression levels. Meanwhile, there were 6 people

of the control group (100% of participants) in the

category of severe depression.

The change of average depression scores in the

experimental and control groups can be seen in

Figure 1. It shows that there is a decrease in the

change of depression score in the experimental

group compared to the control group. The

hypothesis was then tested using Mann Whitney-U

analysis to determine the score difference of the

experimental and the control group after the

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

388

intervention and using the Wilcoxon signed rank test

to determine the difference of depression score

before and after the intervention in the experimental

group.

Figure 1: The Average Score of Depression on

Experimental and Control Groups

Table 1: The Result of Mann-Whitney-U Test on

Experimental and Control Groups

Significance

Mann-Whitney U .000

Wilcoxon W 21.000

Z -2.913

. Si

(

2-tailed

)

.004

Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .002a

Table 1 shows that the value of Z = -2.913 with

probability value (p) 0.002. It can be concluded that

there was a significant decrease in depression of the

experimental group who had been given NIP

training compared to the control group who had not

given NIP training. This means that the module used

is effective to reduce depression in WBP who

participated in NIP training.

Table 2. The Result of Wilcoxon T Test on Pretest-

Posttest of Experimental Group

Significance

Z -2.207a

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .027

Based on table 2, it shows that the value of Z = -

2.207 with a probability value (p) 0.027. It can be

concluded that there was a significant decrease in

depression in the experimental group before (pretest)

and after (posttest) the treatment. This means, NIP

training is effective in reducing depression of WBP

with murder cases.

Table 3. The Result of Wilcoxon T Test on Posttest-

Follow up of Experimental Group

Significance

Z -2.226a

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .026

Based on table 3, it shows that the value of Z = -

2.226 with probability value (p) 0.026 (two-way

test). It can be concluded that there was a significant

increase of depression in the experimental group

between after the posttest (with NIP training) and

after 1 week of the treatment (follow up).

This means that the effect of the intervention is

only temporary. Transient effects may be caused by

weaknesses in the use of methods used to arrange

NIP training modules which cause participants

inaccessible to internalize the materials obtained

during training so that the effect of NIP training

cannot last long.

On average score results, the ability of all

participants in each training session also shows an

average of 2.5. This means that all participants were

able to participate in the training process, but they

were less able to provide positive feedback, identify

problems from others, learn from other people's

experiences and identify feelings, thoughts and

behaviors. To maintain the sustainability of the

WBP depression condition, NIP booklets were

provided to serve as guidance on how to behave

when the WBP experiences problems.

The statistical test analysis above concludes that

the provision of NIP Training Group is effective /

significant to reduce depression in WBP with

murder case. This was shown from the significant

differences in depression scores before and after the

training in the experimental group, and there was

significant difference between the experimental and

the control groups in depression scores after the

training. In the follow-up analysis, there was a

significant increase in the depression scores of the

experimental and control groups.

The hypothesis testing of the research proved

that there was a decrease in depression in the

experimental group before and after getting NIP

Group training. In addition, the hypothesis test result

also demonstrated that there was a difference in

depression in the group receiving NIP Group

training with groups not receiving NIP Group

training at posttest, where group depression who

received NIP Group training was lower than group

Narima Ing Pandum (NIP) Group Intervention: An Effort to Decrease Depression through Local Wisdom on Murder Case Inmates

389

depression who did not receive NIP Group training

when posttest. From the hypothesis test, it also

showed that NIP training significantly decreased

depression in the inmates (WBP) with murder case

in Class I Prison of Semarang City or in other words

the hypothesis was approved.

4 CONCLUSIONS

This study can be concluded as follows. First, there

is a significant difference in depression between the

experimental and control groups. Second, NIP

Group training is effective for reducing depression

in WBP murder cases. Third, NIP training

effectively reduces WBP depression with the

following characteristics: (a) Having support /

support from family outside of prison, (b) having

intrinsic motivation to join NIP training i.e. strong

willingness to change proven by timely presence in

the training session (c) willing and taking the time

and thought to participate in the process of each

session in NIP training, (e) willing to read the

training manual / training module of the participants

thoroughly (f) WBPs who have severe depression.

Fourth, the most effective method of NIP training is

games through icebreaking, discussion, sharing and

watching video, while the most effective material is

sharing the WBP experience, getting acquainted

with narima ing pandum, expressing the gratitude by

making the speech maturnuwun, expressing patience

by making mind alternatives toward problems

encountered, expressing narima by making

pangapunten speech and learning meditation.

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